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B1 noun #3,000 الأكثر شيوعاً 11 دقيقة للقراءة

교과서

gyogwaseo
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الشرح 교과서 in your Level:
At the A1 beginner level, your primary goal is to recognize and understand the word 교과서 as a basic noun for 'textbook'. When you start learning Korean, you are introduced to classroom vocabulary very early on. You will learn words like 책상 (desk), 의자 (chair), 연필 (pencil), and of course, 교과서. At this stage, you only need to know how to identify the object and use it in simple, declarative sentences. For example, you should be able to say '이것은 교과서입니다' (This is a textbook) or '교과서가 있습니다' (I have a textbook). You will also learn to respond to basic teacher commands. The most important phrase you will hear is '교과서를 펴세요' (Please open your textbook). You do not need to worry about complex grammar or metaphorical meanings at this level. Focus entirely on associating the physical book you use to study Korean with the word 교과서. Practice combining it with basic particles like 이/가 (subject) and 을/를 (object). Knowing this word helps you navigate your first Korean classes smoothly and ensures you can follow basic instructions from your instructor. It is a foundational building block for your academic vocabulary.
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At the A2 elementary level, your ability to use 교과서 expands beyond simple identification. You will start using the word in practical, everyday situations related to studying and school life. At this stage, you should be comfortable using a wider variety of verbs with 교과서. Instead of just knowing it exists, you can now talk about buying it ('서점에서 교과서를 샀어요' - I bought a textbook at the bookstore), bringing it to class ('오늘 교과서를 안 가져왔어요' - I didn't bring my textbook today), and reading it ('집에서 교과서를 읽었어요' - I read the textbook at home). You will also start combining it with specific subjects, such as 한국어 교과서 (Korean textbook) or 수학 교과서 (Math textbook). At the A2 level, you can express simple opinions about the textbook, using basic adjectives. For instance, you might say '이 교과서는 너무 어려워요' (This textbook is too difficult) or '새 교과서가 좋아요' (I like the new textbook). You will also use it in conjunction with basic conjunctions to explain reasons, like '교과서가 없어서 공부를 못 했어요' (I couldn't study because I didn't have the textbook). This level is all about practical, functional communication regarding your study materials.
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At the B1 intermediate level, your use of 교과서 becomes much more nuanced and integrated into broader conversations about education and learning methods. You are no longer just talking about the physical book; you are discussing how you interact with its contents. You will learn to differentiate 교과서 from similar words like 참고서 (reference book) and 문제집 (workbook), and you can explain why you need one versus the other. For example, '교과서를 다 읽고 문제집을 풀 거예요' (I will read the textbook completely and then solve the workbook). At this level, you can discuss study strategies, using phrases like '교과서 위주로 공부하다' (to study focusing on the textbook). You will also begin to encounter the metaphorical use of the word. You might hear someone describe a situation or a person's behavior as '교과서적이다' (textbook-like, meaning standard or by-the-book). Understanding this adjectival form is a key milestone at the B1 level, as it shows you are grasping cultural idioms and non-literal meanings. You can also participate in simple discussions about school systems, mentioning things like '한국의 학생들은 교과서를 많이 봅니다' (Korean students look at textbooks a lot).
At the B2 upper-intermediate level, your comprehension and usage of 교과서 extend into abstract and societal contexts. You are expected to understand news reports, articles, and debates that mention textbooks, particularly in the context of the South Korean education system. You will frequently encounter vocabulary related to the publication and revision of textbooks, such as 개정되다 (to be revised), 편찬하다 (to compile), and 교육과정 (curriculum). For example, you should easily understand a sentence like '내년부터 새로운 교육과정이 적용된 교과서가 배포됩니다' (Textbooks applying the new curriculum will be distributed starting next year). Furthermore, your grasp of the metaphorical '교과서적이다' becomes sophisticated. You can use it to critique or praise. For instance, '그의 대처는 훌륭했지만 너무 교과서적이어서 창의성이 부족했다' (His handling of the situation was excellent, but it was too textbook-like and lacked creativity). You can also discuss the heavy reliance on textbooks in Korean society and compare it with educational methods in your own country. At this stage, 교과서 is not just a vocabulary word for a book; it is a lens through which you can discuss pedagogy, societal standards, and educational philosophy in fluent Korean.
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At the C1 advanced level, you engage with the word 교과서 in highly academic, political, and critical discourses. In South Korea, textbooks—especially history textbooks (역사 교과서)—are frequent subjects of intense political and ideological debate. At this level, you must be able to read editorials, watch news panels, and participate in discussions regarding these controversies. You will encounter complex compound terms like 국정 교과서 (state-authored textbook) versus 검인정 교과서 (government-approved textbook). You should be able to articulate arguments about educational autonomy, historical bias, and curriculum standardization. For example, you might write or say, '역사 교과서의 국정화는 다양한 역사적 관점을 제한할 우려가 있다는 비판을 받았습니다' (The state monopolization of history textbooks faced criticism for potentially restricting diverse historical perspectives). Additionally, you can analyze texts that critique the '교과서 중심주의' (textbook-centrism) of the Korean education system, discussing how it impacts students' critical thinking skills. Your vocabulary surrounding the word will include advanced academic verbs like 서술하다 (to narrate/describe), 왜곡하다 (to distort), and 반영하다 (to reflect). Mastery at the C1 level means you understand the profound societal weight the word carries beyond the classroom.
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At the C2 mastery level, your understanding of 교과서 is indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker. You possess a deep, comprehensive grasp of the word's etymological roots (敎科書) and how these Hanja characters influence its precise semantic boundaries compared to other educational materials. You can effortlessly navigate complex, specialized texts regarding pedagogical theory, educational sociology, and the historical evolution of the Korean curriculum. You are capable of writing academic papers or delivering formal presentations that deconstruct the role of the 교과서 as an instrument of state ideology or institutionalized knowledge. You can employ sophisticated rhetorical devices and idiomatic expressions involving the word with perfect naturalness. For instance, you might use it in a literary or highly abstract sense to describe foundational principles of any discipline: '이 논문은 현대 물리학의 새로운 교과서로 자리매김할 것이다' (This paper will establish itself as the new textbook of modern physics). At this ultimate level of proficiency, you not only understand all literal, metaphorical, and political nuances of 교과서, but you can also manipulate these meanings to produce persuasive, elegant, and culturally resonant Korean discourse in any professional or academic setting.
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교과서 في 30 ثانية

