Señalar hacia Atrás: Usando Pronombres (Referencia Anafórica)
cohesivo, claro y sin repeticiones innecesarias.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Anaphoric reference uses pronouns to point back to previously mentioned ideas, ensuring your writing flows smoothly without repetitive nouns.
- Match the pronoun to the specific noun's number and gender: 'The CEO resigned; she left today.'
- Use 'this' or 'that' to refer to entire previous clauses or complex ideas.
- Avoid 'pronoun ambiguity' where it is unclear which of two previous nouns you are referencing.
Overview
pointing back (señalar hacia atrás) mediante el uso de pronombres, constituye una piedra angular de la cohesión y coherencia en el discurso en inglés. Al alcanzar un nivel C1, el dominio de este mecanismo gramatical va mucho más allá de la simple sustitución de un pronombre por un sustantivo. Implica una aplicación estratégica para asegurar que tu comunicación no solo sea gramaticalmente correcta, sino también estilísticamente sofisticada y eficiente.toma prestado o representa. Esta relación asegura que, una vez que una entidad se establece en el discurso, las menciones subsiguientes puedan condensarse, preservando la claridad y mejorando la concisión.Juan llegó.. No necesitamos decir Juan llegó. Él trajo comida".Juan.Dr. Aris presented her research; she then fielded questions.
Dr. Aris es el antecedente, y she es el anáfora que señala hacia atrás al sujeto previamente introducido.This se refiere anafóricamente a toda la cláusula precedente: the company's decision to outsource production met with widespread disapproval. En español, usaríamos un pronombre neutro como esto o una frase como esta decisión.- Personal Pronouns (Pronombres Personales):
he,she,it,they,him,her,them,we,us,you. Son los más comunes y reemplazan directamente a frases nominales. Por ejemplo:The new software is intuitive; it streamlines complex tasks.
- Possessive Pronouns/Adjectives (Pronombres/Adjetivos Posesivos):
his,her,its,their,my,your,our,mine,yours,ours,theirs. Indican posesión o asociación con una entidad mencionada anteriormente. Por ejemplo:The team submitted its final report.
- Demonstrative Pronouns/Adjectives (Pronombres/Adjetivos Demostrativos):
this,that,these,those. Estos anáforas a menudo se refieren a segmentos más grandes del discurso, proposiciones o conceptos.This/thesetípicamente se refieren a entidades más cercanas en el discurso (mencionadas recientemente), mientras quethat/thosese refieren a las más distantes. Por ejemplo:The committee debated the proposal for hours. That was an exhausting process.
- Reflexive Pronouns (Pronombres Reflexivos):
himself,herself,itself,themselves,ourselves,yourselves. Aunque a menudo se refieren al sujeto dentro de la misma oración, funcionan anafóricamente al señalar hacia atrás. Ejemplo:The CEO congratulated himself on the successful merger.
- Pro-forms (Formas de sustitución): Expresiones como
do so,do it,do that,the same. Estas reemplazan frases verbales o cláusulas completas. Por ejemplo:She asked me to
Esto evita repetir toda la acción.review the document, and I promised todo soby tomorrow.
formación de la referencia anafórica se refiere principalmente a la selección y concordancia del anáfora con su antecedente. Esta concordancia es crucial para la claridad y la corrección gramatical, y abarca género, número y persona. La concordancia de caso (subjetivo, objetivo, posesivo) también es vital para los pronombres.the director) | he | him | his | his |the analyst) | she | her | her | hers |the project) | it | it | its | - |the shareholders) | they | them | their | theirs |- Género: Los pronombres deben coincidir con el género gramatical o natural del antecedente.
