改革 in 30 Sekunden
- Kaikaku is a formal Japanese term meaning 'reform,' used for large-scale, systemic changes in organizations, government, or society.
- It differs from 'kaizen' (small improvements) by focusing on radical, top-down structural transformations to solve deep-seated issues.
- Commonly heard in news regarding 'Work-Style Reform' (働き方改革) or political policies, it carries a serious and forward-looking tone.
- The word combines 'renew' and 'leather,' suggesting a process as intense as stripping old skin to create something new and durable.
The Japanese term 改革 (kaikaku) is a powerful noun that signifies a fundamental, systemic, and often institutional transformation. Unlike simple changes or minor adjustments, kaikaku implies a 'breaking down' of old structures to build something more efficient and modern. The term is composed of two kanji: 改 (kai), meaning 'to renew' or 'to correct,' and 革 (kaku), which literally means 'leather' or 'skin' but metaphorically refers to the act of stripping away the old to reveal the new. In a historical and political context, kaikaku is the word used for the great reforms that shaped Japan, such as the Taika Reform or the various Kyoho and Kansei reforms of the Edo period. It carries a weight of seriousness and necessity, suggesting that the current state of affairs is no longer sustainable and requires a radical departure from tradition. When a company announces a kaikaku, employees expect not just a change in office layout, but a complete overhaul of the business model, hierarchy, and corporate culture. It is the linguistic equivalent of a structural 'reboot' for society.
- Etymological Nuance
- The use of '革' (leather) suggests a process as intensive as tanning hide—removing impurities to create something durable and useful.
- Scale of Change
- Kaikaku represents macro-level shifts, affecting entire systems rather than individual tasks.
- Intentionality
- This is never an accidental change; it is a deliberate, planned, and often difficult process of modernization.
日本の教育制度には、抜本的な改革が必要です。(The Japanese education system needs a radical reform.)
政府は税制改革を断行することを決めた。(The government decided to carry out tax reform decisively.)
組織の改革には、リーダーシップが不可欠だ。(Leadership is essential for the reform of an organization.)
彼は会社の意識改革を訴え続けている。(He continues to call for a reform of the company's mindset.)
この都市は、交通システムの改革によって生まれ変わった。(This city was reborn through the reform of its transportation system.)
Furthermore, kaikaku is often used in compound words that define specific sectors of society. For example, gyosei-kaikaku (administrative reform) is a frequent topic in Japanese news, referring to the streamlining of government bureaucracy. The word evokes a sense of progress but also a sense of pain, as reforms often involve cutting costs or changing long-held habits. It is a word of the future, looking toward a more optimized version of reality. To understand kaikaku is to understand the Japanese drive for perfection through structural evolution. It is not merely 'change' (henka); it is 'betterment through structural destruction and reconstruction.'
Using 改革 (kaikaku) correctly requires an understanding of its formal and heavy register. It is most commonly used as a noun, but it frequently functions as a suru-verb (改革する) to describe the act of reforming. When using it, you should focus on the 'what' and the 'how.' Because kaikaku is a big word, it is usually paired with verbs that indicate strong action, such as 断行する (danko-suru - to carry out decisively), 進める (susumeru - to promote/advance), or 求める (motomeru - to demand). You wouldn't use kaikaku for small personal habits like 'reforming my diet' (unless you are treating your body like a major corporation); instead, you would use kaizen or kaimei. In a sentence, kaikaku often takes the particle o (object) or ni (target of need). For example, 'Kuni no kaikaku o susumeru' (To advance the reform of the country). It is also very common to see it in the form 'A-no-B-kaikaku,' such as 'Kigyo no soshiki kaikaku' (Corporate organizational reform).
- Common Verb Pairings
- 改革を断行する (Carry out reform), 改革を推進する (Promote reform), 改革に着手する (Start working on reform).
- Grammatical Structures
- [Target] + の + 改革 (Reform of [Target]), [Target] + を + 改革する (To reform [Target]).
- Levels of Formality
- Highly formal. Used in business proposals, political speeches, and academic papers.
