通う
通う in 30 Sekunden
- Kayou primarily means to commute or attend a place like school, work, or a gym on a regular basis, implying a return trip.
- It differs from 'iku' (to go) because it focuses on the habit and repetition rather than a single destination-oriented movement.
- Metaphorically, it describes the flow of blood through the body or the mutual understanding (flow of hearts) between two people.
- Commonly used in the '~te iru' form to describe one's current status as a student, employee, or regular visitor of an institution.
The Japanese verb 通う (kayou) is a fundamental B1-level word that transcends the simple English translation of 'to go.' While 'to go' (iku) implies a one-way movement toward a destination, 通う encapsulates the concept of repetition, routine, and the cyclic nature of travel. At its core, it describes the act of moving back and forth between two points on a regular basis. This is most commonly applied to commuting to work or school, but its semantic range extends into the realms of health, emotion, and even biology.
- Physical Routine
- The most common usage refers to daily transit. Whether it is a student going to university or an employee heading to an office, the verb implies that the journey is a scheduled, recurring part of one's life.
- Institutional Attendance
- It is used for visiting places like hospitals, gyms, or specialized lessons (like piano or karate). If you are 'attending' these places as a regular member or patient, you are 'kayou-ing'.
- Metaphorical Flow
- Beyond physical movement, it describes the flow of things. Blood 'kayou' through veins, and more poetically, feelings or 'hearts' (kokoro) 'kayou' between people when they reach a deep mutual understanding.
毎日、電車で大学に通っています。(Mainichi, densha de daigaku ni kayotte imasu.)
— Translation: I commute to university by train every day.
In the Japanese mindset, 通う suggests a connection established through repetition. By regularly visiting a place, you develop a relationship with it. This is why you wouldn't use 'kayou' for a one-time trip to a museum, even if the museum is far away. The 'flow' aspect is also vital; the kanji 通 (tsuu) is the same one used in 'tsuuka' (passage) and 'tsuushin' (communication), highlighting that the path is open and active.
彼とは心が通っている。(Kare to wa kokoro ga kayotte iru.)
— Translation: I have a mutual understanding with him (our hearts 'flow' together).
Historically, the word relates to 'passing through' or 'threading.' Imagine a needle passing through fabric repeatedly; that is the essence of 通う. It creates a fabric of habit. In modern urban Japan, where the 'commuter culture' is a defining social characteristic, this word is ubiquitous. From the 'teikiken' (commuter pass) to the 'tsuukin-densha' (commuter train), the verb provides the linguistic backbone for the daily rhythm of millions.
- Biological Usage
- Used to describe the circulation of blood (chi ga kayou) or the presence of life/warmth in an object.
- Frequency Requirement
- To use this word correctly, there must be an implied 'return.' You go, and you come back, and you do it again. It is a closed loop of movement.
Using 通う (kayou) correctly requires attention to particles and the aspect of the verb. Because it is an intransitive verb of motion, the destination is typically marked with the particles に (ni) or へ (e). However, unlike 'iku' (to go), which focuses on the destination, 'kayou' focuses on the regularity of the action.
- The '~te iru' Form
- Most often, you will hear this verb in the progressive or habitual form: 通っている (kayotte iru). This indicates that the state of attending or commuting is currently ongoing in your life. For example, 'I am currently attending a gym' is 'Jimu ni kayotte iru.'
- Particle Choice
- Use 'ni' to indicate the specific institution (school, office). Use 'de' to indicate the means of transport (densha de, kuruma de).
週に三回、塾に通っています。(Shuu ni sankai, juku ni kayotte imasu.)
— Translation: I attend cram school three times a week.
When discussing the 'flow' of feelings or blood, the subject is usually the thing that flows (kokoro, chi), and the destination is marked with 'ni'. For example, 'His feelings reached her' could be expressed as 'Kanojo ni omoi ga kayotta.' This usage is more literary and sophisticated.
この道は多くの人が通るが、学校に通う道でもある。(Kono michi wa ooku no hito ga tooru ga, gakkou ni kayou michi demo aru.)
— Translation: Many people pass through (tooru) this road, but it is also the road I use to attend (kayou) school.