  • The Korean word 교과서 translates directly to textbook, serving as the foundational reading material for students across all levels of the formal education system.
  • It is composed of three Hanja characters: 교 meaning to teach, 과 meaning subject or department, and 서 meaning book or document.
  • Beyond its literal meaning, it is frequently used metaphorically to describe a person or action that is perfectly standard, classic, or strictly by the rules.
  • Understanding this word is essential for anyone navigating the Korean school system, buying study materials, or discussing educational policies and academic preparations.

The Korean word 교과서 (gyogwaseo) primarily translates to 'textbook' in English. It is a fundamental noun used across all levels of the Korean education system, from elementary schools to universities. Understanding this word is crucial for anyone studying Korean, as it frequently appears in academic contexts, daily conversations about schooling, and even in metaphorical expressions.

Literal Meaning
A standardized book used for formal study and instruction in a specific subject.
Hanja Roots
It is derived from three Sino-Korean characters: 敎 (gyo - to teach), 科 (gwa - subject/department), and 書 (seo - book).
Metaphorical Meaning
It refers to something or someone that perfectly exemplifies standard rules, acting as a flawless or predictable model.

In South Korea, textbooks are not just educational tools; they are highly regulated and standardized documents that form the core of the national curriculum. The Ministry of Education oversees the publication and approval of these books, making them the ultimate authority on what students must learn for crucial examinations like the Suneung (CSAT).

우리는 새 학기를 맞아 교과서를 구입했습니다.

We bought textbooks for the new semester.

Beyond the classroom, the word takes on a rich metaphorical life. When someone says an action is '교과서적이다' (textbook-like), they mean it is done exactly by the book, without any deviation or creative flair. This can be a compliment, indicating perfection and reliability, or a slight criticism, suggesting a lack of flexibility or imagination in real-world situations.

그 선수의 스윙은 골프의 교과서입니다.

That player's swing is the textbook of golf.

The physical object itself is treated with a certain level of respect in Korean culture, representing the gateway to knowledge and social advancement. Students are often reminded to take good care of their textbooks, and losing one is considered a significant disruption to one's studies.

수학 교과서를 집에 두고 왔어요.

I left my math textbook at home.

Furthermore, the term is frequently compounded with subjects to specify the type of book, such as 국어 교과서 (Korean textbook), 영어 교과서 (English textbook), and 역사 교과서 (History textbook). The debates surrounding the content of history textbooks, in particular, are a recurring theme in South Korean politics and society, highlighting the word's weight beyond mere pedagogy.

정부는 역사 교과서 개정안을 발표했습니다.

The government announced the revision plan for history textbooks.

In summary, mastering the word 교과서 involves understanding its literal application in educational settings, its structural Hanja origins, and its broader metaphorical implications in Korean society. It is a word that bridges the gap between formal education and everyday cultural expressions, making it an indispensable part of a Korean learner's vocabulary arsenal.

그의 대답은 너무 교과서 같았다.

His answer was too much like a textbook (cliché/standard).

Using the word 교과서 correctly requires familiarity with the specific verbs and grammatical structures that commonly accompany it. Because it is a physical object used in a highly structured environment (the classroom), the collocations associated with it are very predictable and standardized.

Physical Actions
Verbs related to opening, closing, reading, and carrying the book.
Academic Actions
Verbs related to studying, memorizing, and summarizing the content.
Metaphorical Usage
Adjectival forms used to describe people, actions, or situations.