In professional settings, you might hear the phrase 意識改革 (ishiki kaikaku). This refers to a 'reform of consciousness' or a 'mindset shift.' It is a favorite phrase of CEOs who want their employees to stop thinking in old-fashioned ways and embrace new technologies or global standards. Another important usage is in the phrase 働き方改革 (hatarakikata kaikaku), which refers to the 'Work-Style Reform' legislation in Japan aimed at reducing overtime and improving work-life balance. This specific phrase has become a household term since 2018. When you use kaikaku, you are signaling that you are looking at the big picture. You are not just fixing a bug in the code; you are rewriting the entire operating system. Therefore, ensure the context matches this level of gravity. Using it for trivial matters might sound sarcastic or overly dramatic to native speakers.
You will encounter 改革 (kaikaku) most frequently in the spheres of politics, economics, and high-level corporate management. If you turn on the NHK news at 7 PM, you are almost guaranteed to hear it within the first ten minutes, usually in the context of government policy or international relations. It is a staple of political campaigns; every candidate promises some form of kaikaku to win over voters who are frustrated with the status quo. In the business world, during 'Kessan Happyo' (earnings announcements), executives use kaikaku to explain how they will turn around a failing department or adapt to a changing market. It is also a key term in history classes, where students learn about the Meiji Ishin (Meiji Restoration) as the ultimate kaikaku that turned Japan from a feudal society into a modern nation-state.
- Media Contexts
- Newspaper headlines (Nikkei, Asahi), political debates, and economic documentaries.
- Corporate Contexts
- Annual reports, town hall meetings, and strategic planning documents.
- Educational Contexts
- History textbooks and social studies lectures regarding systemic societal shifts.
Beyond formal news, you might hear it in documentaries about social issues, such as the 医療改革 (iryo kaikaku - medical reform) or 年金改革 (nenkin kaikaku - pension reform). These are topics that affect every citizen, making kaikaku a word that resonates with the general public's anxieties and hopes for the future. In popular culture, particularly in 'business dramas' like Hanzawa Naoki, the word is used with high emotional stakes, often involving a protagonist fighting against a corrupt system to bring about a necessary kaikaku. In these stories, kaikaku is portrayed as a heroic struggle against inertia. Whether it's the 農地改革 (nochi kaikaku - land reform) of the post-war era or the デジタル改革 (dejitaru kaikaku - digital reform) of the 2020s, the word serves as a marker for the turning points in Japanese history and modern life.
The most common mistake learners make is confusing 改革 (kaikaku) with 改善 (kaizen). While both mean 'improvement,' they operate on completely different scales. Kaizen is about small, incremental, bottom-up improvements—like a factory worker finding a faster way to tighten a bolt. Kaikaku is a top-down, radical, systemic overhaul—like the CEO deciding to replace the entire factory line with robots. If you tell your boss you want to perform a kaikaku on your personal filing system, it will sound like you are planning to burn the cabinets and start a digital revolution, which might be overkill. Another common error is using kaikaku when you simply mean 変化 (henka - change). Henka is neutral; the weather changes, seasons change. Kaikaku is intentional and value-driven; it is a change made with the specific goal of fixing a broken system.
- Kaikaku vs. Kaizen
- Kaikaku = Radical/Systemic. Kaizen = Incremental/Continuous.
- Kaikaku vs. Henka
- Kaikaku = Purposeful Reform. Henka = General Change.
- Kaikaku vs. Kakumei
- Kaikaku = Reform within the system. Kakumei = Revolution (overthrowing the system).
Additionally, learners sometimes confuse kaikaku with 革命 (kakumei - revolution). While kaikaku seeks to improve the existing system from within (like changing the laws of a country), kakumei often implies completely overthrowing the system (like a violent political revolution). Using kakumei in a business context is possible (e.g., 'a revolution in technology'), but kaikaku is the standard term for organizational change. Finally, be careful with the particle usage. Kaikaku is a noun, so it needs suru to become a verb. Saying 'Watashi wa kaikaku kigyo' is incorrect; it should be 'Watashi wa kigyo o kaikaku suru' (I reform the company). Avoid using it for natural phenomena; you cannot 'reform' the climate (kiko-kaikaku is not a standard term, though you might 'reform' environmental policy).
To truly master 改革 (kaikaku), you should understand its synonyms and how they differ in nuance. 刷新 (sasshin) is a close relative, often translated as 'renovation' or 'refresh.' It is used when you want to sweep away the old 'atmosphere' or 'personnel' to give something a fresh start, often used for cabinet reshuffles (jinji-sasshin). 変革 (henkaku) is another similar word, but it emphasizes the 'transformation' aspect even more than kaikaku. Henkaku is often used for paradigm shifts or fundamental changes in the nature of something, like 'social transformation.' 更生 (kosei) is used specifically for 'rehabilitation' or 'reforming' an individual's character, such as a criminal turning their life around. You would never use kaikaku for a person's character.