He/him/hispara masculino,she/her/herspara femenino,it/itspara objetos inanimados, animales (a menos que se personifiquen) o conceptos abstractos. - Número: Antecedentes singulares requieren pronombres singulares; antecedentes plurales requieren pronombres plurales. Por ejemplo:
The
frente areportis overdue;itneeds to be submitted.The
reportsare overdue;theyneed to be submitted. - Persona: Esto es menos frecuente como problema en la referencia anafórica, ya que el anáfora típicamente se refiere a un antecedente en tercera persona. Sin embargo, al reportar discursos o pensamientos, la concordancia de persona se vuelve relevante. Ejemplo:
John said
(Nohewould attend.John said
).Iwould attend.
this, that, these, those):this/that para singular, these/those para plural). Su función principal suele ser referirse a porciones más extensas del discurso o conceptos abstractos:The budget was approved after extensive debate.
(Thisallowed the project to proceed.Thisse refiere a la aprobación del presupuesto).Many challenges remain.
(Thosewill require innovative solutions.Thosese refiere amany challenges).
do so, do it, do that, the same):The committee decided to postpone the vote, and the board agreed to
do the same.They asked me to
prepare a detailed analysis, and I plan todo soby Friday.
They Genérico y Sustantivos Colectivos (Matices de Nivel C1):they/them/their en singular para antecedentes indefinidos o de género neutro (everyone, someone, a person, the customer). Aunque históricamente debatido, este uso está hoy ampliamente aceptado, especialmente en contextos informales y cada vez más en los formales, por inclusión y para evitar la construcción torpe de he or she. Por ejemplo: A clientcalled, andtheyseemed unhappy.
All clients called, and they seemed unhappy) o repetir explícitamente el sustantivo para máxima precisión. Para sustantivos colectivos (ej.
team, government, company), el inglés británico a menudo usa pronombres plurales (The team submitted their reports), mientras que el inglés estadounidense prefiere el singular (The team submitted its report), reflejando si el colectivo se ve como individuos o como una sola unidad.- 1Garantizar la Cohesión y Coherencia: Este es el papel principal. Los anáforas crean vínculos explícitos entre oraciones y párrafos, tejiendo declaraciones individuales en un todo unificado y comprensible. La
cohesiónse refiere a los vínculos gramaticales y léxicos que unen un texto, mientras que lacoherenciase refiere al sentido general y significado del texto. La anáfora contribuye significativamente a ambos. Por ejemplo: "Thenegotiationswere protracted.Theystretched over several weeks, testing everyone's patience." (Theyse vincula directamente connegotiations).
- 1Evitar la Redundancia y Mejorar la Concisión: Repetir frases nominales innecesariamente hace que el texto sea pesado e infantil. La anáfora permite una compresión elegante de la información.
es mucho menos fluido queThe marketing departmentlaunched a new campaign.The marketing departmenthoped the campaign would increase sales.The marketing departmentlaunched a new campaign.Ithopeditwould increase sales.
- 1Gestionar el Flujo de Información (Tema y Rema): La referencia anafórica juega un papel clave en la estructuración de la información dentro de las oraciones, conectando con el concepto de Tema (información dada) y Rema (información nueva). Una vez que se introduce una nueva pieza de información (Rema), puede convertirse en la información conocida (Tema) en una oración subsiguiente, a menudo referida anafóricamente. Esto crea un progreso natural de las ideas. Por ejemplo:
We are currently evaluating
(a new AI model.Itshows promising results in data analysis.a new AI modeles información nueva, luegoItse convierte en información conocida para la siguiente declaración).
- 1Señalizar y Resumir el Discurso: Los pronombres demostrativos, especialmente
thisythat, son herramientas poderosas para resumir o referirse a segmentos más grandes del discurso previo. Pueden encapsular efectivamente un argumento, declaración o evento precedente, preparando al lector para un comentario o reacción subsiguiente. Por ejemplo:The company reported record profits, but simultaneously announced significant layoffs.
Thiscaused considerable public outcry.
- 1Lograr Sofisticación Estilística: En un nivel C1, el uso juicioso de la anáfora demuestra la capacidad de controlar el ritmo y el énfasis de la prosa. Permite variar la estructura de las oraciones y evita la calidad entrecortada del lenguaje excesivamente explícito. La elección entre repetir un sustantivo para enfatizar y usar un anáfora para la fluidez es una marca de escritura avanzada.
- Construir argumentos complejos en documentos académicos.
