पीछे देखना: सर्वनामों का प्रयोग (अनाफोरिक संदर्भ)
pronouns का सही इस्तेमाल करो ताकि flow बना रहे और clarity न खोए।
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Anaphoric reference uses pronouns to point back to previously mentioned ideas, ensuring your writing flows smoothly without repetitive nouns.
- Match the pronoun to the specific noun's number and gender: 'The CEO resigned; she left today.'
- Use 'this' or 'that' to refer to entire previous clauses or complex ideas.
- Avoid 'pronoun ambiguity' where it is unclear which of two previous nouns you are referencing.
Overview
- 1Antecedent: वह संज्ञा, वाक्यांश (Phrase), या पूरा वाक्य जो पहले आया है।
- 2Anaphor: वह शब्द (प्रायः एक Pronoun) जो उस पहले आए हुए हिस्से की ओर इशारा करता है।
The CEO presented the annual strategy. She explained how it would impact the market.The CEO 'Antecedent' है और She 'Anaphor' है। इसी तरह the annual strategy भी एक 'Antecedent' है जिसके लिए it का प्रयोग किया गया है।He brought fruits from there कहना ही होगा।- Personal Pronouns:
he,she,it,theyआदि। (जैसे:The students were late; they missed the lecture.) - Demonstrative Pronouns:
this,that,these,those। ये अक्सर पिछली पूरी बात को सारांशित (Summarize) करने के लिए उपयोग होते हैं। (जैसे:The interest rates have increased significantly. This will lead to a slowdown in real estate.- यहाँThisपूरी परिस्थिति की ओर इशारा कर रहा है।) - Possessive Pronouns:
his,hers,theirsआदि। (जैसे:The team submitted its proposal.) - Pro-forms:
do so,do it,the sameआदि। ये क्रियाओं (Verbs) की जगह लेते हैं। (जैसे:I asked him to rewrite the report, and he did so.)
he / him / his | वह / उसे / उसका | Rahul lost his wallet. |she / her / hers | वह / उसे / उसका | Anjali found her keys. |it / its | यह / वह / इसका | The project reached its end. |they / them / their | वे / उन्हें / उनका | The files were misplaced; they are here. |this / that | यह / वह / यह बात | Inflation is rising. This is worrying. |- 1Number Agreement: यदि आपका 'Antecedent' बहुवचन (Plural) है, तो 'Anaphor' भी बहुवचन होना चाहिए।
- *गलत:*
The companies are expanding its operations. - *सही:*
The companies are expanding their operations.
- 1The Gender-Neutral 'They': आधुनिक और उच्च-स्तरीय English में, जब हमें किसी व्यक्ति का लिंग ज्ञात न हो या हम सामान्य (Generic) बात कर रहे हों, तो
he or sheकहने के बजायtheyका उपयोग करना अधिक प्रचलित और 'sophisticated' माना जाता है।
- उदाहरण:
If a student wishes to appeal, they must do so within ten days.
- 1Reflexive Anaphora: जब कर्ता और कर्म (Object) एक ही हों, तो
himself,herself,itself,themselvesका प्रयोग होता है।
- उदाहरण:
The corporation found itself in a legal dilemma.
- 1Pro-forms (Verb Phrases के लिए): जब हम किसी क्रिया को दोहराना नहीं चाहते, तो
do soका प्रयोग सबसे औपचारिक (Formal) तरीका है।
- उदाहरण:
The management promised to increase salaries, but they failed to do so.(यहाँdo soका मतलब हैincrease salaries).
