At the A1 level, 'drukować' is one of the essential verbs for daily life and basic technology use. It means 'to print'. You use it when you want to say that you are using a machine (a printer) to put words or pictures on paper. For example, if you are a student, you might say 'Drukuję zadanie domowe' (I am printing my homework). At this stage, you should focus on the present tense (drukuję, drukujesz, drukuje) and the fact that it usually needs an object like 'dokument' (document) or 'zdjęcie' (photo). It is a very useful word for anyone working in an office or studying in Poland, as you will often need to ask for a printer or explain that you are printing something. The word is quite easy to recognize because it sounds a bit like 'drucken' in German or 'druk' in Dutch, which share the same root.
At the A2 level, you begin to use 'drukować' in more varied contexts and with different tenses. You might describe your daily routine, including 'Drukowałem wczoraj wiele listów' (I was printing many letters yesterday). You also start to use prepositions, such as 'drukować na papierze' (to print on paper) or 'drukować w kolorze' (to print in color). You will likely encounter the word 'drukarka' (printer) and 'drukarnia' (print shop) more frequently. At this level, it's important to start noticing that 'drukować' is an ongoing action. If you tell someone 'Drukuję dokumenty', they will understand that the machine is working right now. You might also hear this word in public places like a post office or a library where you need to print a form or a label. Learning the basic conjugation in past and future tenses is the key goal here.
At the B1 level, you should be comfortable with the distinction between 'drukować' (imperfective) and 'wydrukować' (perfective). This is a crucial step in mastering Polish grammar. You use 'drukować' for the process or habitual actions, and 'wydrukować' when the task is finished. For example: 'Zwykle drukuję na czarno-biało, ale dzisiaj muszę wydrukować coś w kolorze' (I usually print in black and white, but today I must print something in color). You also begin to understand more technical terms like 'druk dwustronny' (double-sided printing) or 'drukarka laserowa' (laser printer). You might also encounter the word in professional settings, such as 'drukować faktury' (printing invoices). At this level, you can handle more complex sentences and explain problems, like 'Drukarka przestała drukować' (The printer stopped printing).
At the B2 level, your use of 'drukować' becomes more nuanced and you start to recognize its idiomatic and specialized uses. You will encounter related verbs like 'przedrukować' (to reprint/reproduce in another publication) and 'dodrukować' (to print more copies). You can discuss topics like the ethics of 'drukowanie pieniędzy' (printing money/monetary expansion) in an economic context or the impact of 3D printing on manufacturing ('drukować części zamienne'). You are also expected to use the passive voice correctly: 'Książka jest właśnie drukowana' (The book is currently being printed). Your vocabulary expands to include terms like 'nakład' (print run) and 'skład' (typesetting). You can also understand and use the slang term 'drukować mecz' (to rig a match) in conversations about sports, showing a deeper cultural integration.
At the C1 level, you use 'drukować' and its derivatives with high precision and in sophisticated contexts. You can discuss the history of 'słowo drukowane' (the printed word) and its role in Polish national identity. You understand the technicalities of various printing methods like 'sitodruk' (screen printing) or 'offset'. In professional environments, you might deal with 'drukarnia wielkoformatowa' (large format printing) for marketing campaigns. You can analyze the stylistic difference between 'drukować' and 'publikować' in academic or literary discussions. You are also aware of the legal aspects of printing, such as 'drukować bez pozwolenia' (printing without permission/copyright issues). Your ability to use the verbal noun 'drukowanie' in complex grammatical structures, such as 'proces drukowania uległ znacznemu przyspieszeniu' (the printing process has significantly accelerated), is well-developed.
At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of 'drukować', including its most obscure and metaphorical applications. You can engage in deep philosophical debates about the future of 'drukowanie' in a post-paper world or the sociopolitical implications of decentralized 3D printing of restricted items. You are familiar with literary references involving the 'drukarnia' as a symbol of enlightenment or propaganda. You can use the word in highly specialized fields, such as 'drukować obwody scalone' (printing integrated circuits) or 'drukować tkanki' (printing tissues) in bio-engineering. Your understanding of the word is not just linguistic but also cultural and technical, allowing you to use it as effectively as a native speaker in any professional, academic, or social situation. You can effortlessly switch between technical jargon, standard usage, and idiomatic slang.