- Redactar correos electrónicos y informes profesionales que sean claros y eficientes.
- Participar en conversaciones naturales y fluidas.
- Crear narrativas convincentes en la ficción o la escritura descriptiva.
- 1Antecedentes Ambiguos: Este es quizás el error más significativo, leading a confusión y malentendidos. Ocurre cuando un pronombre podría referirse plausiblemente a más de una frase nominal en el contexto precedente, dejando al lector adivinando el significado pretendido.
- Error:
The
managertold theassistantthatheneeded to attend the conference. - *Análisis:* ¿Quién necesita asistir? ¿El gerente o el asistente? El
hees ambiguo. - Estrategias de Corrección:
- Reescribir: "The
managertold theassistant, 'You need to attend the conference.'" - Repetir el sustantivo:
The
(Menos elegante, pero claro).managertold theassistantthat themanagerneeded to attend the conference. - Usar apositivos/aclaraciones:
The
managertold theassistantthathe, themanager, needed to attend the conference.
- 1Error de Concordancia en Posesivos (L1 Transfer - ¡Ojo!): En español, el adjetivo posesivo
suconcuerda con el objeto poseído en número (su carro,sus carros), pero no con el poseedor. En inglés, los adjetivos posesivos de tercera persona singular concuerdan *únicamente* con el poseedor.
- Error de hablante de español:
Maríaloveshisjob. - *Análisis:* El estudiante piensa
su trabajoy usa el masculino por defecto o confunde el poseedor. Si el trabajo es de María, el poseedor es femenino. - Corrección:
Maríalovesherjob.
- 1Uso Incorrecto de
ItsvsTheirpara Empresas/Organizaciones: Como se mencionó, existe una diferencia transatlántica, pero el error común es usartheirsimplemente porque la organización tiene muchas personas, sin considerar las convenciones gramaticales.
- Error (común en contexto AmE):
Applejust releasedtheirnew iPhone. - Corrección (preferida en AmE):
(Se trata a la empresa como una entidad singular neutra).Applejust releaseditsnew iPhone.
- 1Vagar con el Pronombre
This: Usarthispara referirse a una idea general o difusa en el párrafo anterior, sin un antecedente claro.
- Error:
The company is facing lower sales, higher costs, and a new competitor.
Thisis a big problem. - *Análisis:* Aunque se entiende, es poco preciso. ¿Qué es el problema? ¿Todo junto? ¿El competidor?
- Corrección:
The company is facing lower sales, higher costs, and a new competitor.
This combination of factorsis a big problem.
- Anáfora:
When
the diplomatic cablesarrived,theywere immediately decoded. - Catáfora:
When
theyarrived,the diplomatic cableswere immediately decoded.
This vs. That en Referencia Discursiva:distancia psicológica o el enfoque:This: Típicamente se refiere a algo que se acaba de mencionar y sobre lo que se va a seguir hablando. Es el foco actual.He suggeted a complete restructure.
Thiswould involve relocating three departments.That: A menudo se refiere a algo mencionado anteriormente, a veces para concluir el tema o distanciarse un poco.- "He suggested a complete restructure. I don't think the board will agree to
that."
Llegó. | Casi inexistente. Requiere pronombre anafórico. He arrived. |Su libro / Sus libros. | Concuerda con el poseedor. His book / Her books. |it | No existe equivalente directo para sujeto inanimado. | Esencial para objetos/ideas. I like the car. It is fast. |hacerlo, lo mismo. | Usa do so, do it, do the same. |they en singular en un texto académico formal?they singular para personas cuyo género es desconocido o irrelevante, para evitar el sexismo lingüístico. Sin embargo, en contextos extremadamente conservadores, algunos prefieren reformular la frase en plural si es posible.do it y do so?Do so suele ser más formal y se refiere a una acción específica mencionada anteriormente, a menudo siguiendo una instrucción o promesa. Do it es más común en el habla cotidiana y puede referirse a una acción más general o vaga.- Formal:
They asked him to resign, and he did so.