The most common verbs paired with 교과서 are 펴다 (to open) and 덮다 (to close). In any Korean language class, you will frequently hear the teacher say, '교과서를 펴세요' (Please open your textbooks). This is an essential classroom instruction that every learner must recognize immediately.

여러분, 교과서 15페이지를 펴세요.

Everyone, please open your textbooks to page 15.

Conversely, at the end of the lesson, the instruction will be '교과서를 덮으세요' (Please close your textbooks). When preparing for class, students must '교과서를 챙기다' (pack/prepare the textbook) or '교과서를 가져오다' (bring the textbook). Forgetting to do so results in the phrase '교과서를 안 가져왔어요' (I didn't bring my textbook).

수업이 끝났으니 교과서를 덮으세요.

Class is over, so please close your textbooks.

When discussing study habits, the phrase '교과서 위주로' (focusing on the textbook / textbook-centric) is extremely common. It implies a return to basics, avoiding overly complex supplementary materials in favor of the core curriculum. Top students often claim, '교과서 위주로 공부했어요' (I studied focusing on the textbook), which has become a well-known cultural trope.

수능 만점자는 교과서 위주로 공부했다고 말했다.

The perfect scorer on the CSAT said they studied focusing on the textbook.

To use the word metaphorically, you append the suffix '-적' to make it an adjective: 교과서적이다 (to be textbook-like). This is used to describe something that is standard, orthodox, or lacking in surprise. For example, a '교과서적인 대답' is a textbook answer—one that is technically correct but perhaps unoriginal or expected.

그의 경영 방식은 매우 교과서적이다.

His management style is very textbook (by the book).

In formal writing or news, you will see verbs like 편찬하다 (to compile), 개정하다 (to revise), and 배포하다 (to distribute) used with 교과서. These terms relate to the administrative side of education. For instance, '새 교육과정에 따라 교과서가 개정되었습니다' (The textbooks have been revised according to the new curriculum).

내년부터 새로운 영어 교과서가 도입됩니다.

Starting next year, new English textbooks will be introduced.

By mastering these collocations and contexts, you can use 교과서 naturally in both everyday school scenarios and more advanced discussions about education and societal norms.

The word 교과서 is ubiquitous in South Korean society, primarily because education is a central pillar of Korean culture. You will encounter this word in a wide variety of settings, ranging from intimate family conversations to national news broadcasts. Recognizing the contexts in which it appears will deepen your cultural fluency.

Educational Institutions
Schools, universities, and private academies (hagwons).
Retail Environments
Bookstores, online shops, and stationery stores.
Media and News
Discussions on educational policy, curriculum changes, and historical debates.

The most obvious place you will hear 교과서 is inside a classroom. Teachers use it constantly to direct students' attention. Whether you are taking a Korean language course at a university or watching a Korean drama set in a high school, phrases like '교과서를 보세요' (Look at the textbook) or '교과서에 밑줄을 치세요' (Underline in the textbook) are inescapable.

선생님이 교과서를 소리 내어 읽으라고 하셨다.

The teacher told us to read the textbook out loud.

During the start of a new semester (usually March and September in Korea), the word dominates conversations among parents and students. Visiting a large bookstore like Kyobo Bookstore during this time, you will see signs directing people to the '교과서 코너' (Textbook corner). Parents will ask clerks, '초등학교 3학년 수학 교과서 있나요?' (Do you have the 3rd-grade elementary math textbook?).

서점에 가서 다음 학기 교과서를 미리 샀어요.

I went to the bookstore and bought next semester's textbooks in advance.

In the realm of news and politics, 교과서 takes on a heavier tone. South Korea frequently debates the contents of its history textbooks. News anchors will report on '역사 교과서 국정화 논란' (the controversy over the state monopolization of history textbooks). In these contexts, the textbook is not just a learning tool, but a reflection of national identity and ideological struggles.

뉴스에서 교과서 왜곡 문제에 대해 보도했다.

The news reported on the issue of textbook distortion.

You will also hear it in everyday conversations when people use idioms or metaphors. If someone handles a difficult situation perfectly according to standard procedures, a colleague might praise them by saying, '완전 교과서네요!' (That's totally textbook!). Sports commentators frequently use it to describe perfect form, such as '교과서적인 폼' (textbook form).

그 투수의 투구 폼은 야구의 교과서라 불린다.

That pitcher's throwing form is called the textbook of baseball.

Finally, in the highly competitive world of Korean university entrance exams (Suneung), the phrase '교과서에 충실하다' (to be faithful to the textbook) is a mantra. Educational experts on TV will constantly advise students that the secret to high scores lies in mastering the basic concepts found within the standard 교과서 before moving on to complex workbooks.

시험 문제는 모두 교과서 안에서 출제되었습니다.

All the exam questions were taken from within the textbook.

While 교과서 is a straightforward noun, learners often make mistakes regarding its exact scope of meaning, its pronunciation, and the specific verbs used with it. Avoiding these common pitfalls will make your Korean sound much more natural and precise.