The Polish verb drukować is a fundamental term in the modern world, primarily referring to the mechanical or electronic process of reproducing text or images on a physical medium, usually paper. At its core, it describes the action performed by a printer (drukarka) or a large-scale printing press (maszyna drukarska). Whether you are a student printing a thesis, an office worker preparing a report, or a publisher producing thousands of copies of a new novel, you are engaging in the act of drukowanie. This verb is imperfective, meaning it focuses on the process, the duration, or a habitual action rather than a completed result.

Daily Office Life
In a professional setting, you will often hear colleagues ask if a document is currently being printed. It is the go-to word for any interaction with office hardware.
Publishing and Media
When a newspaper is 'in print' or a book is being manufactured, Polish speakers use this verb to describe the industrial-scale production of literature and news.
Modern Technology
The term has evolved to include 3D printing (drukować w 3D), where the 'ink' is replaced by plastic, resin, or metal to create three-dimensional objects.

Muszę drukować ten raport przez całą noc, bo jest bardzo długi.

Beyond the literal sense, drukować can sometimes carry metaphorical weight. In sports or politics, it can colloquially refer to 'fixing' or 'rigging' a result (drukować wynik), implying that the outcome was pre-determined and 'printed' before the event actually finished. This usage is informal but quite common in sports commentary. Furthermore, the act of 'printing money' (drukować pieniądze) is used both literally by central banks and figuratively to describe a situation where money is being generated in large quantities, often leading to inflation.

Oni właśnie drukują bilety na koncert.

The cultural significance of printing in Poland dates back to the 15th century, with Kraków being a major hub. Therefore, the word carries a sense of historical prestige associated with the spread of knowledge and literacy. When you use this word, you are connecting to a long tradition of Polish typography and academic excellence. Even in the digital age, the phrase 'słowo drukowane' (the printed word) holds a special status of authority and permanence compared to digital content.

Czy możesz drukować dwustronnie?

Technical Context
Used when discussing printer settings, such as 'drukować w kolorze' (print in color) or 'drukować w czerni i bieli' (print in black and white).

Drukarnia drukuje nowe wydanie encyklopedii.

Dlaczego ta drukarka przestała drukować?

Using drukować correctly requires understanding its conjugation and its relationship with the object being printed. As a transitive verb, it typically takes an object in the Accusative case (Biernik). For example, if you are printing a 'list' (letter), which is masculine inanimate, the form remains 'list'. If you are printing 'książka' (book), it becomes 'książkę'. Understanding these grammatical nuances is key to sounding natural in Polish.

Present Tense Conjugation
Ja drukuję, Ty drukujesz, On/Ona/Ono drukuje, My drukujemy, Wy drukujecie, Oni/One drukują. Notice the -uję ending, typical for verbs ending in -ować.
Past Tense Usage
Wczoraj drukowałem dokumenty (I was printing documents yesterday). Here, the focus is on the duration of the activity in the past.

Czy drukujesz już te zaproszenia na ślub?

When constructing sentences, you often need to specify the medium or the method. You use the preposition 'na' (on) followed by the Locative case (Miejscownik) for the material: 'drukować na papierze' (to print on paper), 'drukować na koszulkach' (to print on t-shirts). If you are talking about the mode of printing, you might say 'drukować w kolorze' (to print in color) or 'drukować laserowo' (to print via laser). These modifiers provide necessary detail in technical conversations.

Firma drukuje tysiące ulotek reklamowych każdego dnia.

In more complex sentences, drukować can be used in the passive voice to describe what is being produced. For example, 'Książka jest drukowana w Warszawie' (The book is being printed in Warsaw). This is common in formal reports or when the person doing the printing is less important than the object itself. You might also encounter the verbal noun 'drukowanie', as in 'Drukowanie zajmuje dużo czasu' (Printing takes a lot of time).

On lubi drukować swoje zdjęcia na grubym papierze.

Future Tense
Będę drukować (I will be printing) - used for ongoing future actions. Wydrukuję (I will print) - used for a completed future result.

Nie przerywaj mi, kiedy drukuję ważne dokumenty.

Zanim zaczniesz drukować, sprawdź poziom tuszu.

In Poland, you will encounter the word drukować in a variety of everyday and specialized environments. The most common place is undoubtedly the office or school. If you are in a 'punkt ksero' (copy shop), which are ubiquitous near Polish universities, you will hear students asking, 'Czy mogę tu drukować z pendrive'a?' (Can I print here from a USB stick?). These shops are social hubs where the sound of machines drukujących forms the background noise of academic life.