- Informal:
If you want to jump, just do it.
he, será ambiguo. La mejor solución en nivel C1 no es buscar un pronombre mágico, sino reescribir la frase. Puedes repetir el sustantivo (aunque parezca repetitivo, la claridad es prioridad), usar un sinónimo, o reestructurar la oración usando la voz pasiva o oraciones de relativo para dejar claro quién hace qué.Common Anaphoric Referents
| Type | Singular | Plural | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Personal (Subject)
|
he, she, it
|
they
|
Replaces the subject noun
|
|
Personal (Object)
|
him, her, it
|
them
|
Replaces the object noun
|
|
Demonstrative
|
this, that
|
these, those
|
Points to specific items or ideas
|
|
Relative
|
who, which, that
|
who, which, that
|
Connects clauses
|
|
Pro-forms
|
do so, one
|
do so, some
|
Replaces verb phrases or nouns
|
Meanings
The use of a word (typically a pronoun) to refer back to a word or phrase mentioned earlier in a text to avoid repetition and create cohesion.
Personal Anaphora
Using personal pronouns (he, she, it, they) to replace specific people or objects.
“Dr. Aris is a pioneer in her field.”
“The students finished the exam; they looked exhausted.”
Demonstrative Anaphora
Using 'this', 'that', 'these', or 'those' to refer to objects or entire preceding statements.
“The company lost 40% of its value. This led to immediate layoffs.”
“He claimed he was innocent, but no one believed that.”
Relative Anaphora
Using relative pronouns (who, which, that) to link back to a noun in a complex sentence.
“The report, which I sent yesterday, contains the data.”
“The man who called you is my lawyer.”
Pro-form Anaphora
Using words like 'so', 'do', or 'did' to refer back to an entire verb phrase or action.
“If you want to leave, please do so quietly.”
“She thinks we will win, and I hope so too.”
Reference Table
| Tipo de Pronombre | Pronombre(s) | Ejemplo de Antecedente | Función |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Personal (Sujeto)
|
he, she, it, they
|
Dr. Anya Sharma -> She
|
Reemplaza al sustantivo como sujeto
|
|
Personal (Objeto)
|
him, her, it, them
|
My new laptop -> it
|
Reemplaza al sustantivo como objeto
|
|
Posesivo (Adjetivo)
|
his, her, its, their
|
The team -> their
|
Muestra posesión, describe al sustantivo
|
|
Demostrativo (Singular)
|
this, that
|
The complex theory -> That
|
Señala una idea/cosa previa específica
|
|
Demostrativo (Plural)
|
these, those
|
All the exam questions -> These
|
Señala ideas/cosas previas específicas
|
Espectro de formalidad
The error was significant; this necessitated a full review. (Workplace error)
There was a big mistake, so we had to check everything. (Workplace error)
We messed up. That meant we had to start over. (Workplace error)
Total fail. This meant we were back to square one. (Workplace error)
Referencia Anafórica: Conectando Ideas
Elementos Clave
- Antecedente El sustantivo/frase al que se refiere
- Anáfora La palabra que se refiere (normalmente pronombre)
Anáforas Comunes
- Pronombres Personales he, she, it, they, him, her, them
- Pronombres Posesivos his, hers, its, theirs
- Pronombres Demostrativos this, that, these, those
Propósito
- Cohesión Une oraciones/ideas fluidamente
- Evitar Repetición Hace el lenguaje natural
- Flujo de Información Mantiene a la audiencia enfocada
Problemas Potenciales
- Ambigüedad Antecedente poco claro
- Errores de Concordancia Desajuste en número/género
Anáfora vs. Catáfora
Eligiendo el Pronombre Anafórico Correcto
¿Hay un sustantivo/concepto al que referirse?
¿El antecedente es singular o plural?
¿El antecedente es masculino, femenino, o inanimado/común?
¿La referencia es clara y sin ambigüedades?
Tipos de Pronombres Anafóricos
Pronombres Personales
- • he
- • she
- • it
- • they
- • him
- • her
- • them
Formas Posesivas
- • his
- • hers
- • its
- • theirs
- • my
- • your
- • our
Pronombres Demostrativos
- • this
- • that
- • these
- • those
Evitando la Repetición
- • The students are ready. They...