Semantic Overextension
Using 교과서 to refer to any book used for studying, rather than the official textbook.
Verb Mismatches
Using incorrect verbs for opening or closing the book.
Pronunciation Errors
Failing to apply the correct tense consonant sound in the middle of the word.

The most frequent mistake is semantic overextension. Many learners use 교과서 to describe any study material. However, in Korean, 교과서 strictly refers to the official, standard textbook issued or approved for a curriculum. If you are using a workbook with practice problems, it is a '문제집'. If you are using a supplementary study guide, it is a '참고서'. Calling a workbook a 교과서 sounds unnatural to native speakers.

❌ 토픽 교과서를 풀고 있어요.
✅ 토픽 문제집을 풀고 있어요.

I am solving a TOPIK workbook. (Do not use 교과서 for books meant for solving problems).

Another common error involves the verbs used for opening and closing the book. In English, we 'open' and 'close' books, which might lead learners to use 열다 (to open a door/window) and 닫다 (to close a door/window). However, for books, you must use 펴다 (to spread open) and 덮다 (to cover/close).

❌ 교과서를 여세요.
✅ 교과서를 펴세요.

Please open your textbooks. (Use 펴다, not 열다).

Pronunciation is another area where learners stumble. The word is spelled 교과서, but due to Korean phonological rules (tensification), the middle syllable '과' is pronounced with a tense 'ㄲ' sound. The correct pronunciation is [교꽈서] (gyo-kkwa-seo). Pronouncing it with a soft 'g' sound for the second syllable makes it sound foreign.

발음 주의: 교과서 [교꽈서]

Pronunciation warning: Ensure the '과' sounds like '꽈'.

Learners also sometimes confuse 교과서 with 교재. While they are similar, 교재 is a broader term meaning 'teaching materials' or 'course materials'. A teacher might hand out printed articles and call them 교재, but they are not 교과서. A 교과서 is a bound, published book specifically designated as the primary text for a subject.

❌ 이 프린트물은 오늘의 교과서입니다.
✅ 이 프린트물은 오늘의 교재입니다.

This handout is today's teaching material. (Handouts are not textbooks).

By paying attention to these distinctions—using the right verbs (펴다/덮다), applying the correct tense pronunciation [교꽈서], and distinguishing it from other study materials like 문제집 and 교재—you will master the use of 교과서 without making beginner mistakes.

The Korean language has a rich vocabulary related to education and studying. While 교과서 is the most fundamental word for 'textbook', there are several similar words that learners must differentiate to speak accurately about academic materials. Understanding these nuances is key to reaching an advanced level of fluency.

교재 (Teaching Material)
A broader term that includes textbooks, handouts, audio files, and any other materials used for instruction.
참고서 (Reference Book)
A supplementary book used to provide additional explanations or deeper insights beyond the main textbook.
문제집 (Workbook)
A book consisting primarily of practice questions and exercises used for test preparation.

The word most frequently confused with 교과서 is 교재 (gyojae). 교재 translates to 'teaching materials' or 'course materials'. Every 교과서 is a 교재, but not every 교재 is a 교과서. If a teacher uses a PowerPoint presentation, a printed PDF, or a novel to teach a class, those are 교재. 교과서 specifically refers to the official, standardized book.

이번 학기 교재는 교수님이 직접 쓰신 책입니다.

The course material for this semester is a book written by the professor.

Another vital distinction is 참고서 (chamgoseo), which means 'reference book'. In the Korean education system, textbooks (교과서) often contain only the core concepts. Students buy 참고서 to get detailed explanations, background information, and step-by-step guides that help them understand the textbook better. A famous example of a 참고서 in Korea is the '수학의 정석' (The Art of Mathematics).

교과서만으로는 이해가 안 돼서 참고서를 샀어요.

I couldn't understand with just the textbook, so I bought a reference book.

When it comes to preparing for exams, students rely heavily on 문제집 (munjejip), which translates to 'workbook' or 'problem collection'. While a 교과서 focuses on theory and concepts, a 문제집 is filled with multiple-choice questions, essays, and practice tests. You 'read' (읽다) a 교과서, but you 'solve' (풀다) a 문제집.

시험 전날에는 교과서를 복습하고 문제집을 풀었다.

The day before the exam, I reviewed the textbook and solved the workbook.

For university students or adults, you might encounter the word 기본서 (gibonseo), meaning 'basic book' or 'fundamental text'. This is often used in preparation for civil service exams or professional certifications. It functions similarly to a 교과서 but is usually for independent adult learners rather than school children.

공무원 시험 준비를 위해 행정학 기본서를 회독하고 있습니다.

I am doing multiple readings of the public administration basic text to prepare for the civil service exam.

By accurately using these related terms, you demonstrate a deep understanding of Korean educational culture and the specific functions of different study materials.

How Formal Is It?

