پرتاب کردن 30秒了解
- A compound verb meaning 'to throw' or 'to launch'.
- Used in sports, daily life, and aerospace contexts.
- The noun part is 'partāb'; the verb part is 'kardan'.
- Requires the direct object marker 'rā' for the item thrown.
The Persian verb پرتاب کردن (Partāb kardan) is a compound verb primarily translated as 'to throw', 'to hurl', or 'to launch'. It is composed of the noun 'partāb' (meaning a throw or projectile) and the auxiliary verb 'kardan' (to do or to make). In everyday Persian, this word is used whenever an object is being sent through the air with force. Whether you are playing a game of catch in a park in Tehran, describing a basketball player making a shot, or even talking about a scientific rocket launch, this is the essential verb you need. It implies a deliberate action where force is applied to move an object from one point to another through space.
- Physical Action
- The most common use involves physical objects like balls, stones, or even paper airplanes. It describes the mechanical motion of the arm and the release of the object.
بچه توپ را به سمت دوستش پرتاب کرد.
Beyond the literal physical sense, partāb kardan can sometimes take on figurative meanings in more advanced contexts, such as 'throwing' a glance or 'hurling' an insult, though other verbs like 'andākhtan' are sometimes preferred for those specific nuances. However, in the realm of sports, science, and basic physical interaction, partāb kardan remains the dominant term. It is categorized as an A2 level word because it is fundamental for describing basic activities and sports, yet it has the depth to be used in technical discussions about physics and aerospace.
- Technical Context
- In the context of the Iranian Space Agency or military reports, you will frequently hear this verb used for launching satellites or missiles. It carries a sense of power and trajectory.
دانشمندان ماهواره جدید را به فضا پرتاب کردند.
- Common Collocations
- Common objects used with this verb include: توپ (ball), سنگ (stone), آشغال (trash - though 'andākhtan' is more common for trash), and نیزه (javelin/spear).
To use this word correctly, remember that it implies a certain level of force or a specific destination. If you are just 'dropping' something accidentally, you would use 'oftādan' (to fall) or 'andākhtan' (to drop/throw). پرتاب کردن is active, intentional, and usually involves a trajectory through the air. In a classroom, a teacher might say 'Galam-at rā partāb nakon!' (Don't throw your pen!), emphasizing the disruptive and forceful nature of the action. Understanding the weight of this verb helps learners distinguish between casual dropping and forceful throwing.
Using پرتاب کردن requires an understanding of how compound verbs function in Persian syntax. The sentence structure typically follows the Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) order. Because it is a transitive verb, it almost always takes the direct object marker 'rā' (را) after the noun being thrown. For example, if you want to say 'I threw the ball,' you say 'Man tup rā partāb kardam.' Here, 'Man' is the subject, 'tup' is the object, 'rā' marks the object, and 'partāb kardam' is the conjugated verb.
- Present Continuous
- To describe an action happening right now, you use the 'dāram' auxiliary with the present stem. 'Dāram tup rā partāb mikonam' (I am throwing the ball).
او دارد سنگها را در آب پرتاب میکند.
In negative sentences, the 'na-' prefix is attached to the auxiliary verb 'kardan'. For instance, 'He did not throw the stone' becomes 'Ou sang rā partāb nakard.' It is important to keep the 'partāb' and 'kardan' together as a semantic unit, even though they are written as two words. In spoken Persian, the 'rā' often contracts to '-o', so you might hear 'Tupo partāb kard' instead of 'Tup rā partāb kard'. This is a vital distinction for learners moving from textbook Persian to conversational fluency.
- Imperative Mood
- To give a command, use the prefix 'be-' with the present stem 'kon'. 'Tup rā partāb bokon!' (Throw the ball!). In colloquial speech, this is often shortened to 'partāb kon'.
لطفاً آشغال را به سطل زباله پرتاب کن.
Advanced users should note that the verb can be used in the passive voice using 'shodan' instead of 'kardan'. 'Tup partāb shod' means 'The ball was thrown.' This is common in news reporting or sports commentary where the focus is on the object rather than the person performing the action. Mastering these variations allows you to navigate both formal literature and daily street talk with ease, making 'partāb kardan' a versatile tool in your Persian vocabulary kit.
