Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
In Lao, you choose your 'I' and 'You' based on the age and status of the person you are talking to.
- Use 'Khoi' (ຂ້ອຍ) for 'I' in neutral/polite situations.
- Use 'Jao' (ເຈົ້າ) for 'You' when speaking to someone of equal or slightly higher status.
- Use kinship terms like 'Ai' (older brother) or 'Nong' (younger sibling) to show respect.
Common Pronoun Usage
| Status | Lao Pronoun | English Meaning | Usage Context |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Neutral
|
Khoi
|
I
|
General
|
|
Neutral
|
Jao
|
You
|
General
|
|
Older Male
|
Ai
|
Older Brother
|
Respect
|
|
Older Female
|
Euay
|
Older Sister
|
Respect
|
|
Younger
|
Nong
|
Younger Sibling
|
Affection
|
|
Formal
|
Than
|
You (Formal)
|
Professional
|
Meanings
Lao pronouns are not fixed; they change based on the social hierarchy, age, and intimacy between speakers.
Neutral/Polite
Standard pronouns for general interaction.
“ຂ້ອຍຊື່ສຸວັນ (I am Suvan)”
“ເຈົ້າສະບາຍດີບໍ່? (Are you well?)”
Kinship-based
Using family titles to address non-family members.
“ອ້າຍໄປໃສ? (Where are you [older brother] going?)”
“ນ້ອງກິນເຂົ້າແລ້ວບໍ່? (Have you [younger sibling] eaten?)”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Pronoun + Verb
|
Khoi pai (I go)
|
|
Negative
|
Pronoun + bo + Verb
|
Khoi bo pai (I don't go)
|
|
Question
|
Pronoun + Verb + bo?
|
Jao pai bo? (Do you go?)
|
|
Formal
|
Than + Verb
|
Than pai nai? (Where are you going?)
|
|
Kinship
|
Ai + Verb
|
Ai pai nai? (Where are you going?)
|
|
Humble
|
Khanoy + Verb
|
Khanoy pai (I go)
|
正式程度
ຂ້າພະເຈົ້າຈະໄປຕະຫຼາດ (Daily life)
ຂ້ອຍຈະໄປຕະຫຼາດ (Daily life)
ຂ້ອຍໄປຕະຫຼາດ (Daily life)
ໄປຕະຫຼາດເດີ້ (Daily life)
Lao Pronoun Hierarchy
Status
- Ai Older Brother
- Euay Older Sister
- Nong Younger Sibling
按水平分级的例句
ຂ້ອຍຮັກເຈົ້າ
I love you
ເຈົ້າສະບາຍດີບໍ່
How are you?
ຂ້ອຍຊື່ສຸວັນ
My name is Suvan
ເຈົ້າໄປໃສ
Where are you going?
ອ້າຍໄປວຽກບໍ່
Are you (older brother) going to work?
ນ້ອງກິນເຂົ້າແລ້ວ
I (younger sibling) have eaten
ເອື້ອຍຊ່ວຍແດ່
Please help me (older sister)
ເຈົ້າເປັນຄົນລາວບໍ່
Are you a Lao person?
ທ່ານຕ້ອງການຫຍັງ
What do you (formal) need?
ຂ້ານ້ອຍບໍ່ຮູ້
I (humble) do not know
ເຈົ້າເດ ເປັນແນວໃດ
And you, how are you?
ອ້າຍສຸວັນຢູ່ໃສ
Where is older brother Suvan?
ຂໍອະນຸຍາດທ່ານ
May I have your permission (formal)?
ຂ້ານ້ອຍຂໍໂທດ
I (humble) apologize
ເຈົ້າຄົງຈະເຂົ້າໃຈ
You probably understand
ນ້ອງຂໍອະນຸຍາດ
I (younger) ask for permission
ຂ້າພະເຈົ້າຂໍສະເໜີ
I (formal/public) would like to propose
ທ່ານມີຄວາມເຫັນແນວໃດ
What is your (formal) opinion?
ນ້ອງຂໍຮັບໃຊ້
I (humble) am at your service
ເຈົ້າຈົ່ງຟັງ
You (authoritative/instructional) listen
ຂ້າພະເຈົ້າຂໍກ່າວເຖິງ
I (formal) would like to mention
ທ່ານໄດ້ກະລຸນາແນະນຳ
You (formal) have kindly advised
ຂ້ານ້ອຍຂໍນ້ອມຮັບ
I (humble) humbly accept
ເຈົ້າຈົ່ງພິຈາລະນາ
You (formal/instructional) please consider
容易混淆
Both mean 'I', but Khanoy is very humble.