مستوى الصعوبة

قواعد يجب معرفتها

Object particle 을/를 (교과서를 펴다)

Adjectival suffix -적 (교과서적이다)

Imperative form -(으)세요 (교과서를 펴세요)

Noun modifier (한국어 교과서)

Reason conjunction -아/어서 (교과서가 없어서)

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أمثلة حسب المستوى

1

이것은 교과서입니다.

This is a textbook.

Uses the basic copula 입니다 (is) to identify the object.

2

교과서가 있어요.

I have a textbook.

Uses the subject particle 가 and the verb 있어요 (to have/exist).

3

교과서를 펴세요.

Please open the textbook.

Uses the object particle 를 and the imperative verb 펴세요 (please open).

4

제 교과서입니다.

It is my textbook.

Uses the possessive pronoun 제 (my).

5

교과서가 큽니다.

The textbook is big.

Uses the descriptive verb 큽니다 (is big).

6

한국어 교과서입니다.

It is a Korean textbook.

Noun modifier: 한국어 (Korean) modifies 교과서.

7

교과서를 보세요.

Please look at the textbook.

Uses the imperative verb 보세요 (please look).

8

교과서가 책상 위에 있어요.

The textbook is on the desk.

Uses location particle 에 with 위 (top).

1

서점에서 새 교과서를 샀어요.

I bought a new textbook at the bookstore.

Uses the past tense verb 샀어요 (bought) and location particle 에서.

2

오늘 학교에 교과서를 안 가져왔어요.

I didn't bring my textbook to school today.

Uses the negative adverb 안 and the verb 가져왔어요 (brought).

3

이 교과서는 너무 어려워요.

This textbook is too difficult.

Uses the topic particle 는 and descriptive verb 어려워요 (is difficult).

4

수업이 끝났으니 교과서를 덮으세요.

Class is over, so please close your textbooks.

Uses the verb 덮으세요 (please close) specifically for books.

5

도서관에서 교과서를 읽고 있어요.

I am reading the textbook in the library.

Uses the present progressive form -고 있어요 (am reading).

6

교과서 15페이지를 펴세요.

Please open the textbook to page 15.

Combines numbers (15페이지) with the object.

7

친구에게 교과서를 빌렸어요.

I borrowed a textbook from a friend.

Uses the particle 에게 (from/to a person) and 빌렸어요 (borrowed).

8

가방 안에 교과서가 세 권 있어요.

There are three textbooks in the bag.

Uses the counter 권 for books.

1

시험을 잘 보려면 교과서 위주로 공부해야 합니다.

To do well on the exam, you must study focusing on the textbook.

Uses the phrase 위주로 (focusing on / centered on).

2

이 문제의 정답은 교과서 50쪽에 나와 있습니다.

The answer to this question is on page 50 of the textbook.

Uses 나와 있습니다 (is shown / appears).

3

교과서만으로는 부족해서 참고서를 하나 더 샀어요.

The textbook alone wasn't enough, so I bought one more reference book.

Uses 만으로는 (with only [noun]) and 부족해서 (because it is lacking).

4

그 선수의 폼은 야구의 교과서라고 할 수 있습니다.

That player's form can be called the textbook of baseball.

Metaphorical use with 라고 할 수 있습니다 (can be called).

5

내년부터 중학교 역사 교과서가 바뀐다고 들었어요.

I heard that middle school history textbooks will change starting next year.

Uses indirect quotation -다고 들었어요 (I heard that...).

6

선생님은 항상 교과서적인 대답만 원하십니다.

The teacher always only wants textbook answers.

Uses the adjectival form 교과서적인 (textbook-like / standard).

7

교과서에 낙서를 하면 안 됩니다.

You shouldn't doodle in your textbook.

Uses the prohibition grammar -(으)면 안 됩니다 (should not).

8

모르는 단어가 교과서에 너무 많이 나와요.

Too many words I don't know appear in the textbook.

Uses the verb 나오다 (to appear/come out) in the context of text.

1

그의 위기 대처 능력은 교과서적이라 할 만큼 완벽했다.

His crisis management skills were perfect enough to be called textbook.

Uses -(이)라 할 만큼 (enough to be called).

2

교육부는 새 교육과정을 반영한 교과서 개정안을 발표했습니다.

The Ministry of Education announced a textbook revision plan reflecting the new curriculum.

Uses advanced vocabulary like 반영하다 (reflect) and 개정안 (revision plan).

3

이 소설은 한국 현대 문학의 교과서로 평가받고 있습니다.

This novel is evaluated as the textbook of modern Korean literature.

Metaphorical use with 평가받고 있습니다 (is being evaluated as).

4

학생들은 교과서의 내용을 무비판적으로 수용해서는 안 됩니다.

Students should not accept the contents of the textbook uncritically.

Uses the adverb 무비판적으로 (uncritically) and 수용하다 (accept).

5

수능 시험은 철저하게 교과서 범위 내에서 출제됩니다.

The CSAT exam questions are strictly set within the scope of the textbook.

Uses 범위 내에서 (within the scope) and 출제되다 (questions are set).

