Apontar para Trás: Usando Pronomes (Referência Anafórica)
suave, usando pronomes para conectar ideias sem esforço.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Anaphoric reference uses pronouns to point back to previously mentioned ideas, ensuring your writing flows smoothly without repetitive nouns.
- Match the pronoun to the specific noun's number and gender: 'The CEO resigned; she left today.'
- Use 'this' or 'that' to refer to entire previous clauses or complex ideas.
- Avoid 'pronoun ambiguity' where it is unclear which of two previous nouns you are referencing.
Overview
anaphoric reference (o ato de apontar para trás), é a ferramenta central para essa fluidez.
pro-forms para retomar conceitos é essencial para quem deseja escrever relatórios profissionais, participar de debates acadêmicos ou simplesmente soar natural em uma conversa no WhatsApp ou em um jantar de negócios.algo anterior é chamado de antecedente. Imagine que você está contando para um amigo sobre um motorista de Uber: O motorista se perdeu, então ele me ligou.
ele é o termo anafórico que aponta de volta para o motorista. Sem isso, o inglês soaria robótico: The driver got lost, so the driver called me.
Vi o filme e gostei. No inglês, a referência anafórica é obrigatória e explícita:
I saw the movie and I liked it.it para retomar the movie. No C1, você deve ir além do básico he, she, it e dominar o uso de demonstrativos (this, that), pronomes relativos e expressões como do so ou the same para manter a elegância do seu discurso.A empresa decidiu investir. Espera colher frutos, o final do verbo
espera já indica que estou falando da empresa.The company decided to invest. It expects to see results, o pronome it é o elo indispensável.- Personal Pronouns:
he,she,it,they, etc. São os substitutos diretos de substantivos. - Demonstrative Pronouns:
this,that,these,those. No nível C1, eles frequentemente retomam frases inteiras ou ideias complexas, não apenas objetos físicos. - Possessive Pronouns:
his,hers,theirs,ours. Retomam a posse sem repetir o objeto possuído. - Relative Pronouns:
who,which,whom,whose,that. Criam anáfora dentro de orações subordinadas. - Pro-forms: Expressões como
do so,do it,the sameouone/ones. Elas substituem verbos ou sintagmas nominais inteiros.
it | (Geralmente omitido ou ele/ela) | The proposal is ready; it is on your desk. |they (Singular They) | Ele ou A pessoa | If a client calls, tell them I'm busy. |this / that | Isso / O que | He resigned suddenly. This surprised us. |do so / do the same | Fazer o mesmo / Fazê-lo | She asked me to leave, and I did so. |one / ones | (Omitido ou um/uns) | I don't like this hat. I prefer the blue one. |Singular They: No nível C1, você deve estar confortável com o uso de they/them/their para se referir a uma única pessoa cujo gênero você não conhece ou não quer especificar. Em português, tendemos a usar o masculino genérico (Se o cliente ligar, diga a ele...), mas no inglês moderno e formal,
If the client calls, tell them... é a norma de cortesia e inclusão.This: Usado para retomar algo que acabou de ser dito, geralmente dando foco ou introduzindo uma explicação sobre aquilo. É oissoque estápertono texto.That: Frequentemente usado para se distanciar de uma ideia mencionada anteriormente ou para encerrar um tópico antes de passar para outro.
The marketing project is going well. The marketing project will be finished by Friday.The marketing project is going well; it should be completed by Friday.Theme é a informação conhecida e o Rheme é a informação nova. A anáfora transforma o Rheme de uma frase no Theme da próxima.We have implemented a new security protocol (Nova info). It (Info agora conhecida) ensures all data is encrypted.this ou these findings para encapsular parágrafos inteiros.The market is volatile, interest rates are rising, and consumer confidence is low. This (tudo o que foi dito antes) suggests a recession is imminent.do so.The CEO requested that all managers submit their budgets by noon, and most have already done so. (Aqui, done so substitui submitted their budgets by noon).Who is who? problem):- *Erro:*
John told Paul that he had won the lottery.(Quem ganhou? John ou Paul? Oheé ambíguo). - *Correção C1:*
John told Paul, "I've won the lottery,"ouJohn told Paul that Paul had won the lottery.
It):Eu comprei ou Eu vi. No inglês, se o verbo é transitivo, ele precisa de um objeto anafórico.- *Erro:*
I lost my keys, but I found yesterday. - *Correção:*
I lost my keys, but I found them yesterday.(Othemretomakeys).
it.- *Erro:*
I love my new car. He is very fast. - *Por que acontece:* Porque em português pensamos
Ele (o carro) é rápido
. - *Correção:*
I love my new car. It is very fast.
