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A2 conjunction 15 دقيقة للقراءة

c'est-à-dire

أمثلة
الشرح c'est-à-dire in your Level:
At the A1 level, you are just beginning to build simple sentences. The phrase 'c'est-à-dire' might seem a bit long, but it is very useful for explaining what you mean when you don't have a huge vocabulary yet. Think of it as a way to say 'This is that.' For example, if you know the word for 'fruit' but forget the word for 'apple', you could say 'Je mange un fruit, c'est-à-dire une pomme.' It helps you connect two ideas that are the same. At this level, focus on using it to link simple nouns. You don't need to worry about complex grammar yet. Just remember it translates to 'that is to say'. It's a great tool for clarifying your thoughts when you're talking to a French speaker. If they look confused, you can use 'c'est-à-dire' to give more detail. Also, you might hear people ask you 'C'est-à-dire ?' when they want you to explain more. When you hear this, just try to say your idea again using different, simpler words. It's a very helpful phrase for basic communication. Remember to pronounce it as one smooth sound: say 'say-tah-deer'. The hyphens in the middle are important when you write it, but when you speak, it just flows together. You will see it in simple books and on signs. For example, a sign might say 'Fermé le week-end, c'est-à-dire samedi et dimanche.' This helps you understand exactly when something is closed. Using it will make your French sound a bit more advanced even if you only know a few words. It's like a bridge between your ideas. Don't be afraid to try it out! Even at A1, being able to clarify yourself is a major skill. It shows you are trying to be precise. Keep your sentences short and use it to link two things that are the same. This is the first step to becoming a more fluent speaker.
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At the A2 level, you are starting to use more connectors to make your speech flow better. 'C'est-à-dire' is a perfect connector for this stage. You can now use it not just for nouns, but also for simple explanations. For example, 'Je suis occupé, c'est-à-dire que je travaille.' Notice the word 'que' after the phrase. At A2, you should start practicing this 'c'est-à-dire que' structure when you want to follow it with a subject and a verb. This allows you to give reasons or explanations for your actions. You will also encounter this phrase in more varied contexts, like when talking about schedules or making plans. 'On se voit demain, c'est-à-dire mardi.' This is very common in daily life. You should also be aware of the abbreviation 'c.-à-d.' which you might see in texts or emails. However, always say the full phrase when speaking. Using 'c'est-à-dire' at this level shows that you are moving beyond simple 'subject-verb-object' sentences and are starting to organize your thoughts more logically. It's also a great way to handle situations where you might have used the wrong word; you can quickly correct yourself by saying 'c'est-à-dire' followed by the right word. This makes your French sound more natural and less like you are just reciting from a textbook. Pay attention to the liaison between 'est' and 'à'. It's a small detail, but it makes a big difference in how native you sound. You should also start using 'C'est-à-dire ?' as a question to ask others for clarification. It's a polite and effective way to keep a conversation going when you didn't quite catch what someone meant. This phrase is a key part of your growing toolkit for navigating everyday situations in French-speaking environments.
At the B1 level, you are expected to handle more complex interactions and express your opinions clearly. 'C'est-à-dire' becomes an essential rhetorical tool for you. You can use it to refine your arguments and provide precise definitions of the concepts you are discussing. For example, if you are talking about the environment, you might say, 'Il faut protéger la biodiversité, c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des espèces vivantes.' This demonstrates a higher level of vocabulary and a commitment to clarity. At B1, you should also be comfortable using 'c'est-à-dire que' to introduce more nuanced explanations or even subtle excuses. In professional contexts, it's used to define the scope of work or to clarify technical terms. You will notice that native speakers use it to pivot in a conversation or to transition from a general idea to a specific example. You should also start comparing 'c'est-à-dire' with other synonyms like 'autrement dit' or 'en d'autres termes'. While they are similar, 'c'est-à-dire' remains the most versatile. You will also find it in more formal writing, like letters or reports, where it helps structure the text and guide the reader through your logic. Punctuation becomes more important at this level; ensure you are placing commas correctly around the phrase to maintain the rhythm of your writing. You'll also encounter it in media like podcasts or news reports, where it's used to explain complex socioeconomic issues. Being able to follow these explanations is a key B1 listening skill. Practice using it to clarify your own thoughts during discussions. If you find yourself struggling to find a specific word, use 'c'est-à-dire' to describe the concept in a different way. This 'circumlocution' is a vital strategy for B1 learners to maintain fluency even when their vocabulary is challenged. It shows you have the linguistic flexibility to keep the communication going.
