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A2 phrase 8分钟阅读

~이/가 없다

-i/ga eopda
例句 笔记与提示 ~이/가 없다 30秒了解
解析 ~이/가 없다 in your Level:
At the A1 level, learners focus on the most basic use of '~이/가 없다' to describe things they do not have or things that are not present. This includes simple nouns like 'money' (돈), 'time' (시간), or 'friends' (친구). The focus is on mastering the subject particles '이' and '가' and the polite ending '없어요'. Learners should be able to say 'I don't have an umbrella' or 'The teacher is not in the room.' It is the foundation of negative expression in Korean, allowing students to communicate basic needs and absences. At this stage, the distinction between '없다' (existence) and '아니다' (identity) is a key learning point. Exercises usually involve identifying the correct particle based on the final consonant of the noun.
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At the A2 level, learners expand their use of '~이/가 없다' to include more abstract concepts and more complex sentence structures. They begin to use it with connective endings like '-어서' (because) or '-고' (and). For example, '시간이 없어서 못 가요' (I can't go because I don't have time). Learners also start to encounter the honorific form '없으시다' when referring to the possessions of elders or superiors. They should be comfortable using the phrase in various settings like restaurants (to ask for missing items) or shops. The range of vocabulary used with '없다' increases to include things like 'interest' (관심), 'appetite' (입맛), or 'strength' (기운).
At the B1 level, learners use '~이/가 없다' in more idiomatic and fixed expressions. They understand the difference between '없다' as a standalone adjective and its role in grammar patterns like '-ㄴ/은 적이 없다' (have never done) and '-ㄹ/을 수 없다' (cannot). The vocabulary becomes even more abstract, dealing with emotions and social situations, such as 'courage' (용기), 'confidence' (자신감), or 'leeway' (여유). At this stage, students should be able to explain complex reasons for their actions using '없다' and understand the nuance of using the topic marker '은/는' instead of '이/가' to imply contrast (e.g., '돈은 없지만 꿈은 있어요' - I don't have money, but I have dreams).
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At the B2 level, learners are expected to use '~이/가 없다' with high precision in both spoken and written forms. They encounter more sophisticated synonyms like '부족하다' (insufficient) or '결여되다' (lacking) and know when to choose them over the simpler '없다'. They also learn more complex idiomatic expressions like '어처구니없다' (to be absurd) or '정신없다' (to be hectic/distracted). The use of '없다' in hypothetical situations using '-지 않으면 안 된다' (must) or other double negatives becomes more common. Learners should be able to follow fast-paced conversations where '이/가' is frequently omitted and the meaning is derived entirely from context and intonation.
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At the C1 level, learners explore the philosophical and literary uses of '~이/가 없다'. They can analyze texts where '없다' is used to discuss concepts of void, absence, or the limitations of human experience. They are familiar with formal and archaic variations used in literature or historical dramas. The focus is on the subtle nuances of register—choosing between '없습니다', '없나이다', or '부재하다' based on the specific social and professional context. They can use '없다' to create sophisticated rhetorical effects in speeches or essays, such as using litotes (understatement by negating the opposite) to convey a stronger point.
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At the C2 level, a learner's command of '~이/가 없다' is indistinguishable from that of a native speaker. They can use the phrase in puns, wordplay, and deep cultural references. They understand the etymological roots and how the word has evolved in the Korean language. They can navigate the most complex honorific situations where '없다', '없으시다', and '안 계시다' are used interchangeably in nuanced ways to show varying degrees of respect and social distance. Their writing demonstrates a mastery of using '없다' to maintain flow and tone in highly academic or professional documents, using it to define the scope of research or the limitations of a theory.
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例句 笔记与提示

~이/가 없다 30秒了解

  • Expresses non-existence or lack of possession in Korean, acting as the direct antonym to the verb '있다'.
  • Requires the use of subject particles -이 after consonants and -가 after vowels for the noun being negated.
  • Functions grammatically as an adjective (descriptive verb), meaning it follows specific conjugation rules in Korean.
  • Commonly used in daily life for everything from being out of stock to lacking abstract qualities like time or confidence.