- 1To Achieve Cohesion (सामंजस्य के लिए):
The government introduced a new policy. It aims to reduce carbon emissions. This move was welcomed by environmentalists.It नीति की ओर और This move पूरे सरकारी कदम की ओर इशारा कर रहा है।- 1To Avoid Redundancy (दोहराव से बचने के लिए):
The marketing manager called the sales team. The marketing manager told the sales team that the sales team must work harder.The marketing manager called the sales team and told them that they must work harder.- 1Information Flow (Theme and Rheme):
We are facing a 'resource crunch' (New info). 'This' (Old info/Anaphor) is caused by global supply issues.- 1Summarizing Large Ideas (बड़े विचारों को समेटना):
this या that का उपयोग करके पिछले पूरे पैराग्राफ या तर्क की ओर संकेत करते हैं।Our competitors are lowering prices, improving quality, and expanding their reach. All this means we need a new strategy.- 1Literary and Academic Precision:
the former (पूर्व वाला) और the latter (बाद वाला) का उपयोग दो चीज़ों के बीच अंतर करने के लिए किया जाता है।The report discussed both 'qualitative' and 'quantitative' data; the former was collected through interviews. (यहाँ the former का अर्थ qualitative data है।)- 1The 'Missing It' Error (शून्य सर्वनाम की समस्या):
- गलत:
Look at that car. Is very expensive. - सही:
Look at that car. It is very expensive. - क्यों होता है: क्योंकि हिंदी में 'यह/वह' को अक्सर क्रिया में ही समाहित मान लिया जाता है।
- 1Ambiguous Antecedents (अस्पष्ट संदर्भ):
- गलत:
The manager told the accountant that he was responsible for the error.(यहाँ 'he' कौन है? मैनेजर या अकाउंटेंट?) - समाधान:
The manager told the accountant that the latter was responsible for the error.या नाम दोबारा लिखें।
- 1Gender Mismatch (लिंग का गलत प्रयोग):
- गलत:
Meera lost his bag.(यदि बैग मीरा का है) - सही:
Meera lost her bag.
- 1Using 'This' vs. 'It' for Abstract Ideas:
it और this के बीच भ्रमित हो जाते हैं। आम तौर पर, it का प्रयोग किसी ठोस वस्तु (Concrete object) के लिए होता है, जबकि this का प्रयोग किसी स्थिति या विचार (Situation/Idea) को इंगित करने के लिए होता है।He resigned. It surprised me.(कम प्रभावशाली)He resigned. This surprised me.(बेहतर, क्योंकि 'इस्तीफा देना' एक पूरी घटना है।)
I saw a movie; it was great. | it पहले आए movie की ओर इशारा कर रहा है। |When he arrived, John sat down. | he का अर्थ आगे आने वाले John से स्पष्ट होता है। |Look at that! (उंगली से इशारा करते हुए) | संदर्भ टेक्स्ट में नहीं, बल्कि वास्तविक दुनिया में है। |- Anaphora:
She went to the store and she bought milk. - Ellipsis:
She went to the store and bought milk.(यहाँsheलुप्त है, जो अधिक प्राकृतिक है।)
this उस बात की ओर इशारा करता है जो अभी-अभी कही गई है या जो बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है। that का प्रयोग तब होता है जब हम उस विचार से थोड़ी दूरी बनाना चाहते हैं या वह बात थोड़ी पुरानी हो गई हो।We need to cut costs. This is our priority.(ताज़ा और महत्वपूर्ण)They failed to meet the deadline. That was a major setback.(बीती हुई घटना)
Do so अधिक औपचारिक (Formal) है और अक्सर लिखित भाषा या उच्च-स्तरीय भाषणों में उपयोग होता है। Do it थोड़ा अनौपचारिक (Informal) या सीधा है।- *Formal:*
He was asked to provide evidence and he did so. - *Neutral:*
If you want to leave, just do it.
it, this, और he का एक साथ प्रयोग कर रहे हैं, तो सुनिश्चित करें कि हर शब्द का 'Antecedent' पाठक को साफ-साफ समझ आ रहा है। यदि भ्रम की स्थिति बने, तो संज्ञा (Noun) को दोहराना बेहतर है।Common Anaphoric Referents
| Type | Singular | Plural | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Personal (Subject)
|
he, she, it
|
they
|
Replaces the subject noun
|
|
Personal (Object)
|
him, her, it
|
them
|
Replaces the object noun
|
|
Demonstrative
|
this, that
|
these, those
|
Points to specific items or ideas
|
|
Relative
|
who, which, that
|
who, which, that
|
Connects clauses
|
|
Pro-forms
|
do so, one
|
do so, some
|
Replaces verb phrases or nouns
|
Meanings
The use of a word (typically a pronoun) to refer back to a word or phrase mentioned earlier in a text to avoid repetition and create cohesion.
Personal Anaphora
Using personal pronouns (he, she, it, they) to replace specific people or objects.
“Dr. Aris is a pioneer in her field.”
“The students finished the exam; they looked exhausted.”
Demonstrative Anaphora
Using 'this', 'that', 'these', or 'those' to refer to objects or entire preceding statements.
“The company lost 40% of its value. This led to immediate layoffs.”