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At the B2 level, you are moving toward fluency and should be able to use 'c'est-à-dire' with precision and stylistic awareness. It's no longer just a tool for simple clarification; it's a way to add depth and nuance to your speech and writing. You can use it to introduce 'appositions'—extra information that adds flavor to a sentence. For example, 'Cette œuvre est subversive, c'est-à-dire qu'elle remet en question les valeurs établies.' This shows you can handle abstract concepts and provide sophisticated definitions. At B2, you should also be aware of the rhetorical power of the phrase. It can be used to emphasize a point by restating it more forcefully. In debates, you can use 'C'est-à-dire ?' to challenge an opponent's vague statement, forcing them to be more explicit. You should also be comfortable with the 'c'est-à-dire que' structure when it's used to introduce a counter-argument or a nuanced limitation. For instance, 'Je suis d'accord avec vous, c'est-à-dire que je partage votre constat, mais pas vos conclusions.' This level of precision is expected at B2. You will see 'c'est-à-dire' used frequently in literature and high-level journalism to explain metaphors or to provide historical context. Your understanding of the phrase should also include its role in maintaining the 'cohesion' of a text. It acts as a logical link that helps the reader follow a complex train of thought. You should also be able to distinguish between 'c'est-à-dire' and more specialized connectors like 'à savoir' or 'notamment'. Using the right connector in the right context is a hallmark of the B2 level. In terms of pronunciation, your delivery should be seamless, with the liaison and the rhythm perfectly integrated into your sentence. Practice using it in varied registers, from formal presentations to spirited discussions with friends. It's a small phrase that carries a lot of weight in demonstrating your command of French logic and expression.
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At the C1 level, your use of 'c'est-à-dire' should be nearly indistinguishable from that of a native speaker. You should understand not only its primary function of clarification but also its subtle pragmatic uses. For instance, 'c'est-à-dire que' is often used as a 'discourse marker' to signal hesitation, a change of heart, or a polite refusal. Recognizing these subtle cues in native speech is crucial for C1 listening comprehension. In your own writing, you should use 'c'est-à-dire' to create complex, layered sentences that provide both a general statement and a precise, often academic, definition. For example, in a thesis or a high-level report, you might write: 'La décentralisation, c'est-à-dire le transfert de compétences de l'État aux collectivités locales, est un processus complexe.' Here, the phrase provides a formal definition that grounds the rest of your argument. You should also be able to use the phrase to manage the 'information flow' in your speech, ensuring that your listener is always on the same page as you, especially when discussing highly technical or abstract topics. At C1, you should also be exploring the philosophical and linguistic history of such connectors, understanding how they contribute to the 'clarté' (clarity) for which French is famous. You might also encounter 'c'est-à-dire' in legal texts, where its role in defining terms is paramount and where any ambiguity could have serious consequences. Your ability to use and interpret it in these high-stakes environments is a sign of your advanced proficiency. You should also be able to vary your vocabulary effortlessly, choosing 'autrement dit' or 'en d'autres termes' when the stylistic flow of your text demands it. The phrase becomes a part of your 'stylistic palette', used to create rhythm, emphasis, and clarity in equal measure. Whether you are analyzing a literary text or delivering a keynote speech, 'c'est-à-dire' is a tool that allows you to demonstrate the full range of your intellectual and linguistic capabilities.
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At the C2 level, you have mastered the 'art' of using 'c'est-à-dire'. You understand its role in the architecture of the French language and can use it to navigate the most complex and nuanced communicative situations. You are aware of how the phrase functions in the works of great French thinkers and writers, where it often serves to deconstruct a concept or to provide a definitive interpretation. For example, in a philosophical treatise, 'c'est-à-dire' might be used to equate a common term with a new, revolutionary concept. Your use of the phrase should be effortless, integrated into your speech with perfect prosody and timing. You should also be able to use it to perform 'metalinguistic' functions—that is, using language to talk about language itself. For instance, you might use it to explain the subtle difference between two near-synonyms or to clarify the intent behind a specific word choice. At this level, you should also be sensitive to the 'implicit' meanings that 'c'est-à-dire' can carry. Sometimes, what follows the phrase is not just a definition, but a critical commentary or a hidden irony. Being able to produce and interpret these layers of meaning is a hallmark of C2 mastery. You should be comfortable using it in any register, from the most arcane legal or scientific discourse to the most refined literary prose. In your own creative or academic writing, 'c'est-à-dire' is used to achieve a level of precision and clarity that is both rigorous and elegant. It helps you build arguments that are logically sound and stylistically sophisticated. You are also aware of its historical evolution and how its current usage reflects broader trends in French linguistics. Ultimately, at C2, 'c'est-à-dire' is not just a connector; it is a symbol of your complete integration into the French linguistic and cultural world, allowing you to express the most complex ideas with the same ease and precision as a highly educated native speaker.
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أمثلة

