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B1 adjective 9 دقيقة للقراءة

crónico

أمثلة crónico في 30 ثانية
الشرح crónico in your Level:
At the A1 level, you only need to know that 'crónico' (or 'crónica') describes a health problem that lasts a long time. You might hear a doctor say this or see it on a medicine bottle. It is important to remember that it is an adjective, so it describes a noun. For example, if you have a back pain that never goes away, you can say 'uma dor crónica'. At this stage, just focus on the basic meaning: 'long-lasting' in a medical way. You should also notice the 'ó' sound, which is open and clear. Don't worry about using it in complex sentences yet; just recognize it when you see it in health-related contexts. Think of it as the opposite of a quick cold or a small scratch. It is something that stays with the person for many weeks, months, or years. Also, remember to match the gender: 'o problema' (masculine) needs 'crónico', and 'a dor' (feminine) needs 'crónica'. This is a great word to start learning how adjectives change their endings in Portuguese based on the noun they are describing.
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At the A2 level, you can start using 'crónico' to describe frequent habits or things that happen all the time. You might describe someone who is always late as an 'atrasado crónico'. This is a slightly more advanced way of using the word because it is not just about medicine anymore; it is about how people behave. You will also see this word in simple news headlines about the economy or the weather, like 'seca crónica' (chronic drought). You should practice using it with the verb 'ser' (to be) because 'crónico' describes a permanent or long-term quality. For example, 'O trânsito em Lisboa é crónico' (The traffic in Lisbon is a chronic/constant issue). You are moving beyond simple health terms and starting to use the word to describe the world around you. Pay attention to the plural forms: 'problemas crónicos' and 'doenças crónicas'. This will help you practice your noun-adjective agreement, which is a key skill at the A2 level. You might also notice that the word sounds very similar to the English word 'chronic', which makes it a 'cognate'—a word that looks the same and means the same thing in both languages.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the B1 level, you should be able to use 'crónico' in a variety of contexts, including social, economic, and personal. You are expected to understand the difference between 'crónico' and 'agudo' in a medical or situational sense. For instance, you could explain that a 'crise económica' has become 'crónica' because it has lasted for many years and seems structural. You should also be comfortable using the word to add emphasis to your opinions. If you are discussing a problem in your city, like the lack of parking, calling it a 'problema crónico' shows that you understand it is a deep-seated issue, not just a one-time occurrence. At this level, you should also be aware of the word's placement—usually after the noun—and the importance of the written accent. You can start to use synonyms like 'persistente' or 'recorrente' to vary your speech, but knowing when 'crónico' is the most appropriate choice (usually for systemic or medical issues) is a mark of a B1 learner. You might also encounter the noun 'crónica' (a short story or newspaper column), which is a different word but shares the same root. Be careful not to confuse the adjective 'crónico' with the literary genre 'crónica'.
At the B2 level, you should use 'crónico' with nuance and precision. You can use it to describe complex societal phenomena, such as 'desemprego crónico' or 'subinvestimento crónico', and discuss their causes and consequences in detail. You should also be able to use the word in more abstract or metaphorical ways. For example, describing a character in a book as having a 'melancolia crónica' suggests a deep, unchanging part of their personality. Your pronunciation should be accurate, correctly stressing the 'ó'. At this level, you should also understand the register of the word; it is common in formal reports, journalism, and academic writing, but it can also be used ironically in informal conversation. You should be able to distinguish between 'crónico' and other similar adjectives like 'endémico' (specific to a place) or 'inveterado' (deeply ingrained habit). For example, you might say that corruption in a certain institution is 'endémica', but the lack of resources is 'crónica'. This level of precision is what separates a B2 learner from a B1 learner. You should also be comfortable using the word in complex sentence structures, such as 'Apesar dos esforços do governo, o défice permanece crónico devido a fatores estruturais'.
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At the C1 level, 'crónico' is a word you use to provide sophisticated analysis. You understand its historical and etymological roots and how that influences its modern usage. You can use it in high-level academic or professional environments to describe systemic failures with authority. For instance, in a business context, you might discuss 'falta crónica de liquidez' (chronic lack of liquidity) and its impact on long-term strategy. You are also sensitive to the stylistic effects of the word. You might use it in a literary essay to describe the 'ritmo crónico' of a narrative. Your understanding of the word includes its collocations—the words it is most often paired with—such as 'doente crónico', 'atraso crónico', and 'escassez crónica'. You can also recognize when the word is being used as a noun in specialized medical contexts ('os crónicos') and understand the ethical implications of such usage. At this level, you should be able to debate the nuances between 'crónico', 'permanente', 'perpétuo', and 'perene', choosing the exact word that fits the temporal and structural nature of the situation you are describing. Your written Portuguese should reflect the correct use of the accent and agreement without any errors.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the C2 level, you have a masterly command of 'crónico'. You can use it with a high degree of irony, metaphor, and cultural reference. You understand how the word functions in the history of Portuguese literature and journalism. You might use it to critique national identity, such as discussing the 'pessimismo crónico' often attributed to certain cultural movements. You are aware of the subtle differences in how the word might be used in different Lusophone countries, although the core meaning remains the same. In professional settings, you use the term to diagnose structural issues in a way that suggests a deep understanding of the underlying systems. You can use the word to create rhetorical impact in speeches or persuasive writing. For example, 'Estamos perante um cancro crónico na nossa administração pública'. Your use of 'crónico' is indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker. You also understand the relationship between the adjective 'crónico' and the noun 'cronologia', and how they both relate to the philosophical concept of time. You can effortlessly switch between the medical, social, and metaphorical uses of the word, always selecting the most appropriate register and tone for your audience.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
أمثلة