The phrase ~이/가 없다 is one of the most fundamental building blocks of the Korean language. At its core, it serves two primary functions: expressing non-existence ('there is not') and expressing lack of possession ('to not have'). Unlike English, which uses the verb 'to be' for existence and 'to have' for possession, Korean uses this single descriptive verb to cover both concepts. This can initially be confusing for English speakers, but the distinction is usually clear from the context of the conversation. When you say something doesn't exist, you are describing the state of a location. When you say you don't have something, you are describing your relationship with an object. In both cases, the subject of the sentence—the thing that is missing or not owned—is marked with the subject particles 이 (used after a consonant) or 가 (used after a vowel).

Existential Use
Used to state that a person or object is not present in a specific location. For example, 'The teacher is not in the classroom.'
Possessive Use
Used to state that someone does not own or possess an item. For example, 'I don't have a car.'

People use this phrase in almost every aspect of daily life. Whether you are telling a waiter that there is no spoon on the table, informing a friend that you have no plans for the weekend, or expressing a deeper philosophical lack of hope or meaning, 없다 is the essential tool. It is the direct antonym of 있다 (to exist/have). Understanding how to use 없다 correctly is vital because it forms the basis for more complex grammatical structures, such as the negative experience pattern -ㄴ/은 적이 없다 (to have never done something) or the ability pattern -ㄹ/을 수 없다 (to be unable to do something).

교실에 학생이 없다. (There are no students in the classroom.)

저는 돈이 없어요. (I don't have money.)

Culturally, the concept of 'nothingness' or 'lack' in Korean is often expressed more directly than in some Western languages. While English might use 'I am out of...' or 'We are missing...', Korean almost always defaults to 없다. It is also important to note that 없다 is an adjective in terms of its conjugation rules, which means it follows descriptive verb patterns rather than action verb patterns. This distinction matters when you start learning more advanced grammar like noun-modifying forms.

Using ~이/가 없다 correctly requires attention to two main things: the particle choice and the level of politeness (speech level). Because 없다 is the predicate, the thing that is missing is the subject. Therefore, you must use the subject markers 이 or 가. A very common mistake for beginners is using the object marker 을/를 because they are thinking in English ('I don't have [object]'). In Korean, you are literally saying '[Subject] is non-existent.'

Particle Selection
If the noun ends in a consonant (patchim), use 이 (e.g., 물이 없다). If it ends in a vowel, use 가 (e.g., 차가 없다).

The conjugation of 없다 changes based on who you are talking to. In casual settings with friends, you use 없어. In polite, everyday situations (the most common level for learners), you use 없어요. In formal settings like news reports or military contexts, you use 없습니다. There is also a specific honorific form when you are talking about someone highly respected. While the negative of the honorific 계시다 (to stay/be) is 안 계시다, when talking about a possession of a respected person, you use 없으시다.

시간이 없어서 못 가요. (I can't go because I don't have time.)

질문이 있으세요? 아니요, 없어요. (Do you have questions? No, I don't.)

Another important aspect is the word order. In Korean, the subject usually comes first, followed by the location (if applicable), and then 없다 at the very end. For example, '집에 (at home) 동생이 (younger sibling) 없어요 (is not there).' If you want to emphasize that it is *you* who doesn't have something, you can add '저는' (as for me) at the beginning: '저는 노트북이 없어요.' However, in many cases, '저는' is omitted because it is obvious from the context.

You will hear 없다 everywhere in Korea, from the moment you step into a convenience store to deep conversations in a drama. In a retail or restaurant setting, it's often used to indicate that an item is out of stock. If you ask for a specific brand of cigarettes or a certain side dish, the clerk might simply say '재고가 없어요' (There is no stock) or '지금은 없어요' (We don't have it right now). This is a very common and direct way of communicating unavailability.

In Restaurants
'빈 자리가 없어요' (There are no empty seats). This is what a host will tell you if the restaurant is full.
In the Office
'부장님이 지금 자리에 없으세요' (The manager is not at their desk right now). Note the honorific form used for a superior.