The French phrase c'est-à-dire is one of the most versatile and essential connectors in the French language. Primarily functioning as a conjunction or an adverbial phrase, it is used to provide clarification, precision, or a reformulation of a previous statement. In English, it is most closely translated as 'that is to say', 'in other words', or 'i.e.' (id est). Understanding this phrase is a gateway to more sophisticated communication because it allows a speaker to bridge the gap between a general concept and a specific detail without breaking the flow of the conversation.

Grammatical Composition
The phrase is composed of four parts: 'ce' (demonstrative pronoun), 'est' (third-person singular of être), 'à' (preposition), and 'dire' (infinitive verb). It is always written with hyphens between the last three elements: c'est-à-dire.

When people use c'est-à-dire, they are usually performing one of three linguistic functions. First, they might be defining a term that they suspect the listener might not know. Second, they might be narrowing down a broad statement to be more specific. Third, they might be correcting themselves or rephrasing a thought to make it clearer. For example, in a professional setting, a manager might say, 'Nous devons augmenter notre productivité, c'est-à-dire produire plus en moins de temps.' Here, the phrase serves to define exactly what 'productivity' means in that specific context.

Elle est végétalienne, c'est-à-dire qu'elle ne consomme aucun produit d'origine animale.

In casual conversation, you will often hear it used as a standalone question: 'C'est-à-dire ?' which translates to 'What do you mean by that?' or 'Could you elaborate?' This is an extremely common way to ask for more information without sounding rude or overly formal. It shows that you are engaged in the conversation and want to understand the nuances of what the other person is saying. It is also used to introduce a limitation. If someone says, 'Je serai là demain, c'est-à-dire vers huit heures,' they are using the phrase to set a specific expectation for their arrival time.

Register and Usage
The phrase is neutral, meaning it is appropriate for both formal documents and informal chats. It is ubiquitous in French media, literature, and daily speech.

Nous partons en vacances en juillet, c'est-à-dire dans deux semaines.

Historically, the phrase has been part of the French language for centuries, evolving from the simple combination of 'ce est à dire' (this is to be said). Over time, the elision of 'ce' into 'c'' and the addition of hyphens standardized it into the fixed expression we use today. It is important to note that the phrase does not change if the subject is plural. You would never say 'ce sont à dire'. It remains 'c'est-à-dire' regardless of the context. This stability makes it a reliable tool for learners. When you use it, you signal that you are thinking logically and care about the clarity of your message, which is a highly valued trait in French communication culture.

Common Varieties
Often followed by 'que' when introducing a full clause: 'C'est-à-dire que...'. This is frequently used to introduce an excuse or a nuanced explanation.

Je ne peux pas venir, c'est-à-dire que j'ai déjà un engagement.

Il est bilingue, c'est-à-dire qu'il parle couramment deux langues.

Le prix est fixe, c'est-à-dire non négociable.

Mastering the placement and syntax of c'est-à-dire is key to sounding natural in French. While it is a relatively simple phrase, its interaction with other parts of the sentence can vary. The most common placement is between two nouns, two adjectives, or two clauses that mean the same thing. It functions essentially like an equals sign (=) in a mathematical equation. For example, 'Le président, c'est-à-dire le chef de l'État, va parler.' Here, 'Le président' and 'le chef de l'État' are the same person, and the phrase links them perfectly.