crónico في 30 ثانية

  • Crónico means long-lasting or recurring, often used for medical conditions like diabetes or asthma.
  • It is also used figuratively for persistent habits or social problems like unemployment or being late.
  • The word must agree in gender (crónico/crónica) and number (crónicos/crónicas) with the noun it describes.
  • It is a formal and precise word, essential for B1 learners to describe structural or permanent issues.
The Portuguese adjective crónico (feminine: crónica) is a powerful descriptor that originates from the Greek word 'khronos', meaning time. In its most literal and frequent sense, it refers to something that persists over a long duration or that recurs frequently. While many learners first encounter this word in a medical context, its utility in Portuguese extends far beyond the doctor's office. It characterizes states of being, societal issues, and even personality traits that seem impossible to change. When you describe a problem as crónico, you are implying that it is not a temporary setback but a deep-seated condition that requires long-term management rather than a quick fix.
Medical Context
In medicine, a 'doença crónica' is a condition like diabetes or asthma that lasts for years. It is the direct opposite of 'agudo' (acute), which describes sudden, short-term illnesses.
Social and Economic Use
Commonly used in news to describe systemic failures, such as 'desemprego crónico' (chronic unemployment) or 'défice crónico' (chronic deficit), suggesting these are structural problems of the country.
Behavioral Description
Used to describe habitual behaviors, often with a negative or humorous connotation, like 'atrasado crónico' (someone who is always late) or 'mentiroso crónico' (a pathological liar).
Understanding this word requires recognizing the weight it carries; it suggests a sense of permanence or a cycle that is difficult to break. In Portugal and Brazil, the term is used with identical frequency, though the pronunciation of the open 'ó' is a key marker of native fluency.

Infelizmente, o meu pai sofre de um problema de costas crónico que o impede de caminhar longas distâncias.

This word is essential for B1 learners because it allows for more precise descriptions of the world. Instead of just saying something is 'long' or 'bad', calling it crónico provides a specific temporal and structural quality.

A falta de investimento na educação tornou-se um problema crónico na nossa região.

Ela é uma otimista crónica, vê sempre o lado bom de tudo.

O trânsito nesta cidade é um pesadelo crónico durante a hora de ponta.

Muitos países enfrentam uma escassez crónica de água potável.

Synonym Focus
While 'persistente' is similar, 'crónico' implies a medical or systematic nature that 'persistente' lacks.
Using crónico correctly involves understanding its placement and its grammatical agreement. As an adjective, it typically follows the noun it modifies. In Portuguese, the distinction between 'ser' and 'estar' can be subtle, but with crónico, we almost always use 'ser' because the adjective describes an inherent, long-term characteristic of the condition or person. For example, 'A doença é crónica' (The disease is chronic) emphasizes that the nature of the disease is long-lasting.
Agreement Rules
Masculine Singular: O cansaço crónico. Feminine Singular: A fadiga crónica. Masculine Plural: Os problemas crónicos. Feminine Plural: As dores crónicas.
In formal writing, crónico appears frequently in reports and academic papers. In informal speech, it is often used to exaggerate a friend's habits. If a friend is always five minutes late, you might jokingly call them an 'atrasado crónico'.