- • The project is complex. It...
Ejemplos por nivel
I have a brother. He is ten.
I have a brother. He is ten.
Where is my bag? I can't find it.
Where is my bag? I can't find it.
Sarah is here. She is my friend.
Sarah is here. She is my friend.
The apples are red. They are sweet.
The apples are red. They are sweet.
I bought a new phone and I love it.
I bought a new phone and I love it.
John and Mary are late. Tell them to hurry.
John and Mary are late. Tell them to hurry.
This is my house. That is my car over there.
This is my house. That is my car over there.
He lost his wallet. He found it under the sofa.
He lost his wallet. He found it under the sofa.
The movie, which we saw last night, was boring.
The movie, which we saw last night, was boring.
If you need a pen, I have one you can borrow.
If you need a pen, I have one you can borrow.
She failed the test. This surprised everyone.
She failed the test. This surprised everyone.
I've never been to Paris, but I'd like to go there.
I've never been to Paris, but I'd like to go there.
The committee reached a decision, but it wasn't easy.
The committee reached a decision, but it wasn't easy.
He asked me to sign the contract, and I did so immediately.
He asked me to sign the contract, and I did so immediately.
Many people believe the economy is improving; however, others dispute this.
Many people believe the economy is improving; however, others dispute this.
The employees were unhappy with the new policy, so they protested.
The employees were unhappy with the new policy, so they protested.
The government's refusal to negotiate was unexpected. This stance alienated many voters.
The government's refusal to negotiate was unexpected. This stance alienated many voters.
The former theory suggests a biological cause, while the latter posits a social one.
The former theory suggests a biological cause, while the latter posits a social one.
The software crashed during the update, which led to a total loss of data.
The software crashed during the update, which led to a total loss of data.
Should the inflation rate rise further, and it is widely expected to do so, the bank will act.
Should the inflation rate rise further, and it is widely expected to do so, the bank will act.
The sheer audacity of the proposal was what struck me most; it was, in a word, breathtaking.
The sheer audacity of the proposal was what struck me most; it was, in a word, breathtaking.
The architect designed the building to be sustainable, an objective she achieved through solar glass.
The architect designed the building to be sustainable, an objective she achieved through solar glass.
To understand the poem, one must look at its historical context; doing this reveals hidden meanings.
To understand the poem, one must look at its historical context; doing this reveals hidden meanings.
The CEO's resignation, though sudden, was not entirely unforeseen; that it happened now is the only surprise.
The CEO's resignation, though sudden, was not entirely unforeseen; that it happened now is the only surprise.
Fácil de confundir
Learners often use them interchangeably when referring to ideas.
Using 'it' to refer to a whole sentence.
Errores comunes
My mother is tall. He is nice.
My mother is tall. She is nice.
I have two dogs. I love it.
I have two dogs. I love them.
He was late. That was a problem.
He was late. This was a problem.
The manager told the clerk he was wrong.
The manager told the clerk, 'You are wrong,' or 'The manager admitted he was wrong.'
Patrones de oraciones
[Noun Phrase] is [Adjective]; [Pronoun] is also [Adjective].
[Clause], which [Verb Phrase].
Real World Usage
This phenomenon suggests a deeper underlying cause.
Saw the news. That's crazy!
I managed the marketing team and helped them reach their goals.
The suspect fled the scene; he is still at large.
The Party of the First Part shall fulfill its obligations.
Once there was a king. He was very old.
La Claridad es Tu Brújula
¡Cuidado con las Trampas de la Ambigüedad!
Revisa la Concordancia
En Conversaciones Casuales, el Contexto es Rey
Lee en Voz Alta para Pescar Errores
Smart Tips
Always add a noun after 'This' to clarify your point.
Avoid using 'he' or 'she' repeatedly; use their names or titles to distinguish them.
Use 'do so' or 'did so' to avoid repeating long verb phrases.