6

디지털 교과서의 도입으로 교실 풍경이 크게 달라졌습니다.

With the introduction of digital textbooks, the classroom scenery has changed significantly.

Introduces the compound 디지털 교과서 (digital textbook).

7

그는 원칙을 중요시하는 걸어 다니는 교과서 같은 사람이다.

He is a person like a walking textbook who values principles.

Uses the idiom 걸어 다니는 교과서 (walking textbook).

8

교과서 편찬 위원회는 오류를 수정하기 위해 회의를 열었다.

The textbook compilation committee held a meeting to correct the errors.

Uses specialized terms like 편찬 위원회 (compilation committee).

1

역사 교과서 국정화 논란은 사회적 이념 갈등을 심화시켰다.

The controversy over the state monopolization of history textbooks deepened societal ideological conflicts.

Uses advanced political terms like 국정화 (state monopolization) and 이념 갈등 (ideological conflict).

2

현행 교과서의 서술 방식이 특정 계층의 시각에 편향되어 있다는 지적이 제기되었다.

It was pointed out that the narrative style of current textbooks is biased towards the perspective of a specific class.

Uses complex structures like 편향되어 있다 (is biased) and 지적이 제기되었다 (point was raised).

3

미래 사회를 대비하기 위해서는 지식 전달 위주의 교과서에서 탈피해야 한다.

To prepare for the future society, we must break away from knowledge-transmission-centric textbooks.

Uses 탈피하다 (to break away/escape from) and 위주 (centric).

4

검인정 교과서 체제는 교육의 다양성과 자율성을 보장하는 핵심 기제이다.

The government-approved textbook system is a core mechanism that guarantees the diversity and autonomy of education.

Contrasts with 국정 교과서 by using 검인정 교과서 (government-approved textbook).

5

그의 경영 철학은 기업 윤리의 새로운 교과서를 집대성한 것과 다름없다.

His management philosophy is no different from compiling a new textbook on corporate ethics.

Uses 집대성하다 (to compile/synthesize comprehensively) metaphorically.

6

교과서 집필진은 최신 학설을 반영하기 위해 원고를 전면 재검토 중이다.

The textbook writing team is completely reviewing the manuscript to reflect the latest academic theories.

Uses 집필진 (writing team) and 전면 재검토 (complete review).

7

정형화된 교과서적 해법으로는 이 복잡한 경제 위기를 타개할 수 없다.

This complex economic crisis cannot be overcome with standardized, textbook solutions.

Uses 정형화된 (standardized/formalized) and 타개하다 (to overcome/break through).

8

교과서 무상 배포 정책은 의무 교육의 실질적 완성이라는 의의를 지닌다.

The policy of free textbook distribution holds the significance of practically completing compulsory education.

Uses 무상 배포 (free distribution) and 의의를 지니다 (holds significance).

1

교과서는 단순한 지식의 총체가 아니라, 국가가 공인한 이데올로기의 제도적 산물이다.

A textbook is not merely an aggregate of knowledge, but an institutional product of state-sanctioned ideology.

Uses high-level academic phrasing: 지식의 총체 (aggregate of knowledge), 공인한 (sanctioned), 산물 (product).

2

지나친 교과서 의존증은 학습자의 비판적 사고 능력을 거세하는 기제로 작용할 위험이 농후하다.

Excessive reliance on textbooks carries a strong risk of acting as a mechanism that castrates the learner's critical thinking ability.

Uses strong, evocative verbs like 거세하다 (to castrate/emasculate) metaphorically, and 농후하다 (to be thick/strong).

3

해당 판례는 향후 헌법 재판의 교과서적 준거로 영구히 인용될 기념비적 판결이다.

The precedent is a monumental ruling that will be permanently cited as the textbook standard for future constitutional trials.

Uses legal/academic terms: 판례 (precedent), 준거 (standard/criterion), 영구히 (permanently).

4

지식의 반감기가 급격히 짧아지는 현대 사회에서 종이 교과서의 권위는 해체 수순을 밟고 있다.

In modern society where the half-life of knowledge is drastically shortening, the authority of the paper textbook is going through the steps of deconstruction.

Uses scientific metaphor 반감기 (half-life) and 해체 수순 (steps of deconstruction).

5

국정 교과서 파동은 교육의 정치적 중립성이 얼마나 취약한 기반 위에 서 있는지를 방증했다.

The state textbook upheaval proved circumstantially how fragile the foundation of educational political neutrality is.

Uses 파동 (upheaval/wave) and 방증하다 (to prove circumstantially/be circumstantial evidence).

6

교과서 서술의 미세한 뉘앙스 차이가 세대 간 역사 인식의 간극을 잉태하는 근본 원인이다.

The subtle nuance differences in textbook narratives are the fundamental cause that conceives the gap in historical perception between generations.

Uses 잉태하다 (to conceive/give birth to) metaphorically and 간극 (gap/chasm).

7

이 저서는 양자역학의 난해한 개념들을 대중의 눈높이에 맞춰 교과서적으로 정제해 낸 수작이다.

