B1 Passive & Reported Speech 1 min read متوسط

Passive Voice with 'Съм' + Past Participle

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'съм' + a past participle to focus on the result of an action rather than who did it.

  • Conjugate 'съм' (to be) to match the tense and person: 'Книгата е...' (The book is...)
  • Add the past passive participle ending in -н or -т: '...прочетена' (...read).
  • Match the participle's gender and number to the subject: 'Той е поканен', 'Тя е поканена'.
Subject + съм (conjugated) + Past Passive Participle (-н/-т) 🎯

Formation of the Passive (Present Tense)

Subject Gender/Number Auxiliary (съм) Participle Ending Example
Masculine Singular
е
-н / -т
Той е поканен (He is invited)
Feminine Singular
е
-на / -та
Тя е поканена (She is invited)
Neuter Singular
е
-но / -то
То е поканено (It is invited)
Plural (All genders)
са
-ни / -ти
Те са поканени (They are invited)

Past Tense Passive (Aorist Auxiliary)

Person Auxiliary (беше) Participle English
Аз
бях
избран(а)
I was chosen
Ти
беше
избран(а)
You were chosen
Той/Тя/То
беше
избран(а/о)
He/She/It was chosen
Ние
бяхме
избрани
We were chosen
Вие
бяхте
избрани
You (pl) were chosen
Те
бяха
избрани
They were chosen

Meanings

The passive voice with 'съм' is used to describe a state resulting from a completed action or to emphasize the object of an action in formal contexts.

1

Resultative State

Focuses on the current state of an object after an action has finished.

“Прозорецът е счупен.”

“Вратата е заключена.”

2

Formal Action

Used in official documents, news, or academic writing to report actions objectively.

“Законът беше приет единодушно.”

“Новият мост е построен за две години.”

3

Agentive Passive

When the doer is mentioned using the preposition 'от' (by).

“Картината е нарисувана от известен художник.”

“Книгата е написана от млад автор.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Passive Voice with 'Съм' + Past Participle
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Subj + съм + Participle
Прозорецът е счупен.
Negative
Subj + не + съм + Participle
Прозорецът не е счупен.
Question
Съм + ли + Subj + Participle?
Счупен ли е прозорецът?
Past Passive
Subj + беше + Participle
Прозорецът беше счупен.
Future Passive
Subj + ще бъде + Participle
Прозорецът ще бъде счупен.
With Agent
Subj + съм + Participle + от + Agent
Прозорецът е счупен от Иван.
Plural Question
Participle + ли + са + Subj?
Счупени ли са прозорците?

طيف الرسمية

رسمي
Докладът е изготвен.

Докладът е изготвен. (work)

محايد
Докладът е завършен.

Докладът е завършен. (work)

غير رسمي
Докладът е готов.

Докладът е готов. (work)

عامية
Докладът е фикснат.

Докладът е фикснат. (work)

The Passive Voice Ecosystem

Passive Voice

Components

  • съм to be
  • причастие participle

Endings

  • masculine
  • -на feminine
  • -но neuter
  • -ни plural

Usage

  • резултат result
  • състояние state

Active vs. Passive Focus

Active (Focus on Doer)
Иван поправи колата. Ivan fixed the car.
Passive (Focus on Result)
Колата е поправена. The car is fixed.

Choosing the Right Ending

1

Is the subject plural?

YES
Use -ни / -ти
NO
Check gender
2

Is it feminine?

YES
Use -на / -та
NO
Check masculine/neuter
3

Is it masculine?

YES
Use -н / -т
NO
Use -но / -то (neuter)

Common Participles by Suffix

✍️

-н Suffix

  • написан
  • прочетен
  • купен
  • направен
🔨

-т Suffix

  • зает
  • открит
  • бит
  • измит

أمثلة حسب المستوى

1

Магазинът е отворен.

The store is open.

2

Прозорецът е затворен.

The window is closed.

3

Чашата е счупена.

The glass is broken.

4

Обядът е готов.