Be consistent: if you start with 'it', don't switch to 'they' in the same paragraph.
Pronunciación
Weak forms of pronouns
In natural speech, anaphoric pronouns like 'him', 'her', and 'them' are often unstressed and reduced.
Stress for Contrast
I didn't see HIM, I saw HER.
Stress is used when the pronoun is being contrasted with another potential referent.
Memorízalo
Mnemotecnia
ANA points BACK (Anaphora), CATA points AHEAD (Cataphora).
Asociación visual
Imagine a text as a chain. Each pronoun is a hook that reaches back to grab the previous link (the noun) to keep the chain from breaking.
Rhyme
If you've said the noun before, use a pronoun to say more.
Story
John walked into a room. He (John) saw a cake. It (the cake) looked delicious. This (the whole situation) made him happy.
Word Web
Desafío
Write a 5-sentence paragraph about your favorite book without using the book's title more than once.
Notas culturales
In academic writing, 'this' is preferred over 'it' when referring to complex ideas to provide more 'weight' to the reference.
The use of 'they' as a singular anaphoric referent for a person of unknown or non-binary gender is now standard.
Legal documents often avoid anaphora entirely to prevent any possible ambiguity, repeating full names or titles instead.
From Ancient Greek 'anaphora' (ἀναφορά), meaning 'a carrying back'.
Inicios de conversación
Have you seen any good movies lately? What did you like about them?
If a colleague makes a mistake, how do you tell them?
The economy is changing rapidly. How is this affecting your industry?
Temas para diario
Errores comunes
Test Yourself
The new software is complex, but _____ makes our work much faster.
Choose the correct sentence:
Find and fix the mistake:
My sister told her friend that she was busy.
Score: /3
Ejercicios de practica
8 exercisesThe company released its annual report today. ___ shows a 10% increase in profits.
Find and fix the mistake:
When the car hit the wall, it was damaged.
If you need to cancel your subscription, please ___ before the 1st of the month.
I have a friend. She lives in Tokyo.
Identify the demonstrative anaphora: 'He failed. This was sad.'
A: Did you see the memo? B: Yes, I read ___ this morning.
'Because he was hungry, John ate an apple.'
1. The girls, 2. The book, 3. The man
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe coffee machine broke down, so _____ had to brew tea instead.
The manager and the assistant discussed the report, and he decided to postpone the meeting.
Which sentence is correct?
Translate into English: 'El libro es muy interesante; lo leí en un día.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the antecedents with the correct pronouns:
My phone battery is low; I need to charge _____
Each team member presented their ideas.
Which sentence is correct?
Translate into English: 'Mis colegas trabajan mucho; ellos merecen un ascenso.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the nouns with their possessive forms:
Score: /12
Preguntas frecuentes (8)
Anaphora points back to a noun already mentioned (`John left. He was tired.`), while cataphora points forward to a noun mentioned later (`Because he was tired, John left.`).
Yes, 'singular they' is used when the gender is unknown or irrelevant (`Someone left their phone.`).
Use `this` when referring to a whole sentence or a complex idea. Use `it` when referring to a specific noun.
A vague pronoun is one where the reader can't tell what it refers to. For example, `They say it will rain.` Who is 'they'?
Yes, `the former` and `the latter` are mostly used in formal writing and academic contexts.
If there are two nouns, repeat the specific noun instead of using a pronoun, or restructure the sentence.
Yes, in relative clauses like `He arrived late, which annoyed me,` the word `which` refers to the entire fact that he arrived late.
Most do, but some (like Japanese) prefer to omit the pronoun entirely if the context is clear.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Pronombres de objeto y sujeto
English must say 'It is...', Spanish can just say 'Es...'
Zero Anaphora
English pronouns are mandatory; Japanese ones are often avoided.
Pronomen mit Kasus
German pronouns carry more grammatical information (case).
Pronoms compléments
Word order of the pronoun referent.
Damir (Pronouns)
Anaphoric referents are often suffixes in Arabic.
代词 (Dàicí)
Lack of gender distinction in spoken anaphora.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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