Note the difference between 通る (tooru) and 通う (kayou). 'Tooru' means to pass through a space physically, while 'kayou' means to attend a destination regularly. They share the same kanji but have distinct grammatical functions. In business Japanese, 'kayou' is often replaced by more formal nouns like 'tsuukin' (commuting to work) or 'houmon' (visiting), but in spoken conversation, 'kayou' remains the standard choice for describing one's routine.
- Causative Form
- 通わせる (kayowaseru): To make someone attend. Often used by parents regarding their children's lessons. 'Kodomo o piano ni kayowaseru' (To make my child attend piano lessons).
- Potential Form
- 通える (kayoeru): To be able to commute. 'Uchi kara kayoeru kyori' (A distance from which I can commute).
You will encounter 通う (kayou) in almost every facet of Japanese daily life. Because the Japanese social structure is heavily built around institutions (schools, companies, clubs), the act of 'attending' is a primary topic of conversation. Whether you are at a train station, a doctor's office, or a social gathering, this word will appear frequently.
- At the Train Station
- While the announcements use 'densha ga mairimasu' (the train is coming), passengers often discuss their 'tsuukin' (commute) using the verb 'kayou.' You'll hear people complaining about the distance they have to 'kayou' every morning.
- At the Hospital
- Doctors will ask, 'Itsu made kayoeba ii desu ka?' (Until when should I keep coming/attending?). This refers to the follow-up appointments necessary for treatment.
- In Job Interviews
- Interviewers often ask, 'Uchi made kayoemasu ka?' (Can you commute to our location?). They are checking if the distance is manageable for the candidate.
「どちらの学校に通っていらっしゃるんですか?」(Dochira no gakkou ni kayotte irassharu n desu ka?)
— Translation: Which school do you attend? (Polite/Keigo)
In media, specifically 'slice of life' anime or dramas, 'kayou' is used to establish the setting of a character's life. A character might be 'kayou-ing' to a specific library to see a crush, or 'kayou-ing' to a traditional dojo. It signals a commitment and a recurring presence. In news reports, you might hear it in the context of 'kayoi-kaigo' (commuter caregiving), where a family member visits an elderly relative's home regularly to provide care without living there.
「最近、ジムに通い始めたんだ。」(Saikin, jimu ni kayoi hajimeta n da.)
— Translation: I've recently started going to the gym.
Literary contexts often use the 'flow' nuance. In novels, an author might describe the 'chi no kayotta ningyou' (a doll that seems to have blood flowing through it/seems alive). This adds a layer of depth to the word, moving it from the mundane 'commute' to the profound 'life-giving flow.' Even in sports, fans might 'kayou' to the stadium for every home game, showing their dedication through the repetition of the act.
- Customer Loyalty
- Regulars at a bar or cafe are said to 'kayou' there. 'Ano mise ni wa juunen kayotte iru' (I've been going to that shop for ten years).
- Education
- Used for 'juku' (cram school), 'narai-goto' (lessons), and 'yobikou' (prep school).
While 通う (kayou) is a common word, its specific nuance of 'regularity' leads to several frequent errors by learners. The most common mistake is using it as a direct synonym for 'iku' (to go) without considering the frequency or the 'return' aspect of the journey.
- The 'One-Time' Error
- Learners often say 'Ashita, gakkou ni kayou' when they mean 'I will go to school tomorrow.' Unless you are starting your first day of a long-term enrollment, you should use 'iku.' 'Kayou' describes the habit, not the single instance.
- Confusing with 'Tooru' (通る)
- Because they share the same kanji, learners often mix up 'kayou' (to attend) and 'tooru' (to pass through). If you say 'Michi ni kayou,' it sounds like you are attending the road as a student. You should say 'Michi o tooru' to mean you are walking along the road.
❌ スーパーに通って、パンを買いました。(Suupaa ni kayotte, pan o kaimashita.)
✅ スーパーに行って、パンを買いました。(Suupaa ni itte, pan o kaimashita.)
— Note: Unless you go to the supermarket as a daily ritual/job, 'itte' is correct.