Linking Nouns
When linking two nouns, you don't need 'que'. Example: 'C'est un hexagone, c'est-à-dire une figure à six côtés.'

Another frequent usage involves the addition of the conjunction 'que'. This happens when c'est-à-dire introduces a subordinate clause with its own subject and verb. This 'que' is mandatory if a full sentence follows. For instance: 'Le magasin est fermé, c'est-à-dire que nous ne pouvons pas entrer.' Without the 'que', the sentence would feel grammatically incomplete to a native ear. This structure is particularly useful for explaining the consequences of a situation. It tells the listener why the first part of the sentence matters.

Il a échoué à l'examen, c'est-à-dire qu'il devra le repasser l'année prochaine.

You can also use c'est-à-dire to introduce a correction or a more precise adjective. If you describe a house as 'grande' but then want to be more specific, you could say: 'C'est une grande maison, c'est-à-dire immense.' This use of the phrase helps in refining your descriptions and showing a better command of vocabulary. It is also used to clarify dates and times, which is vital for avoiding misunderstandings in travel or business. 'On se voit après-demain, c'est-à-dire jeudi.'

Clarifying Adjectives
Use it to transition from a general adjective to a specific one. Example: 'C'est gratuit, c'est-à-dire sans frais.'

Le projet est en suspens, c'est-à-dire temporairement arrêté.

In questions, 'c'est-à-dire ?' is a complete thought. It functions as a request for more detail. If someone says, 'Je ne suis pas sûr de pouvoir venir,' and you reply 'C'est-à-dire ?', you are asking them to explain why they aren't sure. It's a polite but direct way to probe for more information. This usage is very common in interviews, debates, and everyday gossip. It allows the speaker to stay in control of the conversation while forcing the other person to be more explicit. Furthermore, it can be used to emphasize a point by repeating it in a different way, which is a common rhetorical device in French oratory.

Temporal Precision
Use it to confirm dates. Example: 'La réunion est lundi, c'est-à-dire le 15 mars.'

Nous sommes à la fin du mois, c'est-à-dire le 30 ou le 31.

Elle est en congé, c'est-à-dire qu'elle ne travaille pas cette semaine.

Ce livre est un chef-d'œuvre, c'est-à-dire une œuvre exceptionnelle.

You will encounter c'est-à-dire everywhere in the French-speaking world, from the streets of Montreal to the offices of Brussels and the markets of Dakar. It is a linguistic 'Swiss Army knife' that serves different purposes depending on the setting. In the media, news anchors use it to explain complex political or economic concepts to the general public. For instance, an anchor might say, 'Le PIB a chuté, c'est-à-dire que l'économie du pays ralentit.' This makes the information accessible. In documentaries, it is used to provide the scientific name of an animal followed by its common name, or vice versa.

In the Media
Used by journalists to simplify jargon. Example: 'L'inflation est galopante, c'est-à-dire que les prix augmentent très vite.'

In a professional or academic environment, c'est-à-dire is used to ensure precision. In a contract, it might define the scope of a project: 'Le contrat couvre la phase A, c'est-à-dire la conception.' In a classroom, a teacher uses it to explain new vocabulary to students. It’s a pedagogical tool that helps learners connect new information to what they already know. If you are taking a French class, your teacher probably uses it dozens of times a day to explain grammar rules or word meanings.

La séance est levée, c'est-à-dire que la réunion est terminée.

In social settings, the phrase often takes on a more conversational tone. When friends are making plans, it’s used to finalize details. 'On se retrouve au café habituel, c'est-à-dire chez Marc.' It avoids the confusion of having multiple regular spots. It’s also used when someone is trying to be diplomatic. Instead of saying 'No,' someone might say, 'C'est-à-dire que... je ne suis pas sûr que ce soit une bonne idée.' The phrase acts as a buffer, softening the blow of a disagreement or a refusal. This 'c'est-à-dire que' followed by a pause is a classic French way of signaling hesitation.

Daily Social Life
Used for confirming plans and clarifying intentions. Example: 'Je t'appelle ce soir, c'est-à-dire après le dîner.'

C'est un travail saisonnier, c'est-à-dire seulement pour l'été.