The Corporate Environment
In Polish corporations, phrases like 'drukować faktury' (printing invoices) or 'drukować umowy' (printing contracts) are constant. You'll hear IT support asking if you've tried 'drukować stronę testową' (printing a test page).
Art and Design Studios
Designers discuss 'drukować prototypy' (printing prototypes) using 3D printers or specialized plotters for large format prints.

W tej drukarni drukują najlepsze czasopisma w kraju.

Another interesting context is the world of finance and economics. On news channels like TVN24 BiS, experts might debate whether the central bank should 'drukować pieniądze' to stimulate the economy. This usage is semi-metaphorical, referring to increasing the money supply, but the verb remains the same. Similarly, in sports news, fans might complain that a referee is 'drukować mecz' (fixing the match), a slang term that implies the game's 'script' was written and printed beforehand.

Przestań drukować niepotrzebne maile, oszczędzaj papier!

In a domestic setting, parents might tell their children to 'drukować wypracowanie' (print the essay) before school. With the rise of home offices, the phrase 'muszę coś drukować' has become a standard excuse to step away from a computer screen. You will also see the word in software menus; every Polish version of Word or Excel will have a 'Drukuj' (Print) button, making the root word one of the most recognized terms in Polish computing.

Oni cały czas drukują nowe banknoty o wysokich nominałach.

Public Spaces
At train stations, you might see kiosks that 'drukują bilety' (print tickets) automatically after purchase.

Czy maszyna przestała już drukować te etykiety?

Nie możemy drukować na tym sprzęcie zdjęć wysokiej jakości.

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make with drukować is failing to distinguish between the imperfective and perfective aspects. Polish is very strict about this. Use drukować when talking about the activity in general, a repeated action, or something currently in progress. Use wydrukować when you want to emphasize that the printing is finished. Saying 'Drukowałem ten dokument' implies you were in the middle of doing it, whereas 'Wydrukowałem ten dokument' means it's sitting on the tray ready for you.

Aspect Confusion
Mistake: 'Muszę drukować tę jedną stronę.' (I must be printing this one page). Correct: 'Muszę wydrukować tę jedną stronę.' (I need to get this one page printed).
Case Errors
Learners sometimes use the Instrumental case after 'drukować' when they should use the Accusative. It's 'drukować książkę' (Acc.), not 'drukować książką' (Inst.).

Błąd: Drukować z drukarką. Poprawnie: Drukować na drukarce.

Another common error involves prepositions. When specifying the machine used, English speakers often want to say 'print with a printer'. In Polish, we say 'drukować na drukarce' (print ON a printer). Using 'z' (with/from) is usually reserved for the source of the file, like 'drukować z komputera' (print from a computer). Mixing these up can make your sentences sound clunky and non-native.

Nie mów: 'Ja drukowa'. Mów: 'Ja drukuję'.

Finally, be careful with the slang usage mentioned earlier. If you say 'sędzia drukuje' in a non-sports context, people will be very confused. It specifically refers to rigging a match. Also, avoid confusing 'drukować' with 'pisać' (to write). While both involve putting text on paper, 'drukować' is strictly for machines. You cannot 'drukować' with a pen, only with a 'drukarka' or 'maszyna'.

Błąd: Drukuję długopisem. Poprawnie: Piszę długopisem.

Spelling of Derivatives
People often misspell 'drukarka' (printer) as 'drukarka' with an 'o' or 'u' in the wrong place. The root is always 'druk-'.

Pamiętaj: Drukować to proces, a nie tylko jedna kartka.

Nie drukuj tego teraz, bo brakuje papieru.

While drukować is the most common verb for printing, Polish offers a rich set of related verbs that specify the type of printing or the context. Understanding these will significantly elevate your vocabulary. The most important distinction is between the imperfective drukować and the perfective wydrukować. Beyond that, you have verbs that describe specific printing actions.

Wydrukować vs Drukować
'Drukować' is for the ongoing act (I am printing). 'Wydrukować' is for the completed result (I have printed). Use 'wydrukować' for requests: 'Wydrukuj mi to'.
Przedrukować
This means to reprint or to copy a printed text into another publication. For example, a magazine might 'przedrukować' an article from a foreign journal.
Dodrukować
Used when you need to print more copies because the original run wasn't enough. 'Musimy dodrukować sto biletów' (We need to print a hundred more tickets).