The same:Verifique se o mesmo se encontra no andar).
- *Erro:*
I received your report and I will review the same tonight. - *Correção C1:*
I received your report and I will review it tonight.(Use o pronome simples,the samesoa arcaico ou excessivamente burocrático nesse contexto).
The cake was delicious. I ate it all. |When he arrived, John realized he was late. |Look at that! (Apontando para algo na rua) |I have a red pen. Do you have a blue one? |Despite its reputation for being difficult, the exam was actually quite simple. (O its aponta para the exam, que vem depois).this para me referir a uma pessoa que mencionei antes?he, she, they). O this como anáfora é reservado para coisas, situações ou ideias. A única exceção é quando você está identificando alguém (ex: This is my friend, Maria), mas isso não é anáfora de retomada de discurso.it e this para retomar uma ideia?It é mais neutro e foca no objeto ou ideia em si. This é mais enfático e frequentemente usado quando você vai adicionar uma nova informação ou comentário sobre o que foi dito.I read the report. It was long.(Foco no relatório).I read the report. This led me to believe we need a new strategy.(Foco na consequência da leitura).
Singular They é aceito em contextos formais, como o TOEFL ou o IELTS?they singular como gramaticalmente correto para antecedentes de gênero desconhecido ou para manter a neutralidade. É muito mais elegante do que escrever he or she o tempo todo.one em vez de it?it quando se refere a um objeto específico já mencionado. Use one quando se refere a um exemplo de uma categoria.I found my phone. It was under the bed.(O meu telefone específico).I need a new phone. I'll buy a cheap one.(Um telefone qualquer da categoriabaratos).
Common Anaphoric Referents
| Type | Singular | Plural | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Personal (Subject)
|
he, she, it
|
they
|
Replaces the subject noun
|
|
Personal (Object)
|
him, her, it
|
them
|
Replaces the object noun
|
|
Demonstrative
|
this, that
|
these, those
|
Points to specific items or ideas
|
|
Relative
|
who, which, that
|
who, which, that
|
Connects clauses
|
|
Pro-forms
|
do so, one
|
do so, some
|
Replaces verb phrases or nouns
|
Meanings
The use of a word (typically a pronoun) to refer back to a word or phrase mentioned earlier in a text to avoid repetition and create cohesion.
Personal Anaphora
Using personal pronouns (he, she, it, they) to replace specific people or objects.
“Dr. Aris is a pioneer in her field.”
“The students finished the exam; they looked exhausted.”
Demonstrative Anaphora
Using 'this', 'that', 'these', or 'those' to refer to objects or entire preceding statements.
“The company lost 40% of its value. This led to immediate layoffs.”
“He claimed he was innocent, but no one believed that.”
Relative Anaphora
Using relative pronouns (who, which, that) to link back to a noun in a complex sentence.
“The report, which I sent yesterday, contains the data.”
“The man who called you is my lawyer.”
Pro-form Anaphora
Using words like 'so', 'do', or 'did' to refer back to an entire verb phrase or action.
“If you want to leave, please do so quietly.”
“She thinks we will win, and I hope so too.”
Reference Table
| Tipo de Pronome | Pronome(s) | Exemplo de Antecedente | Função |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Pessoal (Sujeito)
|
he, she, it, they
|
Dr. Anya Sharma -> She
|
Substitui o substantivo como sujeito
|
|
Pessoal (Objeto)
|
him, her, it, them
|
My new laptop -> it
|
Substitui o substantivo como objeto
|
|
Possessivo (Adjetivo)
|
his, her, its, their
|
The team -> their
|
Mostra posse, descreve o substantivo
|
|
Demonstrativo (Singular)
|
this, that
|
The complex theory -> That
|
Aponta para uma ideia/coisa anterior específica
|
|
Demonstrativo (Plural)
|
these, those
|
All the exam questions -> These
|
Aponta para ideias/coisas anteriores específicas
|
Espectro de formalidade
The error was significant; this necessitated a full review. (Workplace error)
There was a big mistake, so we had to check everything. (Workplace error)
We messed up. That meant we had to start over. (Workplace error)
Total fail. This meant we were back to square one. (Workplace error)
Referência Anafórica: Conectando Ideias
Elementos Chave
- Antecedent O substantivo/frase referida
- Anaphor A palavra que se refere (geralmente pronome)
Anáforas Comuns
- Personal Pronouns he, she, it, they, him, her, them
- Possessive Pronouns his, hers, its, theirs
- Demonstrative Pronouns this, that, these, those
Propósito
- Cohesion Conecta frases/ideias suavemente
- Avoid Repetition Torna a linguagem natural
- Information Flow Mantém o público no foco
Problemas Potenciais
- Ambiguity Antecedente pouco claro
- Agreement Errors Incompatibilidade em número/gênero
Anáfora vs. Catáfora
Escolhendo o Pronome Anafórico Correto
Há um substantivo/conceito para se referir?