“He claimed he was innocent, but no one believed that.”
Relative Anaphora
Using relative pronouns (who, which, that) to link back to a noun in a complex sentence.
“The report, which I sent yesterday, contains the data.”
“The man who called you is my lawyer.”
Pro-form Anaphora
Using words like 'so', 'do', or 'did' to refer back to an entire verb phrase or action.
“If you want to leave, please do so quietly.”
“She thinks we will win, and I hope so too.”
Reference Table
| प्रोनाउन का टाइप | प्रोनाउन (Pronouns) | Antecedent का उदाहरण | काम (Function) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Personal (Subject)
|
he, she, it, they
|
Dr. Anya Sharma -> She
|
सब्जेक्ट की जगह नाउन को रिप्लेस करना
|
|
Personal (Object)
|
him, her, it, them
|
My new laptop -> it
|
ऑब्जेक्ट की जगह नाउन को रिप्लेस करना
|
|
Possessive (Adjective)
|
his, her, its, their
|
The team -> their
|
मालिकाना हक या डिस्क्रिप्शन दिखाना
|
|
Demonstrative (Singular)
|
this, that
|
The complex theory -> That
|
किसी पिछले आइडिया या चीज की ओर इशारा करना
|
|
Demonstrative (Plural)
|
these, those
|
All the exam questions -> These
|
पिछली कई चीजों या आइडियाज की ओर इशारा करना
|
औपचारिकता का स्तर
The error was significant; this necessitated a full review. (Workplace error)
There was a big mistake, so we had to check everything. (Workplace error)
We messed up. That meant we had to start over. (Workplace error)
Total fail. This meant we were back to square one. (Workplace error)
Anaphoric Reference: आइडियाज को जोड़ना
मुख्य तत्व
- Antecedent The noun/phrase referred to
- Anaphor The word referring back (usually pronoun)
आम Anaphors
- Personal Pronouns he, she, it, they, him, her, them
- Possessive Pronouns his, her, its, their
मकसद
- Cohesion Links sentences smoothly
- Avoid Repetition Makes language natural
Anaphora बनाम Cataphora
सही Anaphoric प्रोनाउन चुनना
क्या पीछे इशारा करने के लिए कोई नाउन है?
क्या Antecedent सिंगुलर है या प्लुरल?
क्या रेफरेंस साफ और स्पष्ट है?
Anaphoric प्रोनाउंस के प्रकार
Personal Pronouns
- • he
- • she
- • it
- • they
Possessive Forms
- • his
- • her
- • its
- • their
Demonstrative
- • this
- • that
- • these
- • those
स्तर के अनुसार उदाहरण
I have a brother. He is ten.
I have a brother. He is ten.
Where is my bag? I can't find it.
Where is my bag? I can't find it.
Sarah is here. She is my friend.
Sarah is here. She is my friend.
The apples are red. They are sweet.
The apples are red. They are sweet.
I bought a new phone and I love it.
I bought a new phone and I love it.
John and Mary are late. Tell them to hurry.
John and Mary are late. Tell them to hurry.
This is my house. That is my car over there.
This is my house. That is my car over there.
He lost his wallet. He found it under the sofa.
He lost his wallet. He found it under the sofa.
The movie, which we saw last night, was boring.
The movie, which we saw last night, was boring.
If you need a pen, I have one you can borrow.
If you need a pen, I have one you can borrow.
She failed the test. This surprised everyone.
She failed the test. This surprised everyone.
I've never been to Paris, but I'd like to go there.
I've never been to Paris, but I'd like to go there.
The committee reached a decision, but it wasn't easy.
The committee reached a decision, but it wasn't easy.
He asked me to sign the contract, and I did so immediately.
He asked me to sign the contract, and I did so immediately.
Many people believe the economy is improving; however, others dispute this.
Many people believe the economy is improving; however, others dispute this.
The employees were unhappy with the new policy, so they protested.
The employees were unhappy with the new policy, so they protested.
The government's refusal to negotiate was unexpected. This stance alienated many voters.
The government's refusal to negotiate was unexpected. This stance alienated many voters.
The former theory suggests a biological cause, while the latter posits a social one.
The former theory suggests a biological cause, while the latter posits a social one.
The software crashed during the update, which led to a total loss of data.
The software crashed during the update, which led to a total loss of data.