Literary works and philosophy also make heavy use of this phrase. Philosophers use it to define their terms rigorously, ensuring that their arguments are built on clear foundations. In literature, an author might use it to provide a character's inner thoughts or to clarify a complex metaphor. Even in pop culture, in movies or TV shows, you'll hear characters use it during dramatic revelations or when explaining a plan. It is so deeply ingrained in the language that French speakers often use it without even realizing it. For a learner, hearing it is a sign that the speaker is trying to be helpful and clear, making it a friendly 'marker' in the flow of native speech.

In Literature
Used to expand on poetic imagery or philosophical concepts. Example: 'L'âme est immortelle, c'est-à-dire qu'elle survit au corps.'

Il est misanthrope, c'est-à-dire qu'il n'aime pas l'humanité.

Elle est en télétravail, c'est-à-dire qu'elle travaille de chez elle.

C'est un accord tacite, c'est-à-dire non écrit mais compris.

Even though c'est-à-dire is a common phrase, learners often fall into several traps. The most frequent mistake is forgetting the hyphens. In French, compound phrases like this require precise punctuation. Writing 'c'est à dire' without the hyphens is technically incorrect and can be seen as a lack of attention to detail in formal writing. Always remember the two hyphens: one between 'est' and 'à', and another between 'à' and 'dire'.

The Hyphen Rule
Incorrect: c'est à dire. Correct: c'est-à-dire. The hyphens link the words into a single conjunctional unit.

Another common error is the omission of 'que' when it is required. As mentioned before, if c'est-à-dire is followed by a full clause (a subject and a verb), you must include 'que'. Saying 'Il est fatigué, c'est-à-dire il veut dormir' sounds broken. The correct version is 'Il est fatigué, c'est-à-dire qu'il veut dormir.' This 'que' acts as the glue connecting the explanation to the main sentence. Conversely, don't use 'que' when you are just linking two nouns or adjectives. 'C'est mon frère, c'est-à-dire que Jean' is incorrect; it should be 'C'est mon frère, c'est-à-dire Jean.'

Faux: Il pleut, c'est-à-dire nous restons ici. Vrai: Il pleut, c'est-à-dire que nous restons ici.

Pronunciation can also be a stumbling block. Some learners try to pronounce each word separately, which sounds stilted. In natural French, the 't' of 'est' links to the 'à'. It should sound like one continuous word: [sɛ-ta-diʁ]. If you don't make this liaison, you won't sound like a native speaker. Additionally, some learners confuse 'c'est-à-dire' with 'ça veut dire'. While they are similar, 'ça veut dire' is more literal ('that means') and is often used for translating words or signs, whereas 'c'est-à-dire' is used for explaining concepts or rephrasing thoughts.

Confusion with 'Ça veut dire'
Use 'ça veut dire' for definitions: 'Que veut dire ce mot ?'. Use 'c'est-à-dire' for clarification: 'Je suis libre, c'est-à-dire que je n'ai pas de travail.'

Faux: C'est-à-dire Jean ? Vrai: C'est-à-dire, Jean ? (Use the standalone question to ask for more info).

A stylistic mistake is overusing the phrase. While it is useful, using it in every other sentence makes your speech sound repetitive and overly analytical. Try to vary your connectors with alternatives like 'en d'autres termes' or 'autrement dit'. Finally, remember that 'c'est-à-dire' is an explanation, not a conclusion. Don't use it to start a summary of your whole argument; use it to clarify a specific point you just made. Misunderstanding this can lead to logical gaps in your writing or speaking.

Overuse Warning
Avoid using it more than twice in a short paragraph. It can make your writing feel like a dictionary entry rather than a narrative.

Faux: C'est-à-dire, je conclus que... Vrai: En conclusion, je dirais que...

Faux: Ils sont en retard, ce sont à dire qu'ils ont raté le bus. Vrai: Ils sont en retard, c'est-à-dire qu'ils ont raté le bus.

Faux: Il est médecin, c'est-à-dire que cardiologue. Vrai: Il est médecin, c'est-à-dire cardiologue.

While c'est-à-dire is the most common way to rephrase a thought, the French language offers several alternatives that can add variety and nuance to your speech. Knowing when to use each one will help you move from an intermediate to an advanced level. The most direct synonym is 'autrement dit', which literally means 'said another way'. It is slightly more formal and is often used to introduce a simplified version of a complex idea. Another common alternative is 'en d'autres termes', which is even more formal and is frequently found in academic or legal writing.