O antecedente é singular ou plural?
O antecedente é masculino, feminino, ou inanimado/comum?
A referência é clara e sem ambiguidade?
Tipos de Pronomes Anafóricos
Pronomes Pessoais
- • he
- • she
- • it
- • they
- • him
- • her
- • them
Formas Possessivas
- • his
- • hers
- • its
- • theirs
- • my
- • your
- • our
Pronomes Demonstrativos
- • this
- • that
- • these
- • those
Evitando Repetição
- • The students are ready. They...
- • The project is complex. It...
Exemplos por nível
I have a brother. He is ten.
I have a brother. He is ten.
Where is my bag? I can't find it.
Where is my bag? I can't find it.
Sarah is here. She is my friend.
Sarah is here. She is my friend.
The apples are red. They are sweet.
The apples are red. They are sweet.
I bought a new phone and I love it.
I bought a new phone and I love it.
John and Mary are late. Tell them to hurry.
John and Mary are late. Tell them to hurry.
This is my house. That is my car over there.
This is my house. That is my car over there.
He lost his wallet. He found it under the sofa.
He lost his wallet. He found it under the sofa.
The movie, which we saw last night, was boring.
The movie, which we saw last night, was boring.
If you need a pen, I have one you can borrow.
If you need a pen, I have one you can borrow.
She failed the test. This surprised everyone.
She failed the test. This surprised everyone.
I've never been to Paris, but I'd like to go there.
I've never been to Paris, but I'd like to go there.
The committee reached a decision, but it wasn't easy.
The committee reached a decision, but it wasn't easy.
He asked me to sign the contract, and I did so immediately.
He asked me to sign the contract, and I did so immediately.
Many people believe the economy is improving; however, others dispute this.
Many people believe the economy is improving; however, others dispute this.
The employees were unhappy with the new policy, so they protested.
The employees were unhappy with the new policy, so they protested.
The government's refusal to negotiate was unexpected. This stance alienated many voters.
The government's refusal to negotiate was unexpected. This stance alienated many voters.
The former theory suggests a biological cause, while the latter posits a social one.
The former theory suggests a biological cause, while the latter posits a social one.
The software crashed during the update, which led to a total loss of data.
The software crashed during the update, which led to a total loss of data.
Should the inflation rate rise further, and it is widely expected to do so, the bank will act.
Should the inflation rate rise further, and it is widely expected to do so, the bank will act.
The sheer audacity of the proposal was what struck me most; it was, in a word, breathtaking.
The sheer audacity of the proposal was what struck me most; it was, in a word, breathtaking.
The architect designed the building to be sustainable, an objective she achieved through solar glass.
The architect designed the building to be sustainable, an objective she achieved through solar glass.
To understand the poem, one must look at its historical context; doing this reveals hidden meanings.
To understand the poem, one must look at its historical context; doing this reveals hidden meanings.
The CEO's resignation, though sudden, was not entirely unforeseen; that it happened now is the only surprise.
The CEO's resignation, though sudden, was not entirely unforeseen; that it happened now is the only surprise.
Fácil de confundir
Learners often use them interchangeably when referring to ideas.
Using 'it' to refer to a whole sentence.
Erros comuns
My mother is tall. He is nice.
My mother is tall. She is nice.
I have two dogs. I love it.
I have two dogs. I love them.
He was late. That was a problem.
He was late. This was a problem.
The manager told the clerk he was wrong.
The manager told the clerk, 'You are wrong,' or 'The manager admitted he was wrong.'
Padrões de frases
[Noun Phrase] is [Adjective]; [Pronoun] is also [Adjective].
[Clause], which [Verb Phrase].
Real World Usage
This phenomenon suggests a deeper underlying cause.
Saw the news. That's crazy!
I managed the marketing team and helped them reach their goals.
The suspect fled the scene; he is still at large.
The Party of the First Part shall fulfill its obligations.
Once there was a king. He was very old.
Clareza é Seu Guia
I gave the book to John, and John read it.
Cuidado com Armadilhas de Ambiguidade
The manager told the assistant that she was fired.(Quem foi demitido?)