Lunch is ready (prepared).

1

Къщата беше продадена.

The house was sold.

2

Писмата бяха изпратени сутринта.

The letters were sent this morning.

3

Стаята ще бъде почистена.

The room will be cleaned.

4

Всичко е платено.

Everything is paid for.

1

Проектът е завършен навреме.

The project is finished on time.

2

Тази книга е написана от известен автор.

This book was written by a famous author.

3

Сметката беше платена от фирмата.

The bill was paid by the company.

4

Въпросът беше обсъден на срещата.

The issue was discussed at the meeting.

1

Решението беше взето след дълги дебати.

The decision was made after long debates.

2

Сградата е проектирана от италиански архитект.

The building was designed by an Italian architect.

3

Данните са събрани чрез анкета.

The data was collected via a survey.

4

Изложбата ще бъде открита в понеделник.

The exhibition will be opened on Monday.

1

Законът бе приет с голямо мнозинство.

The law was passed with a large majority.

2

Хипотезата е потвърдена от множество експерименти.

The hypothesis has been confirmed by numerous experiments.

3

Текстът е преведен с изключителна точност.

The text has been translated with exceptional accuracy.

4

Всички подробности са изяснени предварително.

All details have been clarified in advance.

1

Въпросът бе разгледан в неговата цялост.

The matter was examined in its entirety.

2

Тези събития са отразени в летописите.

These events are reflected in the chronicles.

3

Договорът бе прекратен едностранно.

The contract was terminated unilaterally.

4

Вината му е доказана по неоспорим начин.

His guilt has been proven in an indisputable way.

سهل الخلط

Passive Voice with 'Съм' + Past Participle مقابل Passive with 'Се'

Learners use 'съм' for processes and 'се' for results incorrectly.

Passive Voice with 'Съм' + Past Participle مقابل Adjectives vs. Participles

Some words look like participles but are just adjectives (e.g., 'готов').

Passive Voice with 'Съм' + Past Participle مقابل Past Active vs. Past Passive

Mixing up 'бях ходил' (I had gone) with 'бях поканен' (I was invited).

أخطاء شائعة

Вратата е затворен.

Вратата е затворена.

Feminine nouns need the -а ending.

Книгите са прочетен.

Книгите са прочетени.

Plural nouns need the -и ending.

Аз съм изморен.

Аз съм изморен (masc) / изморена (fem).

The participle must match the speaker's gender.

Обядът е готово.

Обядът е готов.

Masculine nouns don't take the neuter -о ending.

Прозорецът беше счупена.

Прозорецът беше счупен.

Past tense auxiliary doesn't change the gender agreement rule.

Той е бит със Иван.

Той е бит от Иван.

Use 'от' for the agent, not 'със' (with).

Писмото ще е изпратено.

Писмото ще бъде изпратено.

The future of 'съм' is 'ще бъде', not 'ще е' in formal passive.

Къщата е строена.

Къщата е построена.

Use the perfective participle for a completed result.

Проблемът е решен от мен.

Реших проблема.

Overusing the passive with 'от мен' sounds unnatural; use active voice for personal actions.

Той е зает със работа.

Той е зает с работа.

Preposition 'с' vs 'със' rules still apply.

Въпросът е бил решен.

Въпросът беше решен.

Using 'е бил' implies a reported or distant past state, which might not be intended.

أنماط الجُمل

___ е ___ от ___.

Всичко е ___.

___ бяха ___ поради ___.

Ще бъде ли ___ ___?

Real World Usage

Job Interview very common

Проектът беше завършен в срок.

Texting a Friend common

Готов съм!

Reading the News constant

Пътят е затворен за движение.

Ordering Food occasional

Обядът е включен в цената.

Legal Documents very common

Договорът е подписан от двете страни.

Social Media occasional

Снимката е качена!