Comparison: Autrement dit
'C'est-à-dire' is used for clarification. 'Autrement dit' is used for total reformulation. Example: 'Il est parti sans rien dire, autrement dit, il a fui.'

In very formal or mathematical contexts, you might see the word 'soit'. While 'soit' is usually the subjunctive form of 'être' or a conjunction meaning 'either... or', it can also be used to introduce a definition or a given value. For example: 'Soit un triangle ABC...' (Let there be a triangle ABC...). This is very specific to technical fields. On the other end of the spectrum, 'en gros' is a very informal way to say 'basically' or 'in a nutshell'. You would use this with friends to summarize a long story. 'En gros, j'ai perdu mes clés.'

Le projet est annulé, en d'autres termes, tout le travail a été inutile.

For providing examples rather than just a definition, you should use 'par exemple' or 'notamment'. Learners often confuse 'c'est-à-dire' with these. Use 'c'est-à-dire' when there is only one specific meaning or identity you are pointing to. Use 'par exemple' when there are many possibilities and you are choosing one. For instance, 'J'aime les agrumes, par exemple les citrons' (I like citrus fruits, for example lemons) is correct because there are many citrus fruits. 'J'aime le fruit du citronnier, c'est-à-dire le citron' is correct because the fruit of the lemon tree is only the lemon.

Comparison: À savoir
'À savoir' is often used to introduce a list of things that have just been mentioned in general. It is more clinical than 'c'est-à-dire'.

Il a deux passions, à savoir la musique et la peinture.

Finally, consider 'ce qui veut dire que' or 'ce qui signifie que'. These are slightly longer and emphasize the meaning or the implication of a fact. 'Il a neigé toute la nuit, ce qui veut dire que les routes sont bloquées.' This focuses on the logical consequence. 'C'est-à-dire' could also be used here, but 'ce qui veut dire' feels more like a deduction. By learning these alternatives, you can tailor your French to the specific context, whether you're writing a formal essay, chatting with a friend, or explaining a technical process. Each one carries a slightly different 'flavor' that native speakers pick up on immediately.

Informal Alternative: En gros
Use 'en gros' when you want to simplify a complex situation quickly. Example: 'En gros, on a gagné.'

Il est très érudit, autrement dit, il a une immense culture.

C'est une décision unilatérale, ce qui signifie que personne d'autre n'a été consulté.

Il est agnostique, c'est-à-dire qu'il ne sait pas si Dieu existe.

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أمثلة حسب المستوى

1

Je mange un fruit, c'est-à-dire une pomme.

I am eating a fruit, that is to say an apple.

Links two nouns directly.

2

C'est le week-end, c'est-à-dire samedi et dimanche.

It's the weekend, meaning Saturday and Sunday.

Explains a general term with specific days.

3

Il est mon père, c'est-à-dire le mari de ma mère.

He is my father, that is to say my mother's husband.

Clarifies a family relationship.

4

Le cours est fini, c'est-à-dire qu'on peut partir.

The class is finished, which means we can leave.

Uses 'que' because a full clause follows.

5

J'ai deux frères, c'est-à-dire Marc et Paul.

I have two brothers, namely Marc and Paul.

Lists specific names after a general group.

6

C'est gratuit, c'est-à-dire que ça coûte zéro euro.

It's free, meaning it costs zero euros.

Explains the meaning of 'gratuit'.

7

Elle est bilingue, c'est-à-dire qu'elle parle deux langues.

She is bilingual, that is to say she speaks two languages.

Defines an adjective with a clause.

8

On se voit demain, c'est-à-dire lundi.

We'll see each other tomorrow, that is to say Monday.

Clarifies a day of the week.

1

Je suis végétarien, c'est-à-dire que je ne mange pas de viande.

I am a vegetarian, meaning I don't eat meat.

Provides a specific definition of a lifestyle.

2

Le magasin est fermé, c'est-à-dire qu'il n'y a personne.

The shop is closed, that is to say there is no one there.

Explains the consequence of being closed.

3

C'est une voiture hybride, c'est-à-dire électrique et essence.

It

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