Verifique a Concordância
The students submitted their projects.
Contexto Reina na Conversa Casual
Leia em Voz Alta para Pegar Erros
The project was difficult, but it was completed on time.
Smart Tips
Always add a noun after 'This' to clarify your point.
Avoid using 'he' or 'she' repeatedly; use their names or titles to distinguish them.
Use 'do so' or 'did so' to avoid repeating long verb phrases.
Be consistent: if you start with 'it', don't switch to 'they' in the same paragraph.
Pronúncia
Weak forms of pronouns
In natural speech, anaphoric pronouns like 'him', 'her', and 'them' are often unstressed and reduced.
Stress for Contrast
I didn't see HIM, I saw HER.
Stress is used when the pronoun is being contrasted with another potential referent.
Memorize
Mnemônico
ANA points BACK (Anaphora), CATA points AHEAD (Cataphora).
Associação visual
Imagine a text as a chain. Each pronoun is a hook that reaches back to grab the previous link (the noun) to keep the chain from breaking.
Rhyme
If you've said the noun before, use a pronoun to say more.
Story
John walked into a room. He (John) saw a cake. It (the cake) looked delicious. This (the whole situation) made him happy.
Word Web
Desafio
Write a 5-sentence paragraph about your favorite book without using the book's title more than once.
Notas culturais
In academic writing, 'this' is preferred over 'it' when referring to complex ideas to provide more 'weight' to the reference.
The use of 'they' as a singular anaphoric referent for a person of unknown or non-binary gender is now standard.
Legal documents often avoid anaphora entirely to prevent any possible ambiguity, repeating full names or titles instead.
From Ancient Greek 'anaphora' (ἀναφορά), meaning 'a carrying back'.
Iniciadores de conversa
Have you seen any good movies lately? What did you like about them?
If a colleague makes a mistake, how do you tell them?
The economy is changing rapidly. How is this affecting your industry?
Temas para diário
Erros comuns
Test Yourself
The new software is complex, but _____ makes our work much faster.
Escolha a frase correta:
Find and fix the mistake:
My sister told her friend that she was busy.
Score: /3
Exercicios praticos
8 exercisesThe company released its annual report today. ___ shows a 10% increase in profits.
Find and fix the mistake:
When the car hit the wall, it was damaged.
If you need to cancel your subscription, please ___ before the 1st of the month.
I have a friend. She lives in Tokyo.
Identify the demonstrative anaphora: 'He failed. This was sad.'
A: Did you see the memo? B: Yes, I read ___ this morning.
'Because he was hungry, John ate an apple.'
1. The girls, 2. The book, 3. The man
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesThe coffee machine broke down, so _____ had to brew tea instead.
The manager and the assistant discussed the report, and he decided to postpone the meeting.
Qual frase está correta?
Translate into English: 'El libro es muy interesante; lo leí en un día.'
Organize estas palavras em uma frase:
Associe os antecedentes aos pronomes corretos:
My phone battery is low; I need to charge _____
Each team member presented their ideas.
Qual frase está correta?
Translate into English: 'Mis colegas trabajan mucho; ellos merecen un ascenso.'
Organize estas palavras em uma frase:
Associe os substantivos às suas formas possessivas:
Score: /12
Perguntas frequentes (8)
Anaphora points back to a noun already mentioned (`John left. He was tired.`), while cataphora points forward to a noun mentioned later (`Because he was tired, John left.`).
Yes, 'singular they' is used when the gender is unknown or irrelevant (`Someone left their phone.`).
Use `this` when referring to a whole sentence or a complex idea. Use `it` when referring to a specific noun.
A vague pronoun is one where the reader can't tell what it refers to. For example, `They say it will rain.` Who is 'they'?
Yes, `the former` and `the latter` are mostly used in formal writing and academic contexts.
If there are two nouns, repeat the specific noun instead of using a pronoun, or restructure the sentence.
Yes, in relative clauses like `He arrived late, which annoyed me,` the word `which` refers to the entire fact that he arrived late.
Most do, but some (like Japanese) prefer to omit the pronoun entirely if the context is clear.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Pronombres de objeto y sujeto
English must say 'It is...', Spanish can just say 'Es...'
Zero Anaphora
English pronouns are mandatory; Japanese ones are often avoided.
Pronomen mit Kasus
German pronouns carry more grammatical information (case).
Pronoms compléments
Word order of the pronoun referent.
Damir (Pronouns)
Anaphoric referents are often suffixes in Arabic.
代词 (Dàicí)
Lack of gender distinction in spoken anaphora.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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