The word پرتاب کردن is heard in a variety of environments, ranging from the mundane to the highly technical. One of the most frequent places you will encounter it is in sports broadcasting. Iran has a massive football (soccer) culture, and commentators often use this word when a player does a long throw-in (partāb-e out). Similarly, in basketball, every shot toward the hoop is described using this verb. If you watch an Iranian sports channel like IRIB Varzesh, you will hear variations of this verb every few minutes.
- Sports Commentary
- 'Partāb-e āzād' refers to a free throw in basketball. 'Partāb-e chakosh' refers to the hammer throw in track and field.
بازیکن بسکتبال یک پرتاب سه امتیازی موفق داشت.
Another common setting is the playground or park. Parents often say to their children, 'Sang partāb nakon!' (Don't throw stones!), a universal warning in any language. In schools, during physical education classes, teachers use it to instruct students on how to throw a ball or a javelin. It’s a word associated with energy, movement, and sometimes caution. In the news, you'll hear it in segments about space exploration. When Iran launches a research satellite like 'Noor' or 'Khayyam', the headline invariably uses the word partāb.
- News & Science
- Headlines like 'Partāb-e movafaghiyat-āmiz-e moshak' (Successful launch of the missile) are common in Iranian media outlets like IRNA or Fars News.
ایران ماهواره جدید خود را به مدار زمین پرتاب کرد.
Finally, you might hear it in movies or TV dramas during intense scenes. If a character is angry and throws a glass against a wall, the script would use partāb kardan to describe that forceful, emotional action. In literature, poets might use it metaphorically to describe throwing oneself into a situation or throwing hope into the future. By paying attention to these different contexts, you can see how the word shifts from a simple physical action to a symbol of power and progress.
One of the most frequent mistakes English speakers make when learning پرتاب کردن is confusing it with the verb 'andākhtan' (انداختن). While both can mean 'to throw', 'andākhtan' is much broader and often means 'to drop', 'to cast', or 'to put'. For example, if you want to say 'Throw the trash in the bin', most Iranians would use 'andākhtan' because it’s a casual drop. Using partāb kardan here would sound like you are aggressively hurling the trash bag with great force, which might sound funny or overly dramatic in a normal household setting.
- Confusion with 'Andākhtan'
- Use 'Andākhtan' for: dropping keys, putting sugar in tea, casting a shadow. Use 'Partāb kardan' for: throwing a ball, launching a rocket, hurling a rock.
اشتباه: من کلید را پرتاب کردم (Unless you actually threw them across the room).
Another common error involves the misuse of prepositions. In English, we throw something 'at' someone or 'to' someone. In Persian, the preposition 'be' (به) is used for both, but the context changes the meaning. If you say 'Tup rā be man partāb kon', it means 'Throw the ball to me'. However, if you use 'be samte' (towards), it can sometimes imply throwing 'at' someone in a more aggressive way. Learners often forget the 'rā' marker for the object, saying 'Tup partāb kardam' instead of 'Tup rā partāb kardam', which is grammatically incomplete in formal speech.
- Conjugation Errors
- Avoid saying 'partābidam'. There is no such verb. You must use the compound form: 'partāb kardam'.
درست: او توپ را پرتاب کرد. غلط: او توپ را پرتابید.
Finally, learners sometimes struggle with the distinction between partāb kardan and 'shelik kardan' (to shoot). While a missile is 'partāb' (launched), a bullet is 'shelik' (shot). Using 'partāb kardan' for a gun would be incorrect. Similarly, in sports like soccer, 'shout zadan' (to shoot) is used for kicking the ball toward the goal, whereas 'partāb kardan' is specifically for using the hands to throw the ball in from the sidelines. Keeping these sports-specific and technical distinctions in mind will help you sound much more like a native speaker.
Persian has several verbs that overlap with پرتاب کردن, and choosing the right one depends on the intensity, the object, and the method of moving the object. The most common alternative is انداختن (Andākhtan). As mentioned, this is a 'lighter' verb. It is used for casting a vote (rāy andākhtan), dropping a coin in a machine, or even wearing a coat (ruye shāne andākhtan). It lacks the inherent 'force' or 'launch' feeling that partāb carries.
