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B1 verb 11 دقيقة للقراءة

貢献する

koken suru
أمثلة
الشرح 貢献する in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't need to use the word 貢献する (kōken suru) yourself, as it is quite formal. However, it is good to recognize it as a word that means 'to help in a big way.' Imagine you are part of a team, and you do something very good that helps everyone. That is a contribution. In basic Japanese, you would usually say 助けます (tasukemasu) for 'help' or 手伝います (tetsudaimasu) for 'assist.' Kōken suru is like a 'super help' for a group or a project. You might see this word on posters about protecting the environment or helping the school. Just remember that it is a 'Suru-verb,' so it follows the same patterns as benkyō suru (to study) or kōmu suru (to work). If you see it, think 'big help to a group.' It always uses the particle に (ni) to show who or what you are helping. For example, 'Team に kōken suru' means 'help the team.' At this stage, just knowing that it's a positive word about helping is enough. You will mostly hear it in formal announcements or read it in textbooks when they talk about social roles.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the A2 level, you can start to understand that 貢献する is used in more official situations than tetsudau. When you talk about your job or your school activities, you might use this word to sound more professional. For example, if you are in a club and you worked hard for a festival, you could say you 'contributed' to the festival. The grammar is [Noun] に 貢献する. Common nouns to use here are 社会 (shakai - society), チーム (chīmu - team), or 会社 (kaisha - company). You should also learn the potential form kōken dekiru (can contribute), which is very useful for saying 'I can help the company' in a simple interview context. Remember that this word implies you did something useful that had a result. If you just tried but didn't actually help, people might not use kōken. It's a word of praise. When you hear a teacher or a boss say it, they are giving you a high compliment. In your studies, look for this word in simple news articles or business-themed lessons. It’s a key step toward sounding like an adult in Japanese.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the B1 level, 貢献する becomes a key part of your vocabulary, especially for the JLPT N3 exam and professional communication. You should be able to use it correctly with the particle に and understand its nuances compared to synonyms like yaku ni tatsu. At this level, you should also start using adverbs to describe the contribution, such as 大きく (ōkiku - greatly) or 多大に (tadai ni - immensely). You will encounter this word frequently in reading passages about social issues, technology, and biographies of famous people. It is important to realize that kōken suru is an 'active' contribution. It often describes the use of one's skills, time, or knowledge. You should also be comfortable with the noun form 貢献 (kōken) and how it pairs with verbs like mitomeru (to recognize). For example, Kare no kōken ga mitomerareta (His contribution was recognized). This level requires you to move beyond simple 'help' and start using 'contribution' to describe your impact on projects, the environment, or the economy. It is a bridge to more formal and abstract Japanese.
As a B2 learner, you should have a nuanced understanding of 貢献する and its place within the broader spectrum of 'service' verbs. You should be able to distinguish it from 寄与する (kiyo suru), which is more for scientific or causal contributions, and 尽力する (jinryoku suru), which emphasizes the exertion of effort. At this stage, you should use kōken suru in complex sentence structures, such as using it in relative clauses or with conditional forms. You will often see it in corporate mission statements (CSR) and academic introductions. You should also be familiar with compound nouns like 社会貢献 (shakai kōken - social contribution), which is a very common term in Japan for volunteerism or corporate philanthropy. In discussions about history or science, you'll use it to describe how one event or discovery led to progress in the field. Your ability to use the humble expression biryoku nagara kōken shitai (I wish to contribute despite my limited ability) will greatly enhance your professional Japanese, showing that you understand both the word and the cultural etiquette of humility that surrounds it.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the C1 level, your use of 貢献する should be precise and context-aware. You should understand the subtle difference between kōken and hōshi (service/devotion), and be able to use them in high-level debates or academic writing. You will encounter this word in complex legal, political, and philosophical texts. For instance, discussing the 'social contract' or 'individual contributions to the collective' requires a deep grasp of how kōken functions as both a duty and an achievement. You should also be familiar with the various formal ways to nominalize the verb, such as kōken no itari (the height of contribution) or using it in classical-leaning literary contexts. At this level, you should also be able to critique the 'level' of contribution, using adverbs like kencho ni (remarkably) or shirizoke-gataki (undeniable). You should be able to write an entire essay on 'How technology contributes to modern isolation,' using kōken suru not just for positive social good but also for causal relationships in a neutral or even critical tone (though the latter is less common). Your vocabulary should also include related terms like kōken-do (the degree of contribution) used in statistical analysis.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the C2 level, you possess a native-like command of 貢献する and can use it with absolute stylistic flexibility. You understand its historical roots in the tribute systems of ancient East Asia and how those connotations of 'offering to a higher power' still subtly influence its modern usage in hierarchical structures. You can use the word in formal speeches, legal drafting, or high-level diplomacy. You are aware of the most obscure synonyms and can choose kōken suru over shiteki suru or eki suru based on the specific 'flavor' of the text. You can also play with the word in literary contexts, perhaps using it ironically or in a highly metaphorical sense. In business, you can lead discussions on 'Kōken-shugi' (contribution-based systems) versus 'Seika-shugi' (result-based systems). Your understanding extends to the sociolinguistic implications of the word—how it reinforces social cohesion and the 'group-first' mentality in Japanese discourse. You are not just using a verb; you are navigating a core concept of Japanese social ethics. You can effortlessly switch between the humble, polite, and honorific versions of this concept depending on the interpersonal dynamics of the conversation or the intended audience of your writing.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
أمثلة