- 刷新 (Sasshin)
- To refresh or renovate, often used for personnel or brand image.
- 変革 (Henkaku)
- Fundamental transformation, often used for social or historical shifts.
- 改善 (Kaizen)
- Small-scale improvement of processes or quality.
Another interesting word is 維新 (ishin), most famous in Meiji Ishin. This word has a very classical, grand feel, implying a 'restoration' or 'renewal' that brings things back to a glorious state or creates a new era. In modern politics, the 'Nippon Ishin no Kai' (Japan Innovation Party) uses this kanji to evoke a sense of radical, patriotic reform. There is also 改造 (kaizo), which means 'remodeling' or 'restructuring,' often used for physical objects like cars or buildings, but also for 'cabinet restructuring' (naikaku-kaizo). While kaikaku is about the system/policy, kaizo is about the physical or organizational structure. Understanding these subtle differences allows you to choose the exact 'flavor' of change you want to describe, from a gentle kaizen to a sweeping kaikaku or a fresh sasshin.
How Formal Is It?
Schwierigkeitsgrad
Wichtige Grammatik
〜によって (Due to/By means of)
〜をめぐって (Concerning/Over)
〜を抜きにしては (Without...)
〜ない限り (Unless)
〜に留まらず (Not limited to)
Beispiele nach Niveau
学校の改革は大切です。
School reform is important.
改革 (noun) + は (topic) + 大切 (adjective) + です。
この町には改革が必要です。
This town needs reform.
改革 + が (subject) + 必要 (noun/adj) + です。
新しい改革が始まります。
A new reform will start.
新しい (adjective) + 改革 + が + 始まります (verb).
改革は難しいですか？
Is reform difficult?
改革 + は + 難しい (adjective) + ですか (question)?
みんなで改革をしましょう。
Let's all do a reform.
改革 + を (object) + しましょう (let's do).
改革の名前は何ですか？
What is the name of the reform?
改革 + の + 名前 (name) + は + 何 (what) + ですか？
改革はいいことです。
Reform is a good thing.
改革 + は + いい (good) + こと (thing) + です。
政治の改革を見ました。
I saw the political reform.
政治 (politics) + の + 改革 + を + 見ました (saw).
政府は教育の改革を進めています。
The government is promoting education reform.
進めています (is promoting/advancing).
会社の改革について話しましょう。
Let's talk about the company reform.
〜について (about) + 話しましょう。
古いシステムを改革したいです。
I want to reform the old system.
〜を + 改革したい (want to reform).
改革のおかげで、生活が便利になりました。
Thanks to the reform, life became convenient.
〜のおかげで (thanks to).
この改革は成功しましたか？
Did this reform succeed?
成功しました (succeeded).
多くの人が改革を求めています。
Many people are demanding reform.
求めています (are demanding/seeking).
改革には時間がかかります。
Reform takes time.
〜には (for/in) + 時間がかかる (takes time).
彼は改革のリーダーです。
He is the leader of the reform.
改革 + の + リーダー。
働き方改革によって、残業が減りました。
Due to the work-style reform, overtime decreased.
〜によって (due to/by means of).
組織を改革するのは簡単ではありません。
Reforming an organization is not easy.
改革する + の (nominalizer) + は + 簡単ではない。
意識改革がなければ、何も変わりません。
Without a mindset reform, nothing will change.
〜がなければ (if there is no...).
経済改革の計画が発表されました。
The plan for economic reform was announced.
発表されました (was announced - passive).
市民は税制改革に反対しています。
Citizens are opposing the tax reform.
〜に反対している (to be opposing).
この改革は、将来のために必要です。
This reform is necessary for the future.
〜のために (for the sake of).
改革のプロセスを説明してください。
Please explain the reform process.
説明してください (please explain).
彼女は教育改革に一生を捧げました。
She dedicated her life to education reform.
一生を捧げる (to dedicate one's life).
抜本的な改革を行わない限り、問題は解決しない。
Unless we carry out radical reform, the problem won't be solved.
抜本的な (radical/drastic) + 〜ない限り (unless).
政府は規制改革を断行する構えだ。
The government is prepared to carry out regulatory reform decisively.