- Andākhtan vs. Partāb Kardan
- Andākhtan is general (drop/throw/cast). Partāb kardan is specific (hurl/launch with force).
او نامه را در صندوق پست انداخت (He dropped the letter in the mailbox).
Another similar verb is رها کردن (Rahā kardan), which means 'to release' or 'to let go'. While throwing involves releasing, rahā kardan focuses on the act of letting go rather than the trajectory. You might rahā kardan a bird from a cage or rahā kardan a rope. Then there is شلیک کردن (Shelik kardan), which specifically means 'to fire' or 'to shoot' a weapon or a projectile from a device. While a rocket is 'launched' (partāb), the act of firing it can also be described as 'shelik'.
- Vā kardan vs. Partāb Kardan
- 'Vā kardan' (to open/loosen) is sometimes confused by beginners in the context of 'releasing' a throw, but it is incorrect. Stick to 'partāb kardan' for the actual throw.
سرباز نارنجک را پرتاب کرد (The soldier threw the grenade).
Lastly, consider the verb پرت کردن (Part kardan). This is a very common, slightly more informal version of partāb kardan. In daily conversation, you are more likely to hear 'Partesh kon' (Throw it) than 'Partābash kon'. 'Part kardan' is used for everything from throwing a ball to getting someone 'thrown out' of a place or even 'distracting' someone (havās-part kardan). Understanding the relationship between the formal 'partāb' and the informal 'part' is key to achieving a natural-sounding Persian vocabulary.
How Formal Is It?
趣味小知识
The 'tāb' in 'partāb' is the same root found in 'āftāb' (sunlight). It literally conveys the sense of something 'radiating' or 'shooting out' from a source.
发音指南
- Pronouncing 'partāb' as 'partab' (short 'a' at the end). It must be a long 'ā'.
- Stress on the 'kardan' instead of 'partāb'.
- Merging the two words into one sound without a slight break.
- Mispronouncing the 'r' as a flap when it should be slightly more trilled.
- Aspirating the 'k' in 'kardan' too much or too little.
难度评级
Easy to recognize in texts due to the distinct 'partāb' noun.
Requires remembering the compound structure and 'rā' marker.
Pronunciation of 'ā' and 'b' together needs practice for fluency.
Clear and distinct sound in most contexts.
接下来学什么
前置知识
接下来学习
高级
需要掌握的语法
Compound Verb Conjugation
Only 'kardan' changes: پرتاب میکنم، پرتاب کردم، پرتاب خواهم کرد.
Direct Object Marker 'rā'
توپ را پرتاب کن (The 'rā' follows the object being thrown).
Preposition 'be'
به سمت او پرتاب کرد (Towards him).
Subjunctive with 'bāyad'
باید توپ را پرتاب کنی.
按水平分级的例句
من توپ را پرتاب میکنم.
I throw the ball.
Present tense of 'kardan'.
او سنگ را پرتاب کرد.
He threw the stone.
Past tense of 'kardan'.
آیا میتوانی توپ را پرتاب کنی؟
Can you throw the ball?
Using 'tavānestan' (can).
کتاب را پرتاب نکن!
Don't throw the book!
Negative imperative.
ما توپ را پرتاب کردیم.
We threw the ball.
First person plural past tense.
توپ را به من پرتاب کن.
Throw the ball to me.
Imperative with preposition 'be'.
آنها کاغذ را پرتاب میکنند.
They are throwing the paper.
Third person plural present tense.
سارا سیب را پرتاب کرد.
Sara threw the apple.
Proper noun as subject.
او توپ بسکتبال را پرتاب کرد.
He threw the basketball.
Compound noun 'tup-e basketball'.
بچهها در حیاط سنگ پرتاب میکنند.
The children are throwing stones in the yard.
Present continuous sense.
من میخواهم این کاغذ را پرتاب کنم.
I want to throw this paper.
Using 'khāstan' (to want).
او با دقت توپ را پرتاب کرد.
He threw the ball carefully.
Adverbial phrase 'bā deghat'.