💡

The 'Result' Test

If you can add the word 'already' (вече) to the sentence and it makes sense, you should probably use the 'съм' passive.
⚠️

Plural is Universal

In the plural, the gender doesn't matter. Whether it's men, women, or books, the ending is always -ни (or -ти).
🎯

Agent Preposition

Always use 'от' for the person who did it. Never use 'със' unless they used a tool (e.g., 'Написано е с писалка' - It is written with a pen).
💬

Politeness

Using the passive voice can make a request or a complaint sound less aggressive. Instead of 'You broke this', say 'This is broken'.

Smart Tips

Switch from 'I did the task' to 'The task is done'.

Аз свърших работата. Работата е свършена.

Always use the passive to focus on the object's state.

Някой счупи чашата. Чашата е счупена.

Look at the ending of the noun. If it ends in -а, use -на. If it ends in a consonant, use -н.

Книга (ends in -а) Прочетена (ends in -а)

Always use the plural -ни ending, regardless of the individual genders.

Столът и масата са поправени. Столът и масата са поправени.

النطق

на-ПИ-сан, на-пи-СА-на

Stress on Participles

The stress usually stays on the same syllable as the original verb, but watch out for shifts in the feminine and plural.

Той'е поканен

Reduction of 'е'

In fast speech, the auxiliary 'е' can almost disappear or merge with the following vowel.

Declarative Passive

Прозорецът е счупен. ↘

A neutral statement of fact.

احفظها

وسيلة تذكّر

Think of the 'N' in '-н' as standing for 'Now it's done'.

ربط بصري

Imagine a giant rubber stamp hitting a document. The stamp says 'СЪМ' and the ink leaves a mark ending in '-Н'. The document is now 'Finished'.

Rhyme

If the result is what you see, use the verb 'to be' and -н, -на, -ни!

Story

A detective enters a room. He doesn't see the thief, but he sees the results: The safe is opened (отворен), the money is taken (взето), and the window is broken (счупен). He uses the passive because the 'doer' is a mystery.

Word Web

съмбешепричастиерезултатотворензавършеннаписан

تحدٍّ

Look around your room right now. Find 5 things and describe their state using the passive voice (e.g., 'Лампата е светната', 'Вратата е затворена').

ملاحظات ثقافية

Passive voice is the 'language of the state'. If you receive a letter from a municipality, expect 90% passive voice to sound authoritative and impersonal.

Bulgarian news anchors use the passive voice to maintain neutrality, especially when the perpetrator of a crime is not yet confirmed.

In restaurants, servers use the passive to sound polite and indicate that a service is complete.

The Bulgarian passive voice evolved from Old Church Slavonic, which used a similar combination of the verb 'to be' and a resultative participle.

بدايات محادثة

Твоят проект завършен ли е?

Коя е любимата ти книга и от кого е написана?

Какви промени са направени във вашия град напоследък?

Смяташ ли, че законите в твоята страна са спазвани от всички?

مواضيع للكتابة اليومية

Describe your dream house. What is it made of? How is it decorated?
Write a short news report about an imaginary event in your city.
Reflect on a project you recently finished at work or school.
Discuss the impact of technology on privacy.

أخطاء شائعة

Incorrect

صحيح


Incorrect

صحيح


Incorrect

صحيح


Incorrect

صحيح

Test Yourself

Choose the correct participle for: 'Книгата е ___.' (The book is written.) اختيار متعدد

Книгата е ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: написана
'Книга' is feminine, so the participle must end in -а.
Fill in the correct form of 'съм' in the past tense.