The Japanese verb 貢献する (こうけんする - kōken suru) is a sophisticated and highly respected term that translates to 'to contribute' or 'to make a contribution.' Unlike simpler words for 'helping' or 'giving,' kōken suru carries a weight of significance, implying that the action has a meaningful impact on a larger entity, such as a community, a company, a field of study, or society as a whole. It is a 'Suru-verb,' formed by combining the noun 貢献 (kōken) with the auxiliary verb する (suru). Understanding this word requires looking at its kanji roots. The first character, 貢 (kō), historically refers to 'tribute' or 'support,' while the second character, 献 (ken), means to 'offer,' 'present,' or 'dedicate.' Together, they evoke the image of offering one's resources, talents, or efforts toward a noble cause or a collective goal.

Formal Nuance
This word is predominantly used in formal, professional, and academic contexts. You will frequently hear it in business meetings when discussing a project's success, in news reports regarding scientific breakthroughs, or in speeches at award ceremonies. It is the standard term used when someone is being praised for their lifelong dedication to a cause.
Impact and Result
To use kōken suru, there must be a clear positive result. One does not simply 'try' to contribute; the word suggests that the contribution was effective. For example, a player 'contributes' to a team's victory by scoring a goal, or a researcher 'contributes' to medicine by discovering a new treatment.

彼は長年、地域のボランティア活動に貢献してきました。

— Translation: He has been contributing to local volunteer activities for many years.

The word is versatile in its application. In the business world, a company might describe how its new technology kōken suru to environmental sustainability. In sports, a coach might praise a player for how they kōken suru to the team's morale. In academia, a paper might conclude by stating how the findings kōken suru to the existing body of knowledge. It is rarely used for trivial favors, like lending someone a pen; for those, words like tetsudau (to help) or kasu (to lend) are appropriate. Kōken suru is reserved for contributions that have a measurable or lasting benefit.

Target Particle
The target of the contribution is almost always marked by the particle に (ni). For example: 社会に貢献する (Contribute to society), 平和に貢献する (Contribute to peace), 売上に貢献する (Contribute to sales).

新しい技術が、エネルギーの節約に大きく貢献するでしょう。

— Translation: The new technology will likely contribute greatly to energy conservation.

Furthermore, kōken suru is often paired with adverbs that quantify the degree of contribution. Common pairings include 多大に (tadai ni - immensely), 大きく (ōkiku - greatly), or 微力ながら (biryoku nagara - despite my limited strength/humble effort). This last one is particularly common in humble Japanese speech when someone wants to express their desire to help without sounding arrogant. By saying 'biryoku nagara kōken shitai,' you are saying 'I want to contribute, even if my effort is small,' which is a hallmark of Japanese politeness and humility in professional settings.

Grammatically, 貢献する is a transitive verb that follows the structure: [Subject] は [Target] に 貢献する. The subject is the entity providing the contribution, and the target (marked by に) is the entity receiving the benefit. Because it is a Suru-verb, it can be conjugated into various forms to express different tenses and levels of politeness. For example, in a formal business report, you would use kōken shimashita (contributed), while in a dictionary or casual conversation about a general truth, you would use the dictionary form kōken suru.