This book is a masterpiece that has refined the esoteric concepts of quantum mechanics in a textbook manner tailored to the public's level.

Uses 정제하다 (to refine) and 수작 (masterpiece).

8

교육의 패러다임 전환은 교과서라는 닫힌 텍스트에서 벗어나 열린 생태계로 나아가는 것을 의미한다.

The paradigm shift in education means moving away from the closed text of the textbook towards an open ecosystem.

Uses philosophical/pedagogical terms: 패러다임 전환 (paradigm shift), 닫힌 텍스트 (closed text).

المرادفات

교재 텍스트북 학습서

الأضداد

참고서

تلازمات شائعة

교과서를 펴다
교과서를 덮다
교과서를 읽다
교과서를 사다
교과서 위주로
교과서적인 대답
역사 교과서
국어 교과서
수학 교과서
교과서 개정

العبارات الشائعة

교과서를 펴세요
교과서 위주로 공부했어요
교과서에 나오는 내용
교과서적인 인물
교과서를 깜빡했어요
교과서를 덮으세요
교과서가 어렵다
교과서를 빌리다
교과서를 잃어버리다
교과서에 밑줄을 치다

يُخلط عادةً مع

교과서 vs 교재 (Teaching materials - broader term)

교과서 vs 참고서 (Reference book - supplementary)

교과서 vs 문제집 (Workbook - for practice questions)

تعبيرات اصطلاحية

"교과서 같다"
"교과서적인 삶"
"걸어 다니는 교과서"
"교과서대로 하다"
"교과서에 충실하다"
"교과서를 벗어나다"
"교과서적인 폼"
"교과서적인 플레이"
"교과서적인 예"
"교과서 밖의 세상"

سهل الخلط

교과서 vs

교과서 vs

교과서 vs

교과서 vs

교과서 vs

أنماط الجُمل

سجّل مجاناً لرؤية جميع الأمثلة

كيفية الاستخدام

note

While '책' means book in general, '교과서' is strictly for textbooks. Do not use 교과서 for novels, magazines, or general reading books.

أخطاء شائعة
  • Pronouncing it as [교과서] instead of the correct [교꽈서].
  • Using the verb 열다 (to open a door) instead of 펴다 to open the textbook.
  • Using the verb 닫다 (to close a door) instead of 덮다 to close the textbook.
  • Calling a workbook (문제집) or a reference book (참고서) a 교과서.
  • Forgetting to use the object particle 을/를 when performing an action on the textbook (e.g., saying 교과서 펴세요 instead of 교과서를 펴세요, though the former is acceptable in casual speech, the latter is grammatically complete).

نصائح

Tense Consonant Rule

Always pronounce the middle syllable as [꽈]. Saying [과] with a soft 'g' sounds unnatural to native speakers. Practice saying 'gyo-kkwa-seo' quickly. This tensification is very common in Hanja words.

Correct Verbs for Books

Never use 열다 (open) or 닫다 (close) with 교과서. Always use 펴다 to open and 덮다 to close. This is a classic mistake made by English speakers translating directly. Memorize the phrase '펴고 덮다'.

Distinguish from Workbooks

Do not call a book full of practice tests a 교과서. That is a 문제집. A 교과서 is for reading and learning the theory. Using the wrong word can cause confusion in bookstores.

The Suneung Cliché

If you want to make a Korean friend laugh, tell them you got a good grade because you '교과서 위주로 공부했어요' (studied focusing on the textbook). It's a well-known joke about how top students always give the same humble answer.

Metaphorical Compliment

You can praise someone's perfect technique in sports or work by calling it '교과서적이다'. It means their form is so perfect it could be put in a textbook. It's a high compliment for technical skill.

Classroom Commands

If you take a Korean class, '교과서 [number]쪽 펴세요' will be the most common sentence you hear. Train yourself to recognize '쪽' or '페이지' (page) immediately following the word 교과서.

Formal Essays

When writing TOPIK essays about education, using words like 교과서, 교육과정 (curriculum), and 공교육 (public education) will boost your vocabulary score. Avoid using simple words like '학교 책'.

Compound Words

You can easily create compound words by adding the subject before 교과서. For example: 수학 교과서 (math), 영어 교과서 (English), 과학 교과서 (science). This is the standard way to refer to specific books.

History Textbook Debates

Be aware that '역사 교과서' (history textbook) is a sensitive topic in Korea. Different political administrations often try to revise them. It's good to know this context if you read Korean news.

Hanja Breakdown

Remember the Hanja: 敎 (teach) + 科 (subject) + 書 (book). Knowing '서' means book helps you connect it to other words like 도서관 (library) and 독서 (reading). This makes memorization much easier.

احفظها

وسيلة تذكّر

Imagine you GO (교) to CLASS (과) to read a BOOK (서). Gyo-gwa-seo = Textbook.

أصل الكلمة

Sino-Korean

السياق الثقافي

While public schools use 교과서, private academies (hagwons) often use their own specialized 교재 (materials) or 문제집 (workbooks).