In K-Dramas and movies, 없다 is frequently used in emotional outbursts. A character might shout '너밖에 없어!' (I have no one but you!) or '말도 안 돼, 그럴 리가 없어!' (That makes no sense, that can't be!). It is also used to describe someone's personality or behavior. For instance, '싸가지 없다' is a very common (and rude) slang term used to describe someone who has no manners or is extremely disrespectful. Similarly, '어이없다' is used when something is so ridiculous or dumbfounding that you are at a loss for words—literally 'having no handle' to grasp the situation.

A: 여기 화장실 없어요? (Is there no bathroom here?)
B: 네, 건물 밖에 있어요. (Yes, it's outside the building.)

Socially, Koreans use 없다 to politely decline invitations or requests. Instead of a harsh 'No,' saying '시간이 없어서...' (Because I don't have time...) or '여유가 없어서...' (Because I don't have the leeway/resources...) allows the speaker to save face while still conveying the negative response. It is a soft way to navigate social obligations without being confrontational.

The transition from English to Korean presents several pitfalls when using 없다. The most frequent error is related to particle usage. Because English verbs like 'have' take a direct object ('I have a pen'), learners often try to use the Korean object marker -을/를. However, 없다 is an adjective describing the state of the subject. Therefore, you must use -이/가. Saying '돈을 없어요' is grammatically incorrect; it must be '돈이 없어요.'

Confusion with '아니다'
'아니다' means 'to not be' (identity), while '없다' means 'to not exist' (existence). Don't say '저는 학생이 없어요' if you mean 'I am not a student.' That would mean 'I don't have a student.'

Another common mistake involves the negation of verbs. Beginners sometimes try to use 없다 to make a verb negative, like '가고 없어요' for 'I am not going.' This is incorrect. To negate an action verb, you should use 안 or -지 않다. 없다 is only for existence and possession. However, there is one exception: the pattern -지 않고 can sometimes feel similar, but 없다 is strictly for the noun it follows.

Wrong: 사과를 없어요. (Incorrect object marker)
Right: 사과가 없어요. (Correct subject marker)

Finally, learners often struggle with the honorific system. When talking about a person's presence, if that person is of higher status, you should use 안 계시다 instead of 없으시다. For example, '할머니가 집에 안 계세요' (Grandmother is not at home) is correct. Use 없으시다 only when referring to a respected person's *possessions* or *attributes*, such as '선생님은 자녀가 없으세요' (The teacher does not have children).

While 없다 is the most common way to express lack, there are several other words that provide more specific nuances or are used in more formal contexts. Understanding these alternatives will help you sound more natural and precise in your Korean. For example, if you want to say you are 'short of' something rather than it being completely non-existent, you would use 부족하다.

부족하다 (To be insufficient)
Use this when you have some of something, but not enough. '시간이 부족해요' (Time is insufficient/I'm running out of time).
모자라다 (To be short/lacking)
Similar to 부족하다, but often used for mental capacity or physical amounts. '일손이 모자라요' (We are short-handed).
결여되다 (To be devoid of)
A very formal, academic term used for abstract qualities like 'courage' or 'morality'. '도덕성이 결여되었다' (Lacking in morality).

In formal or written Korean, you might also encounter 부재하다, which means 'to be absent.' This is commonly used in professional emails or official documents to indicate that someone is away from their post. Another high-level synonym is 전무하다, which means 'to be completely non-existent' or 'to have zero presence.' This is often used in news reports to describe a total lack of evidence or precedent.

실력이 부족해서 더 연습해야 해요. (I need to practice more because my skills are insufficient.)

Comparing 없다 with 아니다 is also crucial. As mentioned before, 아니다 is the negative of 이다 (to be/identity). If you say '물고기가 없어요,' it means 'There are no fish.' If you say '물고기가 아니에요,' it means 'It is not a fish (it's something else).' Choosing the right word depends entirely on whether you are discussing existence or identity.

趣味小知识

In Middle Korean, '없다' was sometimes used in ways that modern speakers would find slightly different, but its core function as the antonym of '있다' has remained remarkably stable for over 500 years.