چرا سنگ را پرتاب کردی؟
Why did you throw the stone?
Interrogative 'cherā'.
او همیشه توپ را بلند پرتاب میکند.
He always throws the ball high.
Adverb 'hamishe' and 'boland'.
لطفاً زباله را در سطل پرتاب نکنید.
Please do not throw trash in the bin (forcefully).
Formal negative imperative.
سرباز نارنجک را پرتاب کرد.
The soldier threw the grenade.
Specific vocabulary 'nārenjak'.
بازیکن باید توپ را از فاصله دور پرتاب کند.
The player must throw the ball from a long distance.
Using 'bāyad' (must).
او توانست نیزه را خیلی دور پرتاب کند.
He was able to throw the javelin very far.
Past ability.
پرتاب کردن سنگ در این منطقه خطرناک است.
Throwing stones in this area is dangerous.
Gerund use of the infinitive.
او قبل از پرتاب کردن توپ، نفس عمیقی کشید.
Before throwing the ball, he took a deep breath.
Prepositional phrase 'ghabl az'.
اگر توپ را پرتاب کنی، من آن را میگیرم.
If you throw the ball, I will catch it.
Conditional sentence.
او از پنجره کلیدها را برای من پرتاب کرد.
He threw the keys to me from the window.
Preposition 'az' (from).
داور دستور داد که بازیکن توپ را پرتاب کند.
The referee ordered the player to throw the ball.
Subjunctive mood after 'dastur dād'.
او با قدرت تمام دیسک را پرتاب کرد.
He threw the discus with all his might.
Emphasis 'bā ghodrat-e tamām'.
ماهواره با موفقیت به مدار زمین پرتاب شد.
The satellite was successfully launched into Earth's orbit.
Passive voice with 'shodan'.
نیروی لازم برای پرتاب کردن این جسم بسیار زیاد است.
The force required to throw this object is very high.
Scientific context.
او به دلیل پرتاب کردن اشیاء به سمت تماشاگران اخراج شد.
He was expelled for throwing objects at the spectators.
Reasoning with 'be dalil-e'.
پرتاب کردن ماهوارهها هزینههای هنگفتی دارد.
Launching satellites has enormous costs.
Economic context.
او سعی کرد خشم خود را با پرتاب کردن گلدان نشان دهد.
He tried to show his anger by throwing the vase.
Emotional context.
در مسابقات المپیک، پرتاب کردن چکش مهارت زیادی میخواهد.
In the Olympics, hammer throwing requires great skill.
Complex subject.
دانشمندان در حال بررسی زاویه پرتاب کردن موشک هستند.
Scientists are examining the launch angle of the missile.
Technical terminology.
او بدون هیچ حرفی، نامه را به گوشهای پرتاب کرد.
Without a word, he threw the letter into a corner.
Adverbial phrase 'bedun-e hich harfi'.
حرکت پرتابی در فیزیک به بررسی مسیر اجسام میپردازد.
Projectile motion in physics deals with the study of the path of objects.
Adjective 'partābi' (projectile).
نویسنده با ظرافت، کلمات را مانند سنگ به سمت خواننده پرتاب میکند.
The author delicately throws words like stones at the reader.
Metaphorical use.
عملیات پرتاب مۆشک به دلیل شرایط جوی نامساعد به تعویق افتاد.
The missile launch operation was postponed due to unfavorable weather conditions.
Formal administrative language.
او با یک حرکت سریع، خود را به درون ماجرا پرتاب کرد.
With a quick move, he threw himself into the affair.
Reflexive metaphorical use.
تحلیلگران معتقدند که این اقدام، کشور را به ورطه جنگ پرتاب میکند.
Analysts believe this action throws the country into the abyss of war.
Political metaphor.
در اشعار کلاسیک، گاهی نگاه معشوق به تیر پرتاب شده تشبیه میشود.
In classical poetry, the beloved's gaze is sometimes likened to a thrown arrow.
Literary analysis.
دقت در لحظه پرتاب کردن، عامل اصلی موفقیت در این ورزش است.
Precision at the moment of throwing is the main factor for success in this sport.
Nominalization.