The 'Ni' Particle Rule
One of the most common mistakes for English speakers is using the particle を (wo) instead of に (ni). In English, we 'contribute something,' which makes 'something' the direct object. However, in Japanese, the focus is on the direction of the contribution. Therefore, you contribute to a cause. Always remember: [Cause/Group] に 貢献する.

このプロジェクトは、会社の利益に直接貢献します。

— Translation: This project will directly contribute to the company's profits.

Another important aspect of using kōken suru is the placement of adverbs. Since this word often appears in evaluative contexts (judging how good a contribution was), adverbs like 非常に (hijō ni - extremely), 著しく (ichijirushiku - remarkably), and 着実に (chakujitsu ni - steadily) are frequently used. These adverbs usually come directly before the verb or at the beginning of the predicate to emphasize the scale or nature of the contribution.

Noun Form: 貢献 (Kōken)
The noun form 貢献 is often used with other verbs like hatasu (to fulfill) or mitomeru (to recognize). For example, 貢献を果たす (to fulfill a contribution) or 貢献が認められる (one's contribution is recognized). This is common in formal writing and news headlines.

彼女の発見は、科学の歴史に長く貢献することになるでしょう。

— Translation: Her discovery will likely contribute to the history of science for a long time.

When using the verb in the passive voice, kōken sareru, it is much less common than the active voice. Usually, if you want to say something was contributed to, you would rephrase it to focus on the person who did the contributing or use the noun form. In Japanese, the focus is almost always on the actor making the positive impact. Furthermore, in causative forms like kōken saseru (to make someone contribute), it implies a managerial or leadership role where one is directing resources to ensure a contribution happens. Overall, mastering the [Noun] + に + 貢献する pattern covers 90% of real-world usage.

If you are living or working in Japan, you will encounter 貢献する in several specific environments. It is not a word you would typically use with friends at a bar while talking about who bought the last round of drinks. Instead, it is the language of achievement, public service, and professional excellence. Here are the primary domains where this word is ubiquitous.

The Corporate World
In Japanese companies, 'contribution' is a key metric for performance reviews. Employees are expected to kōken suru to the company's goals. During annual 'shimei' (mission) meetings, leaders will talk about how each department must kōken suru to the overall corporate vision. You will also see it in CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) reports, where companies list how they kōken suru to the environment or local communities.

弊社は、持続可能な社会の実現に貢献することを目指しています。

— Translation: Our company aims to contribute to the realization of a sustainable society.

Another common place is the News and Media. When a Japanese citizen wins a Nobel Prize or an international award, the news anchor will inevitably say, 'Their research has kōken shita (contributed) to the progress of humanity.' Similarly, in political discourse, politicians often debate how a new policy will kōken suru to the national economy or to the welfare of the elderly. It is a word that lends an air of legitimacy and importance to the topic being discussed.

Sports and Teamwork
In post-game interviews, Japanese athletes are known for their humility. Even a star player who scored all the points will often say, 'I'm just glad I could kōken suru to the team's victory.' This reflects the cultural emphasis on the group over the individual. Using this word allows the athlete to frame their individual success as a service to the collective.

チームの優勝に貢献することができて、本当に嬉しいです。

— Translation: I am truly happy that I was able to contribute to the team's championship.

Finally, you will find this word in Academic Papers and Grant Applications. Researchers must justify their work by explaining how it will kōken suru to their specific field. Whether it is history, physics, or linguistics, the 'contribution to the field' (学術的貢献 - gakujutsuteki kōken) is the ultimate goal of any scholarly endeavor. In these contexts, the word is often used in the passive potential form kōken shiuru (can contribute) to sound more objective and cautious, which is the preferred style in Japanese academia.

While 貢献する is a straightforward verb, its formal nature and specific grammatical requirements lead to several common pitfalls for learners. Avoiding these mistakes will make your Japanese sound much more natural and professional. The most frequent errors involve particle usage, confusion with similar-sounding words, and inappropriate register (formality level).

Mistake 1: The 'Wo' vs. 'Ni' Particle
As mentioned before, learners often try to say 社会を貢献する. This is incorrect because kōken suru functions like 'to be of service to.' In Japanese, the object of your service is marked with に. Think of it as 'sending' your contribution to a destination. Always use [Target] に 貢献する.