Another mistake involves the particle を (o). While 'tooru' often takes 'o' (to pass through a space), 'kayou' almost always takes 'ni' or 'e' for the destination. Using 'Gakkou o kayou' is grammatically incorrect. However, you can say 'Gakkou ni kayou michi' (the road that leads to school), where 'michi' is the noun being modified.
There is also a subtle mistake in the use of the causative 通わせる (kayowaseru). Learners sometimes use it to mean 'to let someone pass through.' The correct word for 'letting someone pass' is 'toosu' (通す). 'Kayowaseru' specifically means to make someone attend an institution or to allow a feeling to circulate.
- The 'Return' Aspect
- If you move to a new city and stay there, you don't 'kayou' to that city. You 'hikkosu' (move). 'Kayou' requires you to return to your starting point (usually your home) after each visit.
- Tense Confusion
- Saying 'Gakkou ni kayou' (dictionary form) often sounds like a general statement of fact or a future intent to start attending. To describe your current status as a student, 'kayotte iru' is much more natural.
Understanding the synonyms and related terms for 通う (kayou) helps in choosing the right level of formality and precision. While 'kayou' is the versatile, everyday verb, several other words cover specific types of 'going and coming.'
- 通勤 (Tsuukin) & 通学 (Tsuugaku)
- These are the formal, Sino-Japanese (Kango) nouns for commuting to work and school, respectively. They are often used with 'suru' (to do). While 'Gakkou ni kayou' is common in speech, 'Tsuugaku-jikan' (commuting time) is the standard term in writing.
- 通院 (Tsuuin)
- Specifically refers to attending a hospital as an outpatient. If you have to go to the clinic every week for physical therapy, you are 'tsuuin' (通院) doing.
- 往復 (Oufuku)
- This means 'round trip.' While 'kayou' focuses on the habit, 'oufuku' focuses on the physical act of going and returning once. 'Oufuku-kippu' is a round-trip ticket.
「毎日の通勤は大変ですが、慣れました。」(Mainichi no tsuukin wa taihen desu ga, naremashita.)
— Translation: Daily commuting is tough, but I've gotten used to it.
Another related word is 通じる (tsuujiru). While 'kayou' can mean feelings are mutually understood, 'tsuujiru' is the more common verb for 'to be understood' or 'to lead to.' For example, 'Nihongo ga tsuujiru' (Japanese is understood). 'Kayou' implies a warmer, more emotional connection than the functional 'tsuujiru.'
In the context of 'visiting,' we have 訪れる (otozureru) and 訪問する (houmon suru). These words imply a more formal or significant visit, often one-way or infrequent. You 'otozureru' a famous temple, but you 'kayou' to the temple if you are a monk living nearby. The frequency is the deciding factor.
- 出入りする (Deiri suru)
- Literally 'to go in and out.' This is used for people who frequent a place, often implying they have free access or are 'regulars.' It can sometimes have a slightly negative nuance (e.g., 'suspicious people going in and out').
- 通る (Tooru)
- To pass through. As mentioned, this is the physical act of movement through a space, whereas 'kayou' is the habitual act of attending a destination.
How Formal Is It?
Schwierigkeitsgrad
Wichtige Grammatik
~te iru (habitual state)
~ni/e (destination particle)
~de (means of transport particle)
~nagara (simultaneous action)
~tsuzukeru (continuing an action)
Beispiele nach Niveau
私は学校に通います。
I go to school (regularly).
Simple present habitual use.
毎日会社に通います。
I go to work every day.
Focus on the daily routine.
バスで学校に通います。
I go to school by bus.
Using 'de' for means of transport.
どこに通っていますか?
Where do you attend?
Question form in ~te iru.
日本語のクラスに通います。
I attend a Japanese class.
Attending a specific lesson.
歩いて会社に通います。
I walk to work.
Using 'aruite' (walking) as the method.
兄は大学に通っています。
My older brother attends university.
Describing someone else's status.
近くのジムに通います。
I go to a nearby gym.
Using 'chikaku no' to specify location.
週に二回、ピアノのレッスンに通っています。
I attend piano lessons twice a week.
Specifying frequency with 'shuu ni X-kai'.