Zamiast drukować wszystko, możemy wysłać to mailem.

In a more technical or artistic context, you might use 'powielać' (to duplicate/reproduce) or 'kserować' (to photocopy). While 'drukować' implies a digital-to-physical transfer, 'kserować' specifically means using a photocopier to make a copy of an existing physical page. In high-end design, 'nanosić' (to apply/layer) is often used when talking about printing ink onto specific materials like fabric or metal, emphasizing the physical application of the substance.

Musimy dodrukować nakład tej książki, bo szybko się wyprzedała.

For those interested in historical or formal terms, 'odbijać' (to impress/stamp) was historically used for printing from plates. You might still hear 'odbijać na powielaczu' in older contexts. In modern slang, 'produkować' (to produce) is sometimes used interchangeably with 'drukować' when referring to churning out large amounts of paperwork or money, though 'drukować' remains more specific to the technology used.

Gazeta zdecydowała się przedrukować ten ważny wywiad.

Nadrukować
To print something onto an already existing object, like 'nadrukować logo na kubku' (to print a logo on a mug).

Nie chcę kserować, wolę drukować oryginał.

Drukarnia może nanosić wzory na różne materiały.

按水平分级的例句

1

Ja drukuję list.

I am printing a letter.

Present tense, 1st person singular.

2

Czy ty drukujesz zadanie?

Are you printing the assignment?

Present tense, 2nd person singular question.

3

On drukuje zdjęcie.

He is printing a photo.

Present tense, 3rd person singular.

4

My drukujemy dokumenty.

We are printing documents.

Present tense, 1st person plural.

5

Wy drukujecie bilety.

You (plural) are printing tickets.

Present tense, 2nd person plural.

6

Oni drukują mapę.

They are printing a map.

Present tense, 3rd person plural.

7

Ta drukarka nie drukuje.

This printer is not printing.

Negation in the present tense.

8

Chcę drukować na biało.

I want to print in white (on colored paper).

Infinitive after 'chcieć'.

1

Wczoraj drukowałem cały dzień.

Yesterday I was printing all day.

Past tense, masculine singular, imperfective.

2

Czy drukowałaś już ten raport?

Were you already printing this report?

Past tense, feminine singular, 2nd person.

3

Będziemy drukować zaproszenia.

We will be printing invitations.

Future imperfective, 1st person plural.

4

Oni zawsze drukują w kolorze.

They always print in color.

Adverb of frequency with present tense.

5

Musisz drukować na tym papierze.

You must print on this paper.

Modal verb 'musieć' + infinitive + preposition 'na'.

6

Drukarka wolno drukuje.

The printer prints slowly.

Adverb modifying the verb.

7

Czy możecie drukować dwustronnie?

Can you print double-sided?

Modal verb 'móc' + infinitive + adverb.

8

Nie lubię drukować zdjęć w domu.

I don't like printing photos at home.

Negated 'lubić' + infinitive.

1

Zanim zaczniesz drukować, sprawdź tusz.

Before you start printing, check the ink.

Subordinate clause with 'zanim'.

2

Drukowałem to przez godzinę, a potem zabrakło prądu.

I was printing this for an hour, and then the power went out.

Imperfective past indicating duration.

3

Jeśli będziesz drukować tak dużo, zabraknie papieru.

If you print so much, you'll run out of paper.

First conditional structure.

4

Czy ta firma drukuje też na koszulkach?

Does this company also print on t-shirts?

Prepositional phrase 'na koszulkach' (Locative plural).

5

On przestał drukować, bo zabrakło mu pieniędzy.

He stopped printing because he ran out of money.

Verb 'przestać' + infinitive.

6

Zamiast drukować, wyślij mi plik PDF.

Instead of printing, send me the PDF file.

Gerund-like use of infinitive after 'zamiast'.

7

Drukujemy te ulotki już od tygodnia.

We have been printing these flyers for a week now.

Present tense used for an action started in the past and continuing.

8

Czy wiesz, jak drukować z telefonu?

Do you know how to print from a phone?

Indirect question with 'jak'.

1

Rząd nie powinien po prostu drukować pieniędzy.