❌ 彼は世界平和を貢献した。
✅ 彼は世界平和に貢献した。

— The second sentence is correct: He contributed to world peace.

Another common mistake is Overusing the word in casual settings. If you help a friend move house, saying 'I want to kōken suru to your move' sounds incredibly stiff and almost sarcastic. In casual situations, use tetsudau (to help) or yaku ni tatsu (to be useful). Kōken suru is best saved for situations involving work, society, or large-scale efforts. Using it at a dinner party to describe bringing a salad would be seen as a humorous misuse of the word's gravity.

Mistake 2: Confusing with 'Kifu' (Donation)
Learners often confuse 貢献 (kōken) with 寄付 (kifu). Kifu specifically means donating money or physical goods. Kōken is much broader—it includes donating time, skills, effort, and ideas. If you give money to a charity, you kifu the money, and by doing so, you kōken to the charity's mission. Don't use kōken suru when you specifically mean 'I wrote a check.'

Lastly, be careful with the Adverbial Form. Some learners try to use it as an adjective by adding 'na' (like 貢献な人). This is incorrect. Kōken is a noun or a suru-verb. To describe someone who contributes a lot, you would say kōkensha (a contributor) or use a relative clause like kōken shite iru hito (a person who is contributing). Misidentifying the part of speech is a common hurdle when moving from JLPT N4 to N3 and B1 levels.

その選手は、チームに多大な貢献をした。

— Correct usage: That player made an immense (tadaiya na) contribution to the team. (Note: 'tadaiya na' modifies the noun 'kōken').

Japanese has a rich vocabulary for 'helping' and 'contributing,' and choosing the right one depends on the context and the level of formality. While 貢献する is the most balanced and common formal term, you should be aware of these alternatives to sound more like a native speaker.

寄与する (Kiyo suru)
This is the closest synonym to kōken suru, but it is even more formal and academic. It is often used for abstract or scientific contributions. While kōken often implies a human element or social good, kiyo is frequently used for things like 'This factor kiyo to the increase in temperature.' It sounds more like 'to be a contributing factor' in English.
尽力する (Jinryoku suru)
This word literally means 'to exhaust one's strength.' It focuses on the effort put in rather than the result. You use jinryoku suru when you want to emphasize how hard someone worked for a cause. It is very common in business emails when thanking someone for their hard work: Go-jinryoku itadaki, arigatō gozaimasu (Thank you for your great efforts).

Comparison:
1. 社会に貢献する (Contribute to society - Result focused)
2. 復興に尽力する (Strive for reconstruction - Effort focused)

For more casual or everyday situations, yaku ni tatsu (to be useful) is the go-to phrase. If you helped your mom with the groceries, you wouldn't say you 'contributed' to the household; you would say you were 'useful' or 'helpful.' Similarly, chikara o kasu (to lend one's strength) is a warmer, more personal way to say you helped someone out. It implies a personal relationship that kōken suru lacks.

奉仕する (Hōshi suru)
This means 'to serve' or 'to do volunteer work.' It has a strong nuance of selflessness and often carries a religious or public service connotation. While kōken can be for profit (like contributing to company sales), hōshi is almost always unpaid and for the public good.

彼は生涯を公共の利益への奉仕に捧げた。

— Translation: He dedicated his life to serving the public interest.

Finally, in very formal business settings, you might hear shiteki suru (to contribute/benefit) or eki suru (to benefit). These are rare in speech but appear in legal documents or very old-fashioned corporate manifestos. As a learner at the B1 level, your goal should be to correctly identify when to use kōken suru versus yaku ni tatsu. If it's a 'big' thing like society, science, or a company's success, use kōken. If it's a 'small' or personal thing, use yaku ni tatsu.

سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

أمثلة حسب المستوى

1

彼はチームに貢献しました。

He contributed to the team.

Simple past tense of a suru-verb.

2

私は会社に貢献したいです。

I want to contribute to the company.

Using -tai to express desire.

3

みんなで社会に貢献しましょう。

Let's all contribute to society.

Hortative form -mashō (let's).

4

この本は勉強に貢献します。

This book contributes to my studies.

Dictionary form for general truths.