電車で一時間かけて会社に通っています。
I spend an hour commuting to work by train.
Using 'kakete' to express time spent.
娘は幼稚園に通い始めました。
My daughter started attending kindergarten.
Compound verb: kayoi + hajimeta (started to).
病院に定期的に通っています。
I go to the hospital regularly.
Adverb 'teikiteki ni' (regularly).
この道を通って学校に通います。
I go to school via this road.
Contrast between 'tooru' (pass) and 'kayou' (attend).
仕事の帰りに英会話スクールに通っています。
I attend an English school on my way back from work.
Using 'kaeri ni' (on the way back).
昔、このプールに通っていました。
I used to go to this pool.
Past habitual form.
自転車で通うのは大変ですか?
Is it hard to commute by bicycle?
Using 'no wa' to make the verb a subject.
家から通える範囲で仕事を探しています。
I'm looking for a job within commuting distance from home.
Potential form 'kayoeru' modifying 'han'i' (range).
彼女とは心が通い合っている気がする。
I feel like our hearts are in sync with each other.
Compound verb 'kayoi-au' (mutual flow).
怪我の治療のために、しばらく整骨院に通うことになった。
I've ended up having to go to the orthopedic clinic for a while to treat my injury.
Using 'koto ni natta' for a decided situation.
この塾に通ってから、成績がぐんぐん上がった。
Since I started attending this cram school, my grades have improved rapidly.
Using '~te kara' to show the starting point.
片道二時間もかけて通うのは無理だ。
It's impossible to commute for two hours one way.
Using 'katamichi' (one way) to emphasize distance.
子供を有名な私立小学校に通わせたい。
I want to send my child to a famous private elementary school.
Causative form 'kayowaseru' (to make/let attend).
彼は十年間も同じバーに通い続けている。
He has been going to the same bar for ten years.
Compound verb 'kayoi-tsuzukeru' (continue to attend).
都会の喧騒を離れて、田舎の分校に通うことになった。
I ended up attending a branch school in the countryside, away from the city bustle.
Setting a narrative context.
その事件以来、彼らの間には冷たい風が通っているようだ。
Since that incident, it seems a cold wind is blowing between them (metaphorically).
Metaphorical use of 'kayou' for atmosphere.
血液が全身をくまなく通っている。
Blood is circulating throughout the entire body.
Biological use for circulation.
この地域には、まだ古い習慣が通っている。
Old customs are still practiced (flowing) in this region.
Abstract use for customs/traditions.
彼は、情の通った温かい政治を目指している。
He aims for warm politics that have a human touch (where feelings flow).
Idiomatic 'jou no kayotta' (humane/warm).
毎日同じ道を往復していると、季節の変化に敏感に通うようになる。
When you commute back and forth on the same road every day, you become sensitive to the changing seasons.
Using 'kayou' to imply deep familiarity.
大学に通いながら、夜はアルバイトをしている。
While attending university, I work part-time at night.
Using '~nagara' for simultaneous actions.
新幹線で東京から大阪まで通う人も中にはいる。
Some people even commute from Tokyo to Osaka by Shinkansen.
Highlighting an extreme case of commuting.
心が通わない相手と一緒にいるのは苦痛だ。
It is painful to be with someone with whom you have no mutual understanding.
Negative form 'kayowanai' for emotional disconnect.
職住近接が理想だが、現実は遠距離を通わざるを得ない。
Living near work is ideal, but the reality is having no choice but to commute long distances.
Using '~zaru o enai' (have no choice but to).
その古い家には、かつての住人たちの息遣いが通っているかのようだ。
In that old house, it's as if the breath of former residents still flows through it.
Highly literary personification.
言葉が通じなくても、音楽を通じて心が通い合うことがある。
Even if words aren't understood, hearts can sometimes connect through music.
Contrast between 'tsuujiru' (understand) and 'kayou' (connect).
血管に血が通うように、都市のインフラには情報が通っている。
Just as blood flows through veins, information flows through the city's infrastructure.
Simile comparing biology and technology.
彼は、血の通った議論を重んじる、人間味あふれる学者だ。
He is a scholar full of humanity who values debates with a human touch.