Прозорците ___ измити вчера.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: бяха
'Прозорците' is plural and the context is past tense.
Correct the mistake: 'Обядът е приготвена.' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Обядът е приготвена.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Обядът е приготвен.
'Обяд' is masculine, so the participle should be 'приготвен'.
Build a passive sentence: (Проектът / съм / завърша / от екипа) Sentence Building

Проектът / съм / завърша / от екипа

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Проектът е завършен от екипа.
The subject is masculine singular, verb 'съм' is 'е', and participle is 'завършен'.
Match the noun to the correct participle ending. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-ни, 2-на, 3-н
Писма (pl) -> -ни, Къща (fem) -> -на, Град (masc) -> -н.
What is the future passive form of 'изпратя' for 'тя'? Conjugation Drill

Тя ___ ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ще бъде изпратена
Future passive uses 'ще бъде' + feminine participle.
Which of these are passive voice sentences? Grammar Sorting

A: Той чете. B: Книгата е прочетена. C: Тя е тук. D: Вратата беше затворена.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: B and D
B and D use the 'съм + participle' structure.
Complete the dialogue: 'Къде е тортата?' - '___ ___.' (It was eaten.) Dialogue Completion

Къде е тортата? - ___ ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Тя е изядена.
'Торта' is feminine singular.

Score: /8

تمارين تطبيقية

8 exercises
Choose the correct participle for: 'Книгата е ___.' (The book is written.) اختيار متعدد

Книгата е ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: написана
'Книга' is feminine, so the participle must end in -а.
Fill in the correct form of 'съм' in the past tense.

Прозорците ___ измити вчера.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: бяха
'Прозорците' is plural and the context is past tense.
Correct the mistake: 'Обядът е приготвена.' Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Обядът е приготвена.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Обядът е приготвен.
'Обяд' is masculine, so the participle should be 'приготвен'.
Build a passive sentence: (Проектът / съм / завърша / от екипа) Sentence Building

Проектът / съм / завърша / от екипа

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Проектът е завършен от екипа.
The subject is masculine singular, verb 'съм' is 'е', and participle is 'завършен'.
Match the noun to the correct participle ending. Match Pairs

1. Писма, 2. Къща, 3. Град

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-ни, 2-на, 3-н
Писма (pl) -> -ни, Къща (fem) -> -на, Град (masc) -> -н.
What is the future passive form of 'изпратя' for 'тя'? Conjugation Drill

Тя ___ ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ще бъде изпратена
Future passive uses 'ще бъде' + feminine participle.
Which of these are passive voice sentences? Grammar Sorting

A: Той чете. B: Книгата е прочетена. C: Тя е тук. D: Вратата беше затворена.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: B and D
B and D use the 'съм + participle' structure.
Complete the dialogue: 'Къде е тортата?' - '___ ___.' (It was eaten.) Dialogue Completion

Къде е тортата? - ___ ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Тя е изядена.
'Торта' is feminine singular.

Score: /8

الأسئلة الشائعة (8)

Only transitive verbs (verbs that take a direct object) can be used in the passive voice. You can't say 'I was slept'.

Most verbs use `-н`. Verbs that end in `-на` or have certain roots (like `бия`, `пия`, `мия`) use `-т`. You just have to memorize the common `-т` ones!

Yes, but mostly for describing states (e.g., 'I'm tired' - `изморен съм`). In formal speech, it's very common.

Use the preposition `от`. For example: `Картината е нарисувана от Иван`.

Yes! Use `ще бъде` + participle. Example: `Къщата ще бъде построена догодина`.

`бе` is a shorter, more formal/literary version of `беше`. You'll see it in news and books.

Usually, but for emphasis, you can flip them: `Затворена е вратата!` (The door IS closed!)

Technically no, it's an adjective, but it functions very similarly to one in these structures.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish moderate

ser/estar + participio

Bulgarian doesn't have two different verbs for 'to be'.

French high

être + participe passé

French uses this structure for some active past tenses (passé composé with motion verbs), whereas Bulgarian only uses it for the passive.

German high

Zustandspassiv (sein + Partizip II)

German uses 'werden' for the process passive, while Bulgarian uses 'се'.

Japanese low

〜られる (reru/rareru)

Bulgarian uses an auxiliary verb; Japanese uses a verb conjugation.

Arabic none

Passive Voice (Internal Vowel Change)

Arabic passive is formed by internal vowel shifts, not auxiliary verbs.

Chinese low

被 (bèi) construction

Bulgarian verbs conjugate and participles change for gender; Chinese has no conjugation.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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