发音指南

UK /ʌp̚.t͈a/
US /ʌp̚.t͈a/
In Korean, stress is generally even across syllables, but the first syllable '없' (eop) carries the primary meaning and is slightly more emphasized.
押韵词
겁나 (geom-na) 덥다 (deop-da) 접다 (jeop-da) 업다 (eop-da) 잡다 (jap-da) 돕다 (dop-da) 입다 (ip-da) 뽑다 (ppop-da)
常见错误
  • Pronouncing the 's' sound in 'eops-'. The 's' is silent when followed by a consonant.
  • Aspirating the 'p' sound at the end of the first syllable.
  • Using a soft 'd' sound for 'da' instead of the tensed 'tt'.
  • Pronouncing the 'eo' like an 'o' (as in 'go').
  • Failing to link the 's' to the next syllable when a vowel follows (e.g., in 'eop-seo').
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按水平分级的例句

1

돈이 없어요.

I don't have money.

이 follows the consonant 'ㄴ' in '돈'.

2

우산이 없어요.

I don't have an umbrella.

이 follows the consonant 'ㄴ' in '우산'.

3

친구가 없어요.

I don't have friends.

가 follows the vowel 'ㅜ' in '친구'.

4

동생이 없어요.

I don't have a younger sibling.

이 follows the consonant 'ㅇ' in '동생'.

5

시간이 없어요.

I don't have time.

이 follows the consonant 'ㄴ' in '시간'.

6

교실에 선생님이 없어요.

The teacher is not in the classroom.

Indicates non-existence in a location.

7

집에 물이 없어요.

There is no water at home.

Indicates lack of a specific item.

8

질문이 없어요.

I have no questions.

Commonly used in educational settings.

1

약속이 없어서 집에 갈 거예요.

I don't have plans, so I'm going home.

Uses -어서 to show reason.

2

입맛이 없어서 밥을 안 먹었어요.

I had no appetite, so I didn't eat.

입맛 (appetite) is a common noun used with 없다.

3

할머니는 휴대폰이 없으세요.

My grandmother doesn't have a cell phone.

Uses the honorific form 없으시다 for an elder.

4

재미가 없어서 영화를 껐어요.

It wasn't fun, so I turned off the movie.

재미없다 is often treated as one word meaning 'boring'.

5

한국 친구가 한 명도 없어요.

I don't have even one Korean friend.

한 명도 (not even one) emphasizes the lack.

6

주머니에 아무것도 없어요.

There is nothing in my pocket.

아무것도 (nothing) is used with negative verbs.

7

저는 차가 없지만 자전거는 있어요.

I don't have a car, but I have a bicycle.

Uses -지만 to show contrast.

8

이 근처에는 편의점이 없어요.

There are no convenience stores nearby.

Indicates lack of facilities in an area.

1

그를 믿을 수가 없어요.

I can't believe him.

Pattern -ㄹ 수 없다 (cannot).

2

유럽에 가 본 적이 없어요.

I have never been to Europe.

Pattern -ㄴ 적이 없다 (never done).

3

자신감이 없어서 발표를 못 하겠어요.

I don't have confidence, so I can't give the presentation.

자신감 (confidence) is an abstract noun.

4

요즘 공부할 여유가 없어요.

I don't have the leeway/time to study these days.

여유 implies both time and mental space.

5

그 이야기는 근거가 없어요.

That story has no basis/evidence.

근거 (basis/ground) used for logical lack.

6

도와줄 사람이 아무도 없어요.

There is no one to help me.

아무도 (no one) used for people.

7

이 문제에 대해 불만이 없어요.

I have no complaints about this issue.

불만 (dissatisfaction/complaint).

8

그는 책임감이 없는 사람이에요.

He is a person with no sense of responsibility.

Noun-modifying form: 없는 (that doesn't have).

1

어이가 없어서 웃음만 나요.

It's so absurd that I can only laugh.

Idiom: 어이없다 (absurd/dumbfounded).

2

정신없이 바빠서 연락을 못 했어요.

I was so hectically busy that I couldn't call.

Adverbial form: 정신없이 (mindlessly/hectically).

3

그의 행동은 비판의 여지가 없어요.

His actions leave no room for criticism.