断行する (carry out decisively) + 構えだ (is prepared to).
この企業は、大規模な組織改革に着手した。
This company has started working on a large-scale organizational reform.
着手した (started/commenced).
改革の成果が目に見える形で現れてきた。
The results of the reform have begun to appear in a visible way.
目に見える形で (in a visible way).
野党は、現政権の改革案を批判している。
The opposition party is criticizing the current administration's reform proposal.
改革案 (reform proposal) + 批判している (criticizing).
司法改革によって、裁判のスピードが上がった。
Judicial reform has increased the speed of trials.
司法改革 (judicial reform).
社会保障制度の改革は、避けて通れない課題だ。
The reform of the social security system is an unavoidable issue.
避けて通れない (unavoidable).
彼は農地改革の歴史的意義を強調した。
He emphasized the historical significance of the land reform.
歴史的意義 (historical significance).
構造改革は、短期的には痛みを伴うことが多い。
Structural reform often involves pain in the short term.
構造改革 (structural reform) + 痛みを伴う (to involve pain).
官僚機構の改革は、既得権益層の抵抗に遭っている。
The reform of the bureaucracy is facing resistance from vested interest groups.
既得権益層 (vested interest groups) + 抵抗に遭う (to face resistance).
持続可能な社会の実現には、抜本的な意識改革が不可欠だ。
A radical mindset reform is essential to realizing a sustainable society.
不可欠 (essential/indispensable).
明治維新は、日本における最大の政治的改革であった。
The Meiji Restoration was the greatest political reform in Japan.
〜における (in/at).
改革の旗振り役として、彼は強硬な姿勢を崩さない。
As the leader of the reform, he maintains a firm stance.
旗振り役 (leader/flag-bearer) + 強硬な姿勢 (firm stance).
デジタル改革関連法案が、ようやく国会で可決された。
The digital reform-related bills were finally passed in the Diet.
可決された (was passed).
教育改革の是非をめぐって、激しい論争が繰り広げられた。
A heated debate took place over the pros and cons of education reform.
是非をめぐって (concerning the pros and cons).
企業文化の改革は、一朝一夕に成し遂げられるものではない。
Reforming corporate culture is not something that can be achieved overnight.
一朝一夕に (overnight/in a short time).
その改革は、単なる制度の刷新に留まらず、国民の精神構造にまで及んだ。
The reform did not stop at a mere renewal of the system; it extended to the very mental structure of the citizens.
〜に留まらず (not limited to) + 〜にまで及ぶ (extend even to).
行政改革の断行には、政治的資本の多大な投入が必要とされる。
The decisive execution of administrative reform requires a massive investment of political capital.
政治的資本 (political capital) + 投入 (investment/input).
グローバル化の波に抗うべく、産業構造の抜本的改革が急務となっている。
To resist the wave of globalization, a radical reform of the industrial structure has become an urgent matter.
〜べく (in order to) + 急務 (urgent task).
改革のパラドックスとは、安定を求めて行われる変化が、皮肉にも更なる不安定を招くことである。
The paradox of reform is that changes made in search of stability ironically invite further instability.
皮肉にも (ironically) + 招く (to invite/cause).
彼は、中世の宗教改革が近代市民社会の形成に与えた影響を論じた。
He discussed the influence that the medieval Reformation had on the formation of modern civil society.
宗教改革 (The Reformation).
既成概念を打破し、真の改革を成し遂げるには、孤独な闘いが避けられない。
To break down established concepts and achieve true reform, a lonely struggle is unavoidable.
既成概念 (established concepts) + 打破する (to break down).
その改革案は、あまりに急進的すぎて、現実味に欠けると批判された。
The reform proposal was criticized for being too radical and lacking realism.
急進的 (radical/extremist) + 現実味に欠ける (to lack realism).
歴史を紐解けば、改革の失敗が国家の衰退を招いた例は枚挙に暇がない。
If you look through history, examples of failed reforms leading to the decline of nations are too numerous to mention.
紐解けば (if you unroll/read) + 枚挙に暇がない (too many to count).
Häufige Kollokationen
Häufige Phrasen
Wird oft verwechselt mit
Small/continuous vs. Large/structural.
Internal reform vs. External overthrow.
Refreshing/renewing vs. Systemic changing.
Redewendungen & Ausdrücke
Leicht verwechselbar
Satzmuster
So verwendest du es
Implies a 'painful' but 'necessary' process.