Both mean 'You', but Than is formal.
Both are for elders.
常见错误
Using 'Khoi' with a teacher
Using 'Ajarn' (Teacher)
Using 'Jao' with a monk
Using 'Than' or 'Phra'
Forgetting 'bo' in questions
Adding 'bo' at the end
Using 'Nong' for an elder
Using 'Ai/Euay'
Using 'Khoi' in formal emails
Using 'Khaphajao'
Using 'Jao' for a group
Using 'Phuak-jao'
Mixing up 'Ai' and 'Euay'
Ai for male, Euay for female
Overusing 'Khanoy'
Use 'Khoi' in neutral settings
Using kinship terms for strangers
Use 'Jao' first
Ignoring social cues
Observe the speaker's status
Using royal pronouns incorrectly
Use standard formal
Inconsistent register
Maintain one register
Ignoring dialectal shifts
Adapt to the region
句型
___ ຊື່ຫຍັງ?
___ ໄປໃສ?
___ ເປັນຄົນລາວ.
___ ກິນເຂົ້າແລ້ວບໍ່?
Real World Usage
ເຈົ້າ, ເອົາເຂົ້າໜຽວໜຶ່ງຫໍ່
ຂ້າພະເຈົ້າຂໍສະໝັກວຽກ
ເຈົ້າໄປໃສ?
ອ້າຍ, ໄປຕະຫຼາດບໍ່?
ເຈົ້າສະບາຍດີບໍ່?
ທ່ານ, ອາຫານຮອດແລ້ວ
When in doubt, use Jao
Don't use Khoi with bosses
Observe the locals
Age is key
Smart Tips
Use 'Jao' until you know their age.
Use 'Khaphajao' or their title.
Use 'Nong'.
Use 'Khaphajao'.
发音
Tones
Lao is a tonal language; ensure your tones are correct for pronouns.
Question intonation
Jao pai bo? (rising at the end)
Indicates a question.
记住它
记忆技巧
Khoi is for 'I', Jao is for 'You', use kinship terms to be true to the Lao view.
视觉联想
Imagine a ladder. The higher the person is on the ladder, the more respectful the pronoun you use.
Rhyme
Khoi is I, Jao is you, use kinship terms to be polite and true.
Story
I met a man named Ai. I called him 'Ai' because he was older. He smiled and called me 'Nong' because I was younger. We were friends instantly.
Word Web
挑战
Try to identify the age of 3 people and use the correct pronoun for each in your head.
文化笔记
The majority culture; emphasizes respect for elders.
Often uses kinship terms even more strictly.
Values community and hierarchy.
Derived from ancient Tai kinship systems.
对话开场白
ເຈົ້າຊື່ຫຍັງ?
ອ້າຍເຮັດວຽກຫຍັງ?
ທ່ານມາຈາກໃສ?
ນ້ອງຄິດແນວໃດ?
日记主题
常见错误
Test Yourself
___ ໄປໃສ?
___ ຕ້ອງການຫຍັງ?
Find and fix the mistake:
ຂ້ອຍ (to a boss) ໄປວຽກ.
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
___ ໄປວຽກບໍ່?
___ ກິນເຂົ້າແລ້ວບໍ່?
___ ຂໍສະເໜີ.
Score: /8
练习题
8 exercises___ ໄປໃສ?
___ ຕ້ອງການຫຍັງ?
Find and fix the mistake:
ຂ້ອຍ (to a boss) ໄປວຽກ.
ໄປ / ເຈົ້າ / ໃສ / ?
Ai - Older Brother, Jao - You, Nong - Younger Sibling
___ ໄປວຽກບໍ່?
___ ກິນເຂົ້າແລ້ວບໍ່?
___ ຂໍສະເໜີ.
Score: /8
常见问题 (8)
Lao pronouns reflect social status and age.
No, it's rude to superiors.
Ask politely or observe.
Only for formal/professional settings.
People will understand, but it might be awkward.
Yes, especially formal ones.
English is egalitarian; Lao is hierarchical.
Yes, but they are very advanced.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Tú/Usted
Lao uses family titles, Spanish uses formal/informal pronouns.
Tu/Vous
Lao pronouns are based on age/status, French on intimacy.
Du/Sie
Lao uses kinship titles, German uses formal pronouns.
Anata/Omae
Japanese has more 'I' variants, Lao has more 'You' variants.
Ni/Nin
Chinese kinship terms are more rigid.
Anta/Anti
Arabic is gender-focused, Lao is status-focused.