여지 (room/possibility) is a formal noun.

4

할 말이 없게 만들지 마세요.

Don't make me speechless.

할 말이 없다 (to have nothing to say).

5

이 계획은 빈틈이 없어요.

This plan is flawless (has no gaps).

빈틈 (gap/crack) used metaphorically.

6

그 배우는 매력이 없을 수가 없어요.

That actor cannot possibly lack charm.

Double negative for emphasis.

7

상관없으니까 마음대로 하세요.

It doesn't matter, so do as you wish.

상관없다 (to not matter/be unrelated).

8

희망이 없다고 생각하지 마세요.

Don't think that there is no hope.

희망 (hope) as the subject of existence.

1

그 이론은 논리적 일관성이 없어요.

That theory lacks logical consistency.

Academic use for abstract qualities.

2

전례가 없는 대규모 시위가 일어났어요.

An unprecedented large-scale protest occurred.

전례가 없다 (unprecedented/no previous example).

3

그의 글에는 진정성이 느껴지지 않아요.

There is no sincerity felt in his writing.

Using '느껴지지 않다' as a more descriptive alternative to '없다'.

4

사회적 안전망이 없는 삶은 위태로워요.

Life without a social safety net is precarious.

Complex societal concept used with 없는.

5

그 제안은 현실성이 전혀 없어요.

That proposal has absolutely no realism.

전혀 (not at all) used for strong negation.

6

인간의 욕심은 끝이 없어요.

Human greed has no end.

Philosophical statement about human nature.

7

죄책감이 없는 범죄는 더 무서워요.

Crimes without guilt are scarier.

죄책감 (guilt) as a psychological lack.

8

두 사람 사이에 공통점이 하나도 없어요.

There is not a single commonality between the two.

공통점 (common point).

1

무에서 유를 창조하는 것은 불가능이 없어요.

Creating something from nothing knows no impossibility.

Proverbial/Philosophical use of '없다'.

2

그의 부재가 팀에 미치는 영향은 이루 말할 수 없어요.

The impact of his absence on the team is beyond words.

Using '부재' (absence) as a noun related to '없다'.

3

가식 없는 그의 모습이 대중을 사로잡았어요.

His appearance without pretense captivated the public.

가식 (pretense/affectation).

4

법적 효력이 없는 계약서는 종잇조각에 불과해요.

A contract without legal effect is nothing more than a piece of paper.

Legal terminology: 법적 효력 (legal effect).

5

정적만이 가득한 방에는 아무런 인기척이 없었어요.

In the room filled only with silence, there was no sign of human presence.

인기척 (sign of a person).

6

그의 연설은 군더더기가 하나도 없이 깔끔했어요.

His speech was clean, with no unnecessary fluff at all.

군더더기 (superfluous additions).

7

타협의 여지가 없는 강경한 태도를 보였어요.

He showed a firm attitude with no room for compromise.

Political/Diplomatic context.

8

세상에 영원한 것은 없다는 진리를 깨달았어요.

I realized the truth that nothing in the world is eternal.

Existential truth statement.

常见搭配

돈이 없다
시간이 없다
관심이 없다
재미가 없다
정신이 없다
자신이 없다
인기가 없다
필요가 없다
소용이 없다
끝이 없다

常用短语

어쩔 수 없다

— It can't be helped; there is no other way. Used when a situation is unavoidable.

비가 오니까 어쩔 수 없지.

말도 안 돼

— No way; that's nonsense. Literally 'it doesn't even make words.'

말도 안 돼! 그게 진짜야?

상관없다

— It doesn't matter; it's okay. Used to show indifference or permission.

아무거나 먹어도 상관없어요.

할 수 없다

— To be unable to do something. The negative form of the ability pattern.

오늘은 바빠서 갈 수 없어요.

기운이 없다

— To have no energy or strength. Used when feeling tired or weak.

아침을 안 먹어서 기운이 없어요.

어이없다

— To be dumbfounded or absurd. Used when something is shockingly ridiculous.

그 사람의 태도가 정말 어이없어요.

정신없다

— To be hectic, distracted, or out of one's mind. Used in busy situations.