Very high in formal media; moderate in daily life.
- Using 'kaikaku' for small improvements (use 'kaizen' instead).
- Using 'kaikaku' for physical repairs (use 'shuri' instead).
- Forgetting the 'suru' when using it as a verb.
- Confusing 'kaikaku' (reform) with 'kakumei' (revolution).
- Using 'kaikaku' for natural changes like the weather.
Tipps
Scale Matters
Only use 'kaikaku' for big systems. If you're just fixing a small bug, use 'kaizen.' If you're changing the whole software architecture, use 'kaikaku.' This distinction is key for natural Japanese.
Suru-Verb Power
Remember that 'kaikaku' is a noun that becomes a verb. You can say 'kaikaku o okonau' (perform reform) or 'kaikaku suru' (to reform). Both are common in formal writing. The 'o okonau' version is slightly more formal.
Work-Style Reform
If you work in Japan, learn 'Hatarakikata Kaikaku.' It's the most relevant use of the word today. It affects everything from your overtime pay to your vacation days. Knowing this term shows you understand modern Japanese society.
Kanji Clue
The kanji '革' (leather) is your secret weapon. Leather is tough and requires a lot of work to change from raw hide. This helps you remember that 'kaikaku' is a tough, labor-intensive process of change.
Tone of Voice
When you say 'kaikaku,' use a serious tone. It's a word of gravity and vision. Using it with a light, casual tone might make you sound like you don't understand the weight of the word. It's a 'leader's word.'
Pair with Adjectives
Enhance your writing by using adjectives like '抜本的な' (radical), '大胆な' (bold), or '緩やかな' (gradual). These words help define exactly what kind of reform you are talking about. '抜本的な改革' is a very common set phrase.
News Buzzword
In news broadcasts, 'kaikaku' is often the 'hook.' When you hear it, the reporter is about to explain a new law or a major company shift. It's a signal to pay close attention to the details that follow.
JLPT Context
For the JLPT (N2/N1), 'kaikaku' often appears in reading passages about sociology or history. Practice identifying the 'what' (the target of reform) and the 'why' (the reason for the change) in these texts. It's a high-frequency exam word.
The 'Re' words
Think of 'kaikaku' as the 'Re-' in Reform, Restructure, and Reorganize. All these English words map well to 'kaikaku.' If the English word starts with 'Re-' and involves a system, 'kaikaku' is likely the right choice.
Avoid Personal Use
Avoid saying 'I reformed my room' (Heya o kaikaku shita). It sounds like you are a dictator of your apartment. Use 'Moyogae' (rearranging) or 'Katazuke' (cleaning) instead. Keep 'kaikaku' for the big stuff.
Einprägen
Wortherkunft
Kultureller Kontext
A buzzword in Japanese management philosophy alongside 'Kaizen' and 'Kakushin.'
Often used by politicians to signal 'action' and 'modernization.'
Key to understanding periods like the Meiji Restoration.
Im Alltag üben
Kontexte aus dem Alltag
Gesprächseinstiege
"日本の働き方改革についてどう思いますか？ (What do you think about Japan's work-style reform?)"
"あなたの会社では、最近何か改革がありましたか？ (Has there been any reform in your company recently?)"
"教育制度を改革するとしたら、どこを変えたいですか？ (If you were to reform the education system, what would you want to change?)"
"意識改革をするために、一番大切なことは何だと思いますか？ (What do you think is the most important thing for a mindset reform?)"
"歴史上の改革で、一番興味があるものは何ですか？ (Which historical reform are you most interested in?)"
Tagebuch-Impulse
自分自身の生活を『改革』するとしたら、何から始めますか？ (If you were to 'reform' your own life, what would you start with?)
『改善』と『改革』の違いについて、自分の経験を交えて書いてください。 (Write about the difference between 'kaizen' and 'kaikaku' using your own experiences.)
理想的な社会改革について、あなたの考えを述べてください。 (State your thoughts on an ideal social reform.)
Häufig gestellte Fragen
10 FragenIt is usually too formal. Use 'kaizen' or 'kaimei' instead. However, you can use it metaphorically if the change is life-altering. For example, 'Jinsei no kaikaku' (Reform of my life) sounds very dramatic. Most people would just say 'Seikatsu o kaeru'.