او با پرتاب کردن یک سوال چالشبرانگیز، جلسه را به سکوت واداشت.
By throwing a challenging question, he forced the meeting into silence.
Idiomatic usage.
تکنولوژی پیشرانههای نوین، افقهای جدیدی را در پرتاب کردن فضاپیماها گشوده است.
New propulsion technology has opened new horizons in launching spacecraft.
Highly technical vocabulary.
استراتژیهای دفاعی بر پایه سامانههای پرتاب موشکهای بالستیک استوار است.
Defense strategies are based on ballistic missile launch systems.
Geopolitical terminology.
او در جستار خود، مفاهیم فلسفی را به عرصه نقد پرتاب میکند.
In his essay, he throws philosophical concepts into the arena of criticism.
Abstract academic use.
پیچیدگیهای محاسباتی در پرتاب کردن اجرام به خارج از منظومه شمسی بسیار زیاد است.
Computational complexities in launching objects out of the solar system are immense.
Scientific precision.
او با مهارتی بینظیر، وزنه را به نقطهای دورتر از رکورد قبلی پرتاب کرد.
With unparalleled skill, he threw the weight to a point further than the previous record.
Superlative and comparative usage.
این نظریه، بذر تردید را به ذهن مخاطبان پرتاب کرد.
This theory threw the seed of doubt into the minds of the audience.
Sophisticated metaphor.
در متون کهن، واژه پرتاب گاه به معنای اصابت و برد سلاح نیز به کار رفته است.
In ancient texts, the word 'partāb' was sometimes used to mean the hit and range of a weapon.
Etymological/Historical note.
وی با پرتاب کردن خود به آغوش خطر، شجاعت بیمثال خویش را به اثبات رساند.
By throwing himself into the arms of danger, he proved his matchless courage.
High literary style.
常见搭配
常用短语
— To launch into space. Used for rockets and satellites.
ناسا فضاپیما را به فضا پرتاب کرد.
— To throw a stone. Often used as a warning or in protests.
بچهها نباید به شیشه سنگ پرتاب کنند.
— To cast a glance. A more poetic way to say looking quickly.
نگاهی به او پرتاب کرد.
— To throw oneself (into something). Used for jumping or involvement.
خود را به آب پرتاب کرد.
— To hurl words. Used when someone speaks aggressively.
او کلمات تندی را به سمت من پرتاب کرد.
— To throw from a height. Used in accidents or descriptions of falling.
او جسم را از بلندی پرتاب کرد.
— To throw out. Can be literal or figurative (expelling someone).
او را از جلسه به بیرون پرتاب کردند.
— To throw forward. Used for physical movement or progress.
او توپ را به جلو پرتاب کرد.
— To throw objects. General description of the action.
پرتاب کردن اشیاء در کلاس ممنوع است.
习语与表达
— To take a shot in the dark; to try something without knowing if it will work.
من فقط یک تیر در تاریکی پرتاب کردم و امیدوارم درست باشد.
Colloquial— To go through fire and water; to take great risks for something.
او برای نجات خانوادهاش خود را به آب و آتش پرتاب کرد.
Literary— To say something bluntly or without thinking of the consequences.
او حرفش را پرتاب کرد و رفت.
Informal— To glance quickly or sharply at someone.
یک نگاه غضبآلود به من پرتاب کرد.
Literary— To criticize or attack someone (figuratively).
به جای سنگ پرتاب کردن، راه حلی پیدا کن.
Metaphorical— To be thrown back into the past (e.g., by a memory).
با دیدن آن عکس، به دوران کودکیاش پرتاب شد.
Poetic— To eat very quickly and forcefully (rare).
لقمهها را یکییکی در دهان پرتاب میکرد.
Informal— To hurl insults or sarcastic remarks.
او مدام تیرهای طعنه به سمت من پرتاب میکند.
Literary— To outdo others (related to 'guy-e sabghat robūdan').
او در این مسابقه گوی سبقت را پرتاب کرد.
Formal— To be extremely happy (similar to 'throwing one's hat in the air').
بعد از قبولی در کنکور، کلاهش را به آسمان پرتاب کرد.