Should the inflation rate rise further, and it is widely expected to do so, the bank will act.
Should the inflation rate rise further, and it is widely expected to do so, the bank will act.
The sheer audacity of the proposal was what struck me most; it was, in a word, breathtaking.
The sheer audacity of the proposal was what struck me most; it was, in a word, breathtaking.
The architect designed the building to be sustainable, an objective she achieved through solar glass.
The architect designed the building to be sustainable, an objective she achieved through solar glass.
To understand the poem, one must look at its historical context; doing this reveals hidden meanings.
To understand the poem, one must look at its historical context; doing this reveals hidden meanings.
The CEO's resignation, though sudden, was not entirely unforeseen; that it happened now is the only surprise.
The CEO's resignation, though sudden, was not entirely unforeseen; that it happened now is the only surprise.
आसानी से भ्रमित होने वाले
Learners often use them interchangeably when referring to ideas.
Using 'it' to refer to a whole sentence.
सामान्य गलतियाँ
My mother is tall. He is nice.
My mother is tall. She is nice.
I have two dogs. I love it.
I have two dogs. I love them.
He was late. That was a problem.
He was late. This was a problem.
The manager told the clerk he was wrong.
The manager told the clerk, 'You are wrong,' or 'The manager admitted he was wrong.'
वाक्य संरचनाएँ
[Noun Phrase] is [Adjective]; [Pronoun] is also [Adjective].
[Clause], which [Verb Phrase].
Real World Usage
This phenomenon suggests a deeper underlying cause.
Saw the news. That's crazy!
I managed the marketing team and helped them reach their goals.
The suspect fled the scene; he is still at large.
The Party of the First Part shall fulfill its obligations.
Once there was a king. He was very old.
क्लैरिटी ही सब कुछ है
Ambiguity के जाल से बचो
I put the vase on the table and it broke.
Agreement चेक करो
The team finished its task ahead of schedule.
कैजुअल चैट में कॉन्टेक्स्ट ही राजा है
Did you see that?
बोलकर चेक करो
The book was on the shelf, and it was covered in dust.
Smart Tips
Always add a noun after 'This' to clarify your point.
Avoid using 'he' or 'she' repeatedly; use their names or titles to distinguish them.
Use 'do so' or 'did so' to avoid repeating long verb phrases.
Be consistent: if you start with 'it', don't switch to 'they' in the same paragraph.
उच्चारण
Weak forms of pronouns
In natural speech, anaphoric pronouns like 'him', 'her', and 'them' are often unstressed and reduced.
Stress for Contrast
I didn't see HIM, I saw HER.
Stress is used when the pronoun is being contrasted with another potential referent.
याद करें
स्मृति सहायक
ANA points BACK (Anaphora), CATA points AHEAD (Cataphora).
दृश्य संबंध
Imagine a text as a chain. Each pronoun is a hook that reaches back to grab the previous link (the noun) to keep the chain from breaking.
Rhyme
If you've said the noun before, use a pronoun to say more.
Story
John walked into a room. He (John) saw a cake. It (the cake) looked delicious. This (the whole situation) made him happy.
Word Web
चैलेंज
Write a 5-sentence paragraph about your favorite book without using the book's title more than once.
सांस्कृतिक नोट्स
In academic writing, 'this' is preferred over 'it' when referring to complex ideas to provide more 'weight' to the reference.
The use of 'they' as a singular anaphoric referent for a person of unknown or non-binary gender is now standard.
Legal documents often avoid anaphora entirely to prevent any possible ambiguity, repeating full names or titles instead.
From Ancient Greek 'anaphora' (ἀναφορά), meaning 'a carrying back'.
बातचीत की शुरुआत
Have you seen any good movies lately? What did you like about them?
If a colleague makes a mistake, how do you tell them?
The economy is changing rapidly. How is this affecting your industry?
डायरी विषय
सामान्य गलतियाँ
Test Yourself
The new software is complex, but _____ makes our work much faster.
सही सेंटेंस चुनें:
Find and fix the mistake:
My sister told her friend that she was busy.
Score: /3
अभ्यास प्रश्न
8 exercisesThe company released its annual report today. ___ shows a 10% increase in profits.
Find and fix the mistake:
When the car hit the wall, it was damaged.
If you need to cancel your subscription, please ___ before the 1st of the month.
I have a friend. She lives in Tokyo.
Identify the demonstrative anaphora: 'He failed. This was sad.'