Kaikaku is a broad reform of a system. Kaisei is a specific amendment or correction of a law or rule. You 'kaikaku' the tax system, but you 'kaisei' a specific tax law. Kaisei usually implies making something 'correct' or 'right'.
Generally, yes, it implies improvement. However, people who lose out during a reform might view it negatively. The word itself suggests a goal of 'betterment.' If a change makes things worse, it is called 'kaiaku' (bad change).
It is 'Hatarakikata Kaikaku' (働き方改革). This is a very common phrase in Japan right now. It refers to government efforts to limit overtime and improve work conditions. You will see it in almost every Japanese office.
Yes, by adding 'suru.' 'Kaikaku suru' means 'to reform.' It is a transitive verb, so you use the particle 'o.' For example: 'Soshiki o kaikaku suru' (To reform the organization).
It is 'Kozo Kaikaku' (構造改革). This was a major political slogan in the 2000s. It refers to changing the fundamental economic or social structures of the country. It is a very B2/C1 level term.
Yes, many periods in Japanese history are named after reforms. For example, the 'Kansei no Kaikaku' or 'Tenpo no Kaikaku.' These were major efforts by the Shogunate to fix the economy. Students must memorize these for exams.
It is 'Ishiki Kaikaku' (意識改革). It means changing the way people think or their attitudes. Companies often try to do this when they want to become more global or innovative. It is a very common business term.
The direct opposite of the 'change' aspect is 'Iji' (maintenance) or 'Hoshu' (conservatism). If the reform makes things worse, the opposite is 'Kaiaku' (reform for the worse). There isn't one single word that fits every context.
Yes, it is extremely common in news, business, and politics. While you might not use it every day at the grocery store, you will hear it every day on TV. It is a fundamental word for understanding Japanese society.
Teste dich selbst 180 Fragen
/ 180 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
Kaikaku (改革) is your go-to word for 'Reform.' Use it when discussing significant, planned, and structural changes to systems like laws, companies, or education. It implies that the old way is being replaced by a fundamentally better, modernized structure.
- Kaikaku is a formal Japanese term meaning 'reform,' used for large-scale, systemic changes in organizations, government, or society.
- It differs from 'kaizen' (small improvements) by focusing on radical, top-down structural transformations to solve deep-seated issues.
- Commonly heard in news regarding 'Work-Style Reform' (働き方改革) or political policies, it carries a serious and forward-looking tone.
- The word combines 'renew' and 'leather,' suggesting a process as intense as stripping old skin to create something new and durable.
Scale Matters
Only use 'kaikaku' for big systems. If you're just fixing a small bug, use 'kaizen.' If you're changing the whole software architecture, use 'kaikaku.' This distinction is key for natural Japanese.
Suru-Verb Power
Remember that 'kaikaku' is a noun that becomes a verb. You can say 'kaikaku o okonau' (perform reform) or 'kaikaku suru' (to reform). Both are common in formal writing. The 'o okonau' version is slightly more formal.
Work-Style Reform
If you work in Japan, learn 'Hatarakikata Kaikaku.' It's the most relevant use of the word today. It affects everything from your overtime pay to your vacation days. Knowing this term shows you understand modern Japanese society.
Kanji Clue
The kanji '革' (leather) is your secret weapon. Leather is tough and requires a lot of work to change from raw hide. This helps you remember that 'kaikaku' is a tough, labor-intensive process of change.
Beispiel
制度改革です。
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棄権
B2The act of voluntarily giving up a right, or choosing not to vote or participate in a competition or event one was entitled to join.
同盟
A1Ein formelles Bündnis oder eine Allianz. 'Das militärische Bündnis wurde letztes Jahr geschlossen.'
官僚
A1Ein hochrangiger Regierungsbeamter oder Berufsbeamter in einem Ministerium.
情勢
A1Die aktuelle Lage oder die Verhältnisse.
紛争
A1Ein Streit oder Konflikt zwischen Einzelpersonen, Gruppen oder Nationen, oft in Bezug auf Rechte, Territorium oder Ressourcen.
議員
A1Ein Mitglied einer gesetzgebenden Versammlung oder eines Parlaments, das zur Vertretung der Öffentlichkeit gewählt wurde.
主導
B2Die Initiative oder Führung in einer Aktivität übernehmen.
連盟
A1Ein formaler Zusammenschluss von Personen oder Organisationen.
大臣
A1Ein japanischer Minister.
国家
A1Der Staat als politisches Gebilde.