The CSAT exam questions are legally required to be drawn from the concepts covered in the standard high school 교과서.

The term '국정 교과서' refers to textbooks authored directly by the state, a highly controversial policy in Korean history education.

تدرّب في الحياة الواقعية

سياقات واقعية

بدايات محادثة

"한국어를 공부할 때 어떤 교과서를 사용하시나요?"

"학창 시절에 가장 좋아했던 교과서는 무엇인가요?"

"요즘 학생들은 종이 교과서 대신 태블릿을 많이 쓴다고 생각하시나요?"

"수능 만점자들이 '교과서 위주로 공부했다'고 하는 말을 믿으시나요?"

"좋은 교과서의 조건은 무엇이라고 생각하십니까?"

مواضيع للكتابة اليومية

Describe the Korean textbook you are currently using. What do you like or dislike about it?

Write about a time you forgot to bring your textbook to class. What happened?

Do you think digital textbooks will completely replace paper textbooks in the future? Why?

Explain the difference between a 교과서 and a 문제집 in your own words.

Write about someone you know who is a 'walking textbook' (걸어 다니는 교과서).

الأسئلة الشائعة

10 أسئلة

No, a novel is a 소설책. Even if you read it for class, it is not a 교과서. A 교과서 is a specifically designed instructional book. You might call the novel a 교재 (course material) in that specific context. But 교과서 is reserved for standard textbooks.

This is due to a Korean phonological rule called tensification (된소리되기가). When certain consonants follow specific vowels in compound Sino-Korean words, they become tense. The 'ㄱ' in '과' becomes a tense 'ㄲ' sound. It makes the word easier and more natural to say quickly.

It literally means 'I studied focusing on the textbook.' Culturally, it is a famous cliché used by top students who get perfect scores on the national university entrance exam. It implies they didn't rely on expensive private tutoring or complex workbooks. It means sticking to the basics.

No, a dictionary is a 사전. A 교과서 is used to learn a subject progressively. A dictionary is used to look up specific information. Both are books used in school, but they have different names and functions.

You say '교과서를 펴세요'. The verb 펴다 means to spread open. Do not use the verb 열다, which is used for opening doors, windows, or boxes. Using the correct verb is crucial for sounding natural.

You say '교과서를 덮으세요'. The verb 덮다 means to cover or close a book. Do not use the verb 닫다, which is used for closing doors or windows. This is a very common classroom command.

It translates to 'digital textbook'. As technology advances, many Korean schools are replacing physical paper books with digital versions on tablets. These are called 디지털 교과서. They function the same way but are in an electronic format.

Yes, by adding the suffix '-적' to make '교과서적' or '교과서적인'. It means 'textbook-like' or 'standard'. For example, a '교과서적인 대답' is a textbook answer—one that is perfectly standard but perhaps unoriginal.

These are political terms related to education. A 국정 교과서 is authored and published directly by the government. A 검인정 교과서 is written by private publishers but approved by the government. The debate over which system to use for history textbooks is a major issue in Korea.

Technically, it is more accurate to call it a '한국어 교재' (Korean study material) or '독학서' (self-study book). However, if it is a structured book designed like a textbook (e.g., 'Talk To Me In Korean Textbook'), people will understand if you call it a 교과서.

سجّل مجاناً للنصائح والملاحظات

اختبر نفسك 180 أسئلة

/ 180 correct

Perfect score!

سجّل مجاناً للتدريب

محتوى ذو صلة

مزيد من كلمات education

백점

A2

A perfect score, typically 100 points, in a test or exam.

능력

B1

امتلاك الوسائل أو المهارة للقيام بشيء ما. لديه قدرة رائعة على القيادة.

결석

B1

غياب الطالب عن المدرسة أو الفصل الدراسي.

결석하다

A2

الغياب عن المدرسة أو الفصل. مثال: غاب الطالب عن المدرسة بسبب المرض.

학업성취도

B2

مستوى التحصيل الأكاديمي الذي يحققه الطالب، ويقاس عادة بالدرجات. يعتبر التحصيل الدراسي مقياساً هاماً للنجاح التعليمي.

학업 성취

B2

التحصيل الأكاديمي هو مدى تحقيق الطالب أو المؤسسة لأهدافهم التعليمية.

학문

B1

الدراسة الأكاديمية أو السعي المنهجي للمعرفة.

학문적

B1

يتعلق بالتعليم أو الدراسة أو البحث. ؛ يتسم بالسعي وراء المعرفة والبحث والدراسة النظرية، غالبًا داخل المؤسسات التعليمية الرسمية أو المجتمعات الأكاديمية.

학술

B1

Relating to education and scholarship, especially at a college or university level; academic pursuits or studies.

학원

A2

معهد تعليمي خاص للتعلم التكميلي. يذهب الطلاب الكوريون إلى الهاغوون بعد المدرسة لتعلم مواضيع مختلفة.

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