The government should not just print money.

Metaphorical use in an economic context.

2

Drukarnia właśnie drukuje nowy nakład powieści.

The print house is currently printing a new run of the novel.

Technical vocabulary: 'drukarnia', 'nakład'.

3

Kibice oskarżyli sędziego o to, że drukuje mecz.

The fans accused the referee of rigging the match.

Slang/Idiomatic use meaning 'to rig'.

4

Drukując ten artykuł, popełnili wiele błędów.

While printing this article, they made many mistakes.

Contemporary adverbial participle (drukując).

5

Nie wolno drukować materiałów chronionych prawem autorskim.

It is forbidden to print copyrighted materials.

Impersonal construction 'nie wolno'.

6

Możemy drukować części do maszyn za pomocą drukarek 3D.

We can print machine parts using 3D printers.

Technical context: 'drukarki 3D'.

7

Drukując na tkaninie, trzeba użyć specjalnych barwników.

When printing on fabric, one must use special dyes.

Adverbial participle with impersonal 'trzeba'.

8

Czy ta maszyna może drukować z prędkością stu stron na minutę?

Can this machine print at a speed of one hundred pages per minute?

Prepositional phrase 'z prędkością'.

1

W dobie cyfryzacji rzadziej drukujemy dokumenty papierowe.

In the era of digitalization, we print paper documents less often.

Formal register, sociological context.

2

Drukarnia odmówiła drukowania kontrowersyjnego manifestu.

The printing house refused to print the controversial manifesto.

Verbal noun 'drukowania' in the Genitive.

3

Artysta eksperymentuje, drukując na nietypowych podłożach, jak szkło czy metal.

The artist experiments by printing on unusual substrates, such as glass or metal.

Advanced participle use and specialized vocabulary.

4

System automatycznie drukuje etykiety wysyłkowe po opłaceniu zamówienia.

The system automatically prints shipping labels after the order is paid.

Process automation context.

5

Drukując banknoty bez pokrycia, państwo naraża się na hiperinflację.

By printing banknotes without backing, the state risks hyperinflation.

Economic terminology: 'bez pokrycia', 'hiperinflacja'.

6

Należy unikać drukowania zbędnych stron, aby chronić środowisko.

One should avoid printing unnecessary pages to protect the environment.

Impersonal 'należy' + 'unikać' + Genitive verbal noun.

7

Wiele czasopism przestało drukować wydania papierowe na rzecz wersji online.

Many magazines have stopped printing paper editions in favor of online versions.

Phrase 'na rzecz' (in favor of).

8

Drukując w technologii offsetowej, uzyskujemy najwyższą jakość obrazu.

By printing in offset technology, we achieve the highest image quality.

Technical participle construction.

1

Etyka drukowania organów ludzkich budzi wiele kontrowersji w świecie nauki.

The ethics of printing human organs raises much controversy in the scientific world.

Bio-ethical context, verbal noun.

2

Pisarz marzył, by jego słowa w końcu zaczęto drukować w prestiżowych wydawnictwach.

The writer dreamed that his words would finally start being printed in prestigious publishing houses.

Passive-like impersonal construction 'zaczęto'.

3

Drukując te fałszywe oskarżenia, gazeta naruszyła dobra osobiste polityka.

By printing these false accusations, the newspaper violated the politician's personal rights.

Legal terminology: 'dobra osobiste', 'naruszyła'.

4

Możliwość drukowania domów mieszkalnych może zrewolucjonizować rynek budowlany.

The possibility of printing residential houses could revolutionize the construction market.

Speculative future context.

5

Drukując na mikroskalę, inżynierowie tworzą coraz mniejsze układy scalone.

By printing on a microscale, engineers are creating increasingly smaller integrated circuits.

Scientific/Engineering context.

6

Nieustanne drukowanie pieniędzy przez bank centralny doprowadziło do dewaluacji waluty.

The central bank's continuous printing of money led to the devaluation of the currency.

Complex noun-heavy sentence structure.

7

Władze starały się ograniczyć drukowanie ulotek przez opozycję demokratyczną.

The authorities tried to limit the printing of flyers by the democratic opposition.

Historical/Political context (Samizdat).

8

Drukując ten traktat, wydawca musiał liczyć się z surową cenzurą.

While printing this treatise, the publisher ha

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