5

彼女はクラスに貢献しています。

She is contributing to the class.

-te iru form for ongoing action.

6

良い仕事をすれば、貢献できます。

If you do good work, you can contribute.

Potential form -dekiru.

7

父は地域に貢献しました。

My father contributed to the local area.

Subject + Ni + Kōken shimashita.

8

貢献することは大切です。

Contributing is important.

Nominalizing the verb with 'koto'.

1

新しいプロジェクトに貢献できて嬉しいです。

I'm happy to be able to contribute to the new project.

Potential te-form + ureshii.

2

ボランティアは社会に貢献する良い方法です。

Volunteering is a good way to contribute to society.

Verb modifying a noun (hōhō).

3

あなたの意見は会議に大きく貢献しました。

Your opinion contributed greatly to the meeting.

Using the adverb 'ōkiku'.

4

スポーツは健康に貢献します。

Sports contribute to health.

Simple present for general facts.

5

彼は自分の技術で会社に貢献しています。

He is contributing to the company with his skills.

Instrumental particle 'de' (with/by).

6

私たちは平和に貢献しなければなりません。

We must contribute to peace.

Must form -nakereba narimasen.

7

どのくらい貢献できるか分かりません。

I don't know how much I can contribute.

Question word + ka wakarimasen.

8

彼女の活動は環境保護に貢献しました。

Her activities contributed to environmental protection.

Formal past tense.

1

この新薬は医学の進歩に多大に貢献するだろう。

This new drug will likely contribute immensely to the progress of medicine.

Adverb 'tadai ni' + presumptive 'darō'.

2

彼は長年の功績により、社会に貢献したと認められた。

He was recognized as having contributed to society due to his long-standing achievements.

Passive form 'mitomerareta' (was recognized).

3

微力ながら、貴社の発展に貢献したいと考えております。

I would like to contribute to the development of your company, humble as my efforts may be.

Humble expression 'biryoku nagara'.

4

若者の教育に貢献することは、将来への投資である。

Contributing to the education of young people is an investment in the future.

Topic marker 'wa' with a nominalized phrase.

5

その選手は、守備面でチームの勝利に貢献した。

That player contributed to the team's victory in terms of defense.

Compound noun 'shubimen' (defense aspect).

6

科学者は世界をより良くするために貢献し続けている。

Scientists continue to contribute to making the world a better place.

Continuative form -shi tsuzukete iru.

7

寄付だけでなく、行動で貢献することが求められている。

It is required to contribute through actions, not just donations.

Passive form 'motomerare te iru' (is required).

8

IT技術は業務の効率化に著しく貢献している。

IT technology is remarkably contributing to the efficiency of business operations.

Adverb 'ichijirushiku' (remarkably).

1

企業の社会的責任（CSR）として、環境保全に貢献する義務がある。

As a matter of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), there is an obligation to contribute to environmental conservation.

Noun + to shite (as/in the capacity of).

2

彼の理論は、現代物理学の基礎を築くのに大きく貢献した。

His theory contributed greatly to laying the foundation of modern physics.

Nominalizer 'no ni' (for/in doing).

3

そのプロジェクトの成功は、地域経済の活性化に確実に貢献するだろう。

The success of that project will surely contribute to the revitalization of the regional economy.

Adverb 'kakujitsu ni' (surely/certainly).

4

個人の小さな努力が、最終的には大きな社会貢献に繋がる。

Small individual efforts eventually lead to a significant social contribution.

Verb 'tsunagaru' (to lead to/connect to).

5

伝統文化を次世代に継承することは、文化の多様性に貢献する。

Passing down traditional culture to the next generation contributes to cultural diversity.

Nominalized subject phrase.

6

彼は私利私欲を捨て、公のために貢献することを選んだ。

He discarded personal greed and chose to contribute for the sake of the public.

Contrast between 'watakushi' (private) and 'ōyake' (public).

7

その発見が人類の幸福にどのように貢献するかを議論すべきだ。

We should discuss how that discovery contributes to human happiness.

Embedded question with 'dono yō ni'.

8

政府の新たな政策は、待機児童問題の解決に貢献すると期待されている。

The government's new policy is expected to contribute to solving the problem of children on waiting lists for daycare.

Passive expectation 'kitai sarete iru'.