O médico explicou que a minha sinusite se tornou crónica devido à falta de tratamento inicial.

Os economistas estão preocupados com o défice crónico das contas públicas.

Não podemos ignorar a pobreza crónica que afeta as zonas rurais.

Positioning
While most adjectives follow the noun, putting 'crónico' before the noun (e.g., 'um crónico problema') is rare and usually restricted to literary contexts to emphasize the persistent nature of the issue.

A insónia crónica pode ter consequências graves para a saúde mental.

Ele sofre de alcoolismo crónico e precisa de ajuda profissional urgente.

When talking about people, 'crónico' often turns into a noun in informal contexts, such as 'os crónicos' (the chronic patients). However, as a learner, stick to its use as an adjective to ensure clarity and politeness.
You will encounter crónico in several distinct environments. The most common is the healthcare system. In Portugal (SNS) or Brazil (SUS), doctors use it to classify patients who require continuous medication. If you visit a pharmacy, you might hear about 'medicamentos para doenças crónicas'. Beyond health, the word is a staple of evening news broadcasts and political commentary. Journalists love the word because it adds a sense of gravity and historical weight to the problems they describe.
The News
'O país vive um estado de crise crónica.' This implies the crisis is no longer an event, but the new normal.
Workplace
In HR meetings, a manager might mention 'absenteísmo crónico' (chronic absenteeism) when discussing a difficult employee.
You will also hear it in academic settings, particularly in history, sociology, and economics, where it describes patterns that repeat over decades.

A reportagem focou-se na falta crónica de habitação acessível nas grandes cidades.

O paciente tem um historial de bronquite crónica desde a infância.

O atraso crónico dos comboios é motivo de queixa constante dos passageiros.

Literature
Authors use it to describe a character's melancholy or a city's decay, giving the prose a sense of inescapable fate.

Existe um desequilíbrio crónico entre a oferta e a procura no mercado de trabalho.

Aquele aluno é um gazeteiro crónico, raramente aparece nas aulas de sexta-feira.

In everyday life, if you describe a problem as crónico, people will understand that you think the problem is very hard to solve. It is a word that demands respect and serious attention.
The most frequent mistake English speakers make is forgetting the gender agreement. Since 'chronic' in English doesn't change, learners often say 'a dor crónico' instead of the correct a dor crónica. Another common error is using 'agudo' and 'crónico' interchangeably. While both describe something intense, 'agudo' is short-lived and 'crónico' is long-lasting.
Confusing with 'Grave'
A condition can be 'crónica' but not 'grave' (serious). For example, a mild allergy can be chronic but not life-threatening. Don't assume 'crónico' always means 'deadly'.
Spelling and Accents
Many learners forget the accent on the 'ó'. In Portuguese, 'cronico' without the accent is not a word. The accent is mandatory to show the stress on the antepenultimate syllable.
Another mistake is using it for things that just happened once. If a train is late today, it is 'um atraso'. If it has been late every day for three years, it is 'um atraso crónico'.

Errado: Tenho uma gripe crónica desde ontem. (Flu is usually acute, not chronic).

Correto: Tenho uma rinite crónica que me incomoda todo o ano.

Não confunda crónico com 'cronológico'. O primeiro refere-se à duração, o segundo à ordem no tempo.

False Friend Warning
In slang English, 'chronic' sometimes refers to high-quality marijuana. In Portuguese, 'crónico' has NO such slang meaning. Using it that way will lead to confusion.

O uso de 'crónico' para descrever uma pessoa (ex: 'ele é um crónico') sem um substantivo pode soar desumanizante em contextos médicos.

Lembre-se: 'doença crónica' é o termo padrão, não diga 'doença de longo tempo'.