Idiomatic 'chi no kayotta' for 'humane'.
長年通い詰めた店が閉店すると聞いて、ショックを隠せない。
I can't hide my shock at hearing that the shop I've frequented for years is closing.
Compound verb 'kayoi-tsumeru' (to go frequently/constantly).
意志の疎通を欠いた組織では、どんな優れた戦略も通わない。
In an organization lacking communication, no matter how excellent the strategy, it won't take hold (flow).
Abstract use for the effectiveness of a strategy.
万物に神が宿り、霊気が通っているという考え方がある。
There is a way of thinking that gods dwell in all things and spiritual energy flows through them.
Spiritual/Philosophical context.
彼の文体には、血の通った躍動感と、冷徹な観察眼が同居している。
His writing style coexists with a pulse of vitality and a cold, observant eye.
Advanced literary criticism.
都市という巨大な有機体において、地下鉄はまさに血流のごとく通っている。
In the giant organism that is a city, the subway flows exactly like a bloodstream.
Metaphorical complexity.
没交渉だった両国の間に、ようやく対話の気運が通い始めた。
Between the two countries that had no contact, a momentum for dialogue has finally begun to flow.
Political/Diplomatic nuance.
伝統芸能の真髄は、師から弟子へと、形を超えて通うものである。
The essence of traditional arts is something that flows from master to disciple, transcending form.
Philosophical transmission.
その彫刻は、石でありながら、今にも血が通い出しそうな生々しさがある。
That sculpture, despite being stone, has a vividness as if blood might start flowing through it at any moment.
Artistic description.
システム全体に電流が通っているか、細心の注意を払って確認する。
Check with meticulous care whether the electric current is flowing through the entire system.
Technical/Scientific precision.
沈黙の中にこそ、真実の思いが通い合う瞬間があるのかもしれない。
It may be that within silence itself, there are moments where true feelings connect.
Existential/Poetic reflection.
制度に血を通わせるのは、他ならぬ現場の人間たちの熱意である。
It is none other than the enthusiasm of the people on the ground that breathes life (flows blood) into a system.
Metaphor for organizational vitality.
Häufige Kollokationen
Häufige Phrasen
Wird oft verwechselt mit
Iku is a one-way trip; Kayou is a regular, repeated trip.
Tooru is to pass through a space; Kayou is to attend a destination.
Tsuujiru is to be understood/lead to; Kayou is to flow/attend.
Redewendungen & Ausdrücke
Leicht verwechselbar
Satzmuster
So verwendest du es
It always implies you return to your base (home).
Metaphorical uses are common in literature but less so in basic daily speech.
It implies a frequency of at least once a week or month.
- Using 'kayou' for a single trip.
- Using 'o' particle for the destination.
- Confusing 'kayou' with 'tooru'.
- Using 'kayou' for moving house.
- Saying 'Hawaii ni kayou' for a holiday.
Tipps
Use ~te iru
When talking about your current school or job, 'kayotte imasu' is the most natural form.
Compound Verbs
Combine with 'hajimeru' (start) or 'tsuzukeru' (continue) for more detail.
Polite Inquiries
Ask 'Dochira ni kayotte irassharu n desu ka?' to be very polite.
Metaphors
Use 'chi no kayotta' to describe something with a human touch in your essays.
Context Clues
If you hear 'kayou,' think 'routine' or 'habit' immediately.
Commuter Passes
Learn 'teikiken' alongside 'kayou' as they are often used together.
Kayou vs Tooru
Remember: Kayou = Destination, Tooru = Path.
The Yo-Yo
The yo-yo mnemonic is the fastest way to remember the 'back and forth' meaning.
Road Radical
The 'shinnyuu' (road) radical in 通 tells you it's about movement.
Building Rapport
Use 'kokoro ga kayou' to describe a deep friendship.
Einprägen
Wortherkunft
Derived from the Old Japanese verb 'kayofu', meaning to go back and forth repeatedly. The kanji '通' combines 'road' (辶) and 'well-distributed' (甬), signifying a path that allows for smooth passage.
Kultureller Kontext
Japan's rail system is designed for 'kayou' culture, with high-frequency trains and employer-paid commuter passes.