시험 기간이라 정신없어요.

꿈도 꾸지 마

— Don't even dream about it. Used to tell someone something is impossible.

내 차를 빌려줄 꿈도 꾸지 마.

소식 없다

— To have no news from someone. Used when someone hasn't contacted you.

그 친구는 1년째 소식이 없어요.

틀림없다

— To be certain; to have no mistake. Used to express strong conviction.

범인은 그 사람이 틀림없어요.

习语与表达

"눈에 뵈는 게 없다"

— To be so angry or ambitious that one loses all sense of judgment. Literally 'nothing is seen in the eyes.'

그는 화가 나서 눈에 뵈는 게 없었다.

Slang/Informal
"볼일 없다"

— To have no business with someone; to be finished/done with someone. Often used in arguments.

너랑은 이제 볼일 없어!

Informal
"밑도 끝도 없다"

— To have no head or tail; to come out of nowhere without context.

그는 밑도 끝도 없이 화를 냈다.

Neutral
"뼈도 못 추리다"

— To be completely destroyed or defeated. Literally 'unable to even pick up one's bones.'

그와 싸우면 뼈도 못 추릴 거야.

Informal/Slang
"손쓸 수 없다"

— To be beyond help; to be unable to fix a situation. Literally 'cannot use hands.'

병이 깊어져서 이제 손쓸 수 없어요.

Neutral
"가릴 게 없다"

— To not be picky; to be willing to do or eat anything.

그는 배가 고파서 가릴 게 없었다.

Neutral
"앞뒤가 없다"

— To be inconsistent or illogical. Literally 'no front and back.'

그의 말은 앞뒤가 없어서 이해하기 힘들다.

Neutral
"속이 없다"

— To be thoughtless or to have no pride/backbone. Literally 'no inside.'

그렇게 당하고도 웃다니 정말 속도 없다.

Informal
"볼품없다"

— To be shabby or unattractive. Literally 'having no appearance to look at.'

선물 포장이 참 볼품없네요.

Neutral
"싹수가 없다"

— To show no sign of potential or to be very rude. Often used for younger people.

그 녀석 참 싹수가 없구나.

Informal/Slang

词族

名词

없음 (eops-eum) - Non-existence/Absence
부재 (bu-jae) - Absence (formal)

动词

없애다 (eops-ae-da) - To remove/eliminate
없어지다 (eops-eo-ji-da) - To disappear/get lost

形容词

없다 (eop-da) - To not exist/have

相关

있다 (it-da) - To exist/have
계시다 (gye-si-da) - To exist (honorific)
아니다 (a-ni-da) - To not be
안 (an) - Not (negation prefix)
못 (mot) - Cannot
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记住它

记忆技巧

Think of 'EOP-da' as 'EMPTY'. Both start with a similar vowel sound and convey the idea of a void or lack.

视觉联想

Imagine an empty wallet or a 'sold out' sign on a store shelf. Associate the feeling of reaching for something and finding it's not there with the sound 'eop-da'.

Word Web

돈 (Money) 시간 (Time) 친구 (Friend) 재미 (Fun) 정신 (Mind/Spirit) 관심 (Interest) 필요 (Need) 상관 (Relation)

挑战

Try to go through your house and list 5 things you DON'T have in Korean using the '~이/가 없어요' pattern. For example: '고양이가 없어요' (I don't have a cat).

词源

The word '없다' originates from Middle Korean '업다' (eop-da). It has been the standard way to express non-existence since the creation of Hangeul.

原始含义： The original meaning remains consistent: the state of being absent or the lack of possession.

Koreanic language family.

文化背景

Be careful using '없다' when describing people (e.g., '부모님이 없어요'). It can sound blunt or insensitive depending on the context. Use honorifics when appropriate.

English speakers often struggle with '없다' because they want to use 'have' (possessive) and 'be' (existential) as separate verbs. Korean simplifies this into one concept of 'existence'.

The movie 'No Mercy' (용서는 없다) - Literally 'There is no forgiveness'. The song 'I Have No Choice' by various artists. The common variety show phrase '어이없네!' used when something funny but ridiculous happens.
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