Finally, be careful with the plural. 'Crónicos' and 'crónicas' follow the standard rules, but the stress remains on the same syllable. Mastering these nuances will make your Portuguese sound much more natural.
When you want to express the idea of something lasting a long time but crónico doesn't feel right, there are several alternatives. Each has a specific nuance.
Persistente
Use this for things that keep happening despite efforts to stop them. 'Uma tosse persistente' (A persistent cough) might become 'crónica' if it lasts for months, but 'persistente' focuses on the resistance to treatment.
Permanente
Use this for things that will never change. 'Uma morada permanente' (A permanent address). 'Crónico' implies a condition that recurs, while 'permanente' implies it is always there.
Recorrente
Focuses on the fact that something disappears and then comes back. 'Problemas recorrentes' (Recurring problems).
In a more formal or literary context, you might use 'inveterado'. This is often used for habits, like 'um fumador inveterado' (a lifelong smoker). It carries a stronger sense of a habit being deeply ingrained in someone's personality.

A sua falta de pontualidade é persistente, mas não diria que é um problema crónico.

O contrato é por tempo indeterminado, garantindo uma solução permanente.

O paciente apresenta episódios recorrentes de enxaqueca.

Comparison Table
Crónico: Medical/Systemic long-term. | Persistente: Resisting change. | Recorrente: Coming and going. | Inveterado: Deeply ingrained habit.

Ele é um colecionador inveterado de selos raros.

A instabilidade política tornou-se uma característica endémica na região.

Use 'endémica' when a problem is specific to a certain place or people. While related to 'crónico', 'endémica' adds a geographic or social boundary to the persistence. By choosing the right word, you show a deeper command of Portuguese vocabulary and a better understanding of the nuances of time and persistence.
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1

Eu tenho uma dor crónica nas costas.

I have a chronic pain in my back.

Note that 'dor' is feminine, so we use 'crónica'.

2

O meu avô tem uma doença crónica.

My grandfather has a chronic disease.

The adjective 'crónica' follows the noun 'doença'.

3

Este problema de saúde é crónico.

This health problem is chronic.

Here, 'crónico' matches the masculine noun 'problema'.

4

Ela toma remédios para o seu estado crónico.

She takes medicine for her chronic condition.

Adjectives like 'crónico' help describe the type of state.

5

A asma é uma condição crónica.

Asthma is a chronic condition.

'Condição' is feminine, so 'crónica' is used.

6

Ele sofre de cansaço crónico.

He suffers from chronic fatigue.

'Cansaço' is masculine singular.

7

Dores crónicas são difíceis de tratar.

Chronic pains are difficult to treat.

Plural feminine agreement: 'dores crónicas'.

8

Você tem algum problema crónico?

Do you have any chronic problem?

A simple question using the adjective.

1

Ele é um atrasado crónico nas reuniões.

He is chronically late to meetings.

Used here to describe a habitual behavior.

2

A falta de água é um problema crónico aqui.

The lack of water is a chronic problem here.

Describes a recurring environmental issue.

3

O trânsito nesta rua é crónico.

The traffic on this street is chronic.

Implies the traffic happens every day.

4

Ela é uma compradora crónica de sapatos.

She is a chronic shoe buyer.

Metaphorical use for a frequent habit.

5

Os problemas crónicos da escola foram resolvidos.

The school's chronic problems were solved.

Plural masculine agreement.

6

Ele tem um mau humor crónico pela manhã.

He has a chronic bad mood in the morning.

Describes a persistent personality trait.

7

A cidade sofre de poluição crónica.

The city suffers from chronic pollution.

'Poluição' is feminine.

8

Não seja um reclamão crónico!

Don't be a chronic complainer!

Informal use of the adjective.

1

O país enfrenta um défice crónico nas contas.

The country faces a chronic deficit in the accounts.

Economic context for B1 level.

2

A insónia crónica afeta a sua produtividade.

Chronic insomnia affects her productivity.

Describes a long-term medical/lifestyle issue.

3

Existe uma escassez crónica de médicos no interior.

There is a chronic shortage of doctors in the countryside.

Social context regarding public services.

4

O desemprego crónico é um desafio para o governo.

Chronic unemployment is a challenge for the government.

Abstract noun modified by 'crónico'.

5

Eles vivem num estado de conflito crónico.

They live in a state of chronic conflict.

Describes a persistent situation.

6

A rinite crónica piora durante a primavera.

Chronic rhinitis gets worse during spring.

Specific medical term.

7

O subinvestimento crónico destruiu a ferrovia.

Chronic underinvestment destroyed the railway.

Political/Economic usage.

8

Ele é um otimista crónico, apesar das dificuldades.

He is a chronic optimist, despite the difficulties.

Positive but slightly hyperbolic use.