Idiomatic词族
名词
动词
形容词
相关
记住它
记忆技巧
Think of a 'PART' of a 'TAB' (like a soda can tab) being thrown. 'PART-TAB' kardan. You are throwing a part of a tab.
视觉联想
Imagine a rocket at a launchpad. The word 'Partāb' is written on the side of the rocket. As it takes off, the word 'Kardan' is the flame pushing it up.
Word Web
挑战
Try to say 'Man tup rā partāb kardam' five times fast without stumbling over the 'p' and 'b' sounds.
词源
The word 'partāb' comes from Middle Persian and is related to the idea of 'shining forth' or 'throwing out'. The root 'tap' or 'tāb' is associated with light and heat, but in this compound, it has evolved to mean the projection of an object.
原始含义： To throw out or to project forward.
Indo-European -> Indo-Iranian -> Iranian -> Persian.文化背景
Be careful when using 'partāb kardan' with people (e.g., throwing someone out). It can sound very aggressive or literal.
English speakers often use 'throw' for everything. In Persian, remember to use 'partāb' for sports/force and 'andākhtan' for casual dropping.
在生活中练习
真实语境
Basketball
- پرتاب سه امتیازی
- پرتاب پنالتی
- خطای پرتاب
- زمان پرتاب
Space Science
- لحظه پرتاب
- سایت پرتاب
- موشک حامل
- شمارش معکوس
Childhood
- سنگ نزن
- توپبازی
- پرتاب کردن موشک کاغذی
- شوخی کردن
Military
- پرتاب نارنجک
- برد پرتاب
- زاویه شلیک
- آمادهباش
Physics Class
- سرعت اولیه
- شتاب گرانش
- اوج پرتاب
- برد نهایی
对话开场白
"آیا تا به حال سعی کردهای یک موشک کاغذی پرتاب کنی؟"
"در ورزش بسکتبال، آیا در پرتاب کردن توپ مهارت داری؟"
"به نظر تو پرتاب کردن ماهواره به فضا چقدر هزینه دارد؟"
"چرا بعضی بچهها دوست دارند به سمت هم سنگ پرتاب کنند؟"
"بهترین رکوردی که در پرتاب کردن چیزی داشتی چه بوده است؟"
日记主题
درباره زمانی بنویسید که چیزی را با تمام قدرت پرتاب کردید.
اگر میتوانستید یک پیام را در بطری بگذارید و به اقیانوس پرتاب کنید، چه مینوشتید؟
تفاوت بین پرتاب کردن و انداختن را با مثالهای زندگی خود توضیح دهید.
احساس خود را هنگام تماشای پرتاب یک موشک به فضا توصیف کنید.
چگونه ورزشهای پرتابی (مثل پرتاب نیزه) به تقویت تمرکز کمک میکنند؟
Summary
The verb 'partāb kardan' is the most accurate way to describe throwing with force or launching a projectile. Unlike 'andākhtan', which can mean a casual drop, 'partāb kardan' implies energy and a specific direction. Example: 'Ou tup rā partāb kard' (He threw the ball).
- A compound verb meaning 'to throw' or 'to launch'.
- Used in sports, daily life, and aerospace contexts.
- The noun part is 'partāb'; the verb part is 'kardan'.
- Requires the direct object marker 'rā' for the item thrown.
例句
او توپ را به سمت دروازه پرتاب کرد.
相关内容
更多sports词汇
آب تنی کردن
B1游泳或沐浴；在水中玩耍。这是一个用于娱乐性水上活动的常用短语。
آبتنی کردن
A2戏水，洗澡。
المپیک
A2奥林匹克运动会是每四年举行一次的世界性综合体育赛事。
امتیاز
A2比赛或考试中的分数或点数。
اسکی
A2滑雪是使用滑雪板在雪地上滑行的运动。
استخر
A1Swimming pool; an artificial basin of water for swimming.
باخت
A1在游戏、比赛或情况中的损失或失败。
باختن
A2输掉比赛或竞赛。
باشگاه
A2人们去锻炼或进行体育运动的地方。它也可以指像足球俱乐部这样的职业运动队。
بازنده
A1失败者，输掉比赛或竞争的人或团队。