Elderly people in Japan often 'kayou' to clinics not just for medicine, but for social interaction, a practice sometimes called 'salon-ka' (turning clinics into salons).
Japanese children often 'kayou' to multiple 'naraigoto' (lessons) like swimming, piano, and juku.
Im Alltag üben
Kontexte aus dem Alltag
Gesprächseinstiege
"学校までどうやって通っていますか? (How do you get to school?)"
"最近、どこか新しい場所へ通い始めましたか? (Have you started going somewhere new recently?)"
"家から通える仕事を探していますか? (Are you looking for a job you can commute to from home?)"
"ジムに通うのは週に何回ですか? (How many times a week do you go to the gym?)"
"子供の頃、どんな習い事に通っていましたか? (What kind of lessons did you attend as a child?)"
Tagebuch-Impulse
Describe your daily commute to work or school using 'kayou'.
Write about a place you have been 'kayou-ing' to for a long time.
Reflect on a person with whom you feel your 'hearts are flowing' (kokoro ga kayou).
What are the pros and cons of 'kayou-ing' a long distance?
If you could start 'kayou-ing' to any lesson or class, what would it be?
Häufig gestellte Fragen
10 FragenNo, 'kayou' is only for repeated, regular trips. Use 'iku' for one-time trips.
'Kayou' is a verb meaning 'to attend/commute.' 'Tsuukin' is a noun specifically for 'commuting to work.' You can say 'Tsuukin suru' or 'Kaisha ni kayou'.
Yes, 'chi ga kayou' is a common expression for blood flowing through the body.
Only if you go there every single day as a ritual. Usually, 'iku' is better for errands.
Usually 'ni' or 'e'. 'Gakkou ni kayou'.
Use the potential form: 'Kayoeru'.
In the phrase 'kokoro ga kayou,' it means to have a mutual understanding, but it's not a general word for 'understand' like 'wakaru'.
No, unless you go to the same place very frequently (like every weekend).
It is an intransitive verb.
The te-form is 'kayotte'.
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Summary
Use '通う' (kayou) when you want to emphasize that you go somewhere regularly as part of your life routine. It connects the person to the destination through the 'flow' of repeated action, whether physical or emotional.
- Kayou primarily means to commute or attend a place like school, work, or a gym on a regular basis, implying a return trip.
- It differs from 'iku' (to go) because it focuses on the habit and repetition rather than a single destination-oriented movement.
- Metaphorically, it describes the flow of blood through the body or the mutual understanding (flow of hearts) between two people.
- Commonly used in the '~te iru' form to describe one's current status as a student, employee, or regular visitor of an institution.
Use ~te iru
When talking about your current school or job, 'kayotte imasu' is the most natural form.
Compound Verbs
Combine with 'hajimeru' (start) or 'tsuzukeru' (continue) for more detail.
Polite Inquiries
Ask 'Dochira ni kayotte irassharu n desu ka?' to be very polite.
Metaphors
Use 'chi no kayotta' to describe something with a human touch in your essays.
Beispiel
彼は毎日大学に通っている。
Verwandte Inhalte
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しばらく
B1Eine Weile, einige Zeit.
異変がある
B1Es gibt eine ungewöhnliche Veränderung oder Anomalie. Etwas stimmt nicht. (Es liegt eine Abnormität vor.)
異常な
B1Abnormal; ungewöhnlich. Beschreibt etwas, das auf besorgniserregende Weise von der Norm abweicht.
擦り傷
B1Eine Schürfwunde oder ein Kratzer auf der Haut. Sie entsteht meist durch Reibung an einer harten Oberfläche.
吸収する
B1Der Schwamm absorbiert das verschüttete Wasser.
禁酒
B1Alkoholverzicht. 'Er hält sich strikt an seine kinshu-Regel.'
痛む
A2to hurt; to ache
鍼灸
B1Akupunktur und Moxibustion sind wichtige Bestandteile der traditionellen japanischen Medizin.
急性的
B1Bedeutet 'akut'. Wird verwendet, um eine Krankheit oder einen Zustand zu beschreiben, der plötzlich und heftig auftritt.
急性な
B1Acute