1

A corrupção tornou-se um mal crónico na instituição.

Corruption has become a chronic evil in the institution.

Stronger, more critical vocabulary.

2

O paciente foi diagnosticado com insuficiência renal crónica.

The patient was diagnosed with chronic kidney failure.

Technical medical terminology.

3

A instabilidade política é um traço crónico daquela região.

Political instability is a chronic trait of that region.

Analyzing regional characteristics.

4

O sistema educativo sofre de uma rigidez crónica.

The educational system suffers from a chronic rigidity.

Metaphorical use for institutional problems.

5

A falta crónica de pessoal sobrecarrega os enfermeiros.

The chronic lack of staff overburdens the nurses.

Discussing labor issues.

6

Aquele escritor descreve a solidão como algo crónico.

That writer describes loneliness as something chronic.

Literary/Philosophical context.

7

O défice comercial crónico afeta o valor da moeda.

The chronic trade deficit affects the currency value.

Advanced economic discussion.

8

Ela luta contra a depressão crónica há dez anos.

She has been fighting chronic depression for ten years.

Sensitive medical/psychological context.

1

A patologia é de natureza crónica e requer vigilância.

The pathology is of a chronic nature and requires monitoring.

Formal medical report style.

2

O desequilíbrio crónico entre oferta e procura gera inflação.

The chronic imbalance between supply and demand generates inflation.

Academic economic analysis.

3

A burocracia é um obstáculo crónico ao desenvolvimento.

Bureaucracy is a chronic obstacle to development.

Sociopolitical critique.

4

A obra reflete o pessimismo crónico da geração do autor.

The work reflects the chronic pessimism of the author's generation.

Literary analysis.

5

A escassez crónica de recursos exige uma gestão rigorosa.

The chronic scarcity of resources demands rigorous management.

Professional management context.

6

O cansaço crónico pode ser um sintoma de burnout.

Chronic fatigue can be a symptom of burnout.

Modern psychological context.

7

A cidade debate como resolver o problema crónico dos sem-abrigo.

The city debates how to solve the chronic problem of the homeless.

Social policy discussion.

8

A dependência crónica de combustíveis fósseis é insustentável.

The chronic dependence on fossil fuels is unsustainable.

Environmental/Scientific context.

1

A inércia crónica da administração impede qualquer reforma.

The chronic inertia of the administration prevents any reform.

Highly formal/Political critique.

2

O texto explora a melancolia crónica inerente à condição humana.

The text explores the chronic melancholy inherent in the human condition.

Deep philosophical usage.

3

A precariedade crónica do mercado laboral afeta os jovens.

The chronic precariousness of the labor market affects young people.

Sociological analysis.

4

O país vive sob o signo de uma crise crónica de identidade.

The country lives under the sign of a chronic identity crisis.

Metaphorical/Cultural analysis.

5

A falta crónica de transparência mina a confiança pública.

The chronic lack of transparency undermines public trust.

Political science terminology.

6

O autor utiliza o termo para descrever um vício crónico.

The author uses the term to describe a chronic vice.

Literary criticism.

7

A descapitalização crónica das empresas travou a inovação.

The chronic decapitalization of companies stalled innovation.

High-level economic history.

8

O problema tornou-se crónico, resistindo a todas as terapias.

The problem became chronic, resisting all therapies.

Abstract/Metaphorical permanence.

تلازمات شائعة

doença crónica
dor crónica
défice crónico
atraso crónico
falta crónica
insónia crónica
desemprego crónico
doente crónico
problema crónico
escassez crónica

العبارات الشائعة

estado crónico

— A situation that has become permanent and hard to change.

A economia entrou num estado crónico de estagnação.

mentiroso crónico

— Someone who lies habitually and compulsively.

Não acredites nele, é um mentiroso crónico.

otimista crónico

— Someone who is always positive, often to an unrealistic degree.

O João é um otimista crónico, nunca vê o perigo.

cansaço crónico

— Persistent fatigue that does not go away with rest.

Sinto um cansaço crónico ultimamente.

mal crónico

— A deep-seated problem or vice in society.

A burocracia é o mal crónico deste país.

atrasado crónico

— A person who is never on time.

O meu irmão é um atrasado crónico.

bronquite crónica

— A long-term inflammation of the bronchi.

Ele fuma muito e tem bronquite crónica.

caráter crónico
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crónico Spanish
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