A: Did you see the memo? B: Yes, I read ___ this morning.
'Because he was hungry, John ate an apple.'
1. The girls, 2. The book, 3. The man
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe coffee machine broke down, so _____ had to brew tea instead.
The manager and the assistant discussed the report, and he decided to postpone the meeting.
कौन सा सेंटेंस सही है?
इंग्लिश में ट्रांसलेट करें: 'किताब बहुत दिलचस्प है; मैंने इसे एक दिन में पढ़ लिया।'
इन शब्दों को सही क्रम में लगाएं:
Antecedents को सही प्रोनाउंस से मिलाएं:
My phone battery is low; I need to charge _____.
Each team member presented their ideas.
कौन सा सेंटेंस सही है?
इंग्लिश में ट्रांसलेट करें: 'मेरे सहकर्मी बहुत मेहनत करते हैं; वे प्रमोशन के हकदार हैं।'
इन शब्दों को जोड़कर सेंटेंस बनाएं:
नाउंस को उनके possessive फॉर्म से मिलाएं:
Score: /12
अक्सर पूछे जाने वाले सवाल (8)
Anaphora points back to a noun already mentioned (`John left. He was tired.`), while cataphora points forward to a noun mentioned later (`Because he was tired, John left.`).
Yes, 'singular they' is used when the gender is unknown or irrelevant (`Someone left their phone.`).
Use `this` when referring to a whole sentence or a complex idea. Use `it` when referring to a specific noun.
A vague pronoun is one where the reader can't tell what it refers to. For example, `They say it will rain.` Who is 'they'?
Yes, `the former` and `the latter` are mostly used in formal writing and academic contexts.
If there are two nouns, repeat the specific noun instead of using a pronoun, or restructure the sentence.
Yes, in relative clauses like `He arrived late, which annoyed me,` the word `which` refers to the entire fact that he arrived late.
Most do, but some (like Japanese) prefer to omit the pronoun entirely if the context is clear.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Pronombres de objeto y sujeto
English must say 'It is...', Spanish can just say 'Es...'
Zero Anaphora
English pronouns are mandatory; Japanese ones are often avoided.
Pronomen mit Kasus
German pronouns carry more grammatical information (case).
Pronoms compléments
Word order of the pronoun referent.
Damir (Pronouns)
Anaphoric referents are often suffixes in Arabic.
代词 (Dàicí)
Lack of gender distinction in spoken anaphora.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
संबंधित वीडियो
01:53 EXTRACTION 3 | Trailer - Chris Hemsworth - Idris Elba - Golshifteh | Netflix
03:01 'The Last Show' - Primetime Special Cold Open
01:32 The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey - Why the halfling (Full HD)
Pronoun Reference and Antecedent Agreement in Hindi
Learn English with Sartaz
Anaphora and Cataphora Explained clearly
English with Nimisha Bansal
Pronouns in English Grammar | Types & Examples
Spoken English Guru
Related Grammar Rules
अंग्रेजी ऑब्जेक्ट प्रोनाउन: me, you, him, her (क्रिया प्राप्त करना)
Overview क्या आपने कभी सेल्फी पोस्ट की है और सोचा है कि आप सिर्फ `Look at I!` क्यों नहीं लिख सकते? खैर, जब तक आप 17वीं स...
अंग्रेजी रिफ्लेक्सिव प्रोनाउन (myself, yourself)
Overview क्या आपने कभी अपने चेहरे की फोटो लेने की कोशिश की है? आपने शायद इसे `selfie` कहा होगा। यह छोटा सा शब्द वास्तव म...
यह, वह (This, That, These, Those): प्रदर्शनकारी शब्द
Ever tried ordering a specific pastry in a bakery window but forgot the name? You probably just pointed and said, "I wan...
सर्वनाम के रूप में 'One' और 'Ones' का प्रयोग
क्या तुम्हें कभी ऑनलाइन कपड़े खरीदते समय अटके हुए रिकॉर्ड जैसा महसूस हुआ है? तुम्हें एक मस्त शर्ट मिलती है। फिर तुम्हें...
मैं, तुम, यह — आपके पहले सर्वनाम
क्या आपने कभी ध्यान दिया है कि अगर हम नामों को बार-बार दोहराते रहें तो यह कितना अजीब लगेगा? "मारिया स्पेन से है। मारिया...