1

この論文は、既存の枠組みを再考し、学術的発展に寄与・貢献するものである。

This paper re-examines existing frameworks and is intended to contribute to academic development.

Formal 'mono de aru' ending; use of both kiyo and kōken.

2

彼の献身的な活動は、国際社会の安定に多大な貢献を果たしたと言える。

It can be said that his devoted activities fulfilled a significant contribution to the stability of the international community.

Verb 'hatasu' (to fulfill/achieve) paired with the noun kōken.

3

技術革新が格差の拡大に負の側面で貢献してしまった可能性は否定できない。

The possibility that technological innovation has contributed in a negative way to the widening gap cannot be denied.

Using kōken for a negative outcome (unusual/ironic nuance).

4

自己の専門性を活かし、いかに組織に貢献しうるかが問われている。

The question is how one can contribute to the organization by leveraging one's expertise.

Classical/formal potential '-uru' (can/is possible to).

5

慈善事業への貢献は、単なる節税対策ではなく、崇高な理念に基づくべきだ。

Contribution to charitable causes should be based on noble ideals, not just tax-saving measures.

Contrastive 'de wa naku' (not X, but Y).

6

その法改正は、労働環境の改善に資すると同時に、生産性の向上にも貢献した。

That legal amendment helped improve the working environment and, at the same time, contributed to increased productivity.

Verb 'shisuru' (to contribute/be conducive to) alongside kōken.

7

芸術が人間の精神的豊かさに貢献する役割は、計り知れないほど大きい。

The role that art plays in contributing to human spiritual richness is immeasurably large.

Relative clause modifying 'yakuwari' (role).

8

彼は自らの命を賭して、祖国の独立に貢献した英雄である。

He is a hero who contributed to the independence of his homeland by risking his own life.

Concessive/extreme 'to shite' (risking/staking).

1

マクロ経済の視点から見れば、このインフラ投資は国家の競争力強化に資し、持続的な成長に貢献する枢要な要素である。

From a macroeconomic perspective, this infrastructure investment is a pivotal element that aids in strengthening national competitiveness and contributes to sustainable growth.

High-level vocabulary like 'shuyō' (pivotal) and 'shisuru'.

2

個人の主体的な参画こそが、民主主義の深化に真の意味で貢献し得る唯一の道である。

Individual proactive participation is the only path that can truly contribute to the deepening of democracy.

Emphasis particle 'koso' and formal potential '-uru'.

3

歴史の潮流の中で、一介の学徒が真理の探究を通じて人類の知の地平を広げることに貢献する喜びは、何物にも代えがたい。

In the current of history, the joy of a mere student contributing to the expansion of the horizon of human knowledge through the pursuit of truth is irreplaceable.

Highly literary phrasing and metaphors.

4

企業の利益追求と社会貢献の止揚こそが、ポスト資本主義時代における組織の存立基盤となる。

The sublation (Aufheben) of corporate profit-seeking and social contribution will become the foundation for an organization's existence in the post-capitalist era.

Philosophical term 'shiyō' (sublation).

5

異文化間の対話を促進し、相互理解に貢献する営みは、紛争の未然防止において極めて重要な意義を持つ。

The endeavor of promoting cross-cultural dialogue and contributing to mutual understanding holds extremely significant meaning in the prevention of conflict.

Nominalized '営み' (itodami - endeavor/activity).

6

その建築家は、都市の景観と機能性の調和に貢献したのみならず、住まう人々の魂の安らぎをも追求した。

The architect not only contributed to the harmony of urban landscape and functionality but also pursued the peace of soul for the residents.

Structure 'nomi narazu... mo' (not only... but also).

7

言論の自由が健全な社会の維持に貢献するためには、情報の受け手側のリテラシー向上が不可欠である。

In order for freedom of speech to contribute to the maintenance of a healthy society, improving the literacy of information recipients is indispensable.

Conditional 'tame ni wa' + 'fukaketsu' (indispensable).

8

先人の知恵が現代の諸課題の解決に貢献し得る可能性を模索することは、我々後生に課せられた責務である。

Exploring the possibility that the wisdom of our predecessors can contribute to solving modern challenges is a duty imposed on us, the later generations.

Formal 'kaserareta sekimu' (imposed duty).

سجّل مجاناً لرؤية جميع الأمثلة

محتوى ذو صلة

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