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B1 pronoun 8 min de lectura

これら

korera
Ejemplos これら en 30 segundos
Explicación これら in your Level:
At the A1 level, you are just starting to learn about 'this' (kore) and 'that' (sore). You might not see 'korera' very often because beginners usually focus on singular objects. However, it is good to know that if you have more than one 'kore', you can add 'ra' to make it 'korera'. Think of it like adding an 's' to a word in English, but only for the word 'this'. For example, if you are holding three pens, you could say 'korera' to mean 'these'. At this stage, focus on the fact that 'ko' words are always things near you, the speaker. If you can touch it, it is likely a 'ko' word. Don't worry about using it in long sentences yet; just try to recognize it when someone points at a group of things and says 'korera'. You will mostly hear this in very clear situations, like a teacher pointing to a group of pictures on a desk. Remember: Kore = This, Korera = These. It is that simple for now!
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At the A2 level, you begin to understand that Japanese doesn't always use plural forms. Usually, 'hon' means both 'book' and 'books'. So why do we need 'korera'? We use 'korera' when we want to be very clear that we are talking about a group. For example, if you are showing someone your photos, you might say 'Korera wa kazoku no shashin desu' (These are photos of my family). This sounds a bit more organized than just saying 'kore'. You will also start to see 'korera no' + [noun]. This is how you say 'these [things]'. For example, 'korera no ringo' (these apples). At A2, you should practice using 'korera' to group things together when you are giving basic explanations about items you own or items on a menu. You might also notice it in simple instructions, like 'Korera o yonde kudasai' (Please read these). It helps you sound a bit more precise than a total beginner.
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At the B1 level, 'korera' becomes a vital tool for writing and structured speaking. You are no longer just pointing at physical objects; you are now pointing at ideas. In a B1 essay or a speech, you might list two or three reasons for something, and then you use 'korera' to refer back to those reasons. For example: 'Reason A, Reason B. Korera no riyuu de...' (For these reasons...). This is called 'anaphoric reference'—referring back to things already mentioned. You will also see 'korera' used in more formal settings, like in a news article or a textbook. You should be careful not to use 'korera' for people; at this level, you should know to use 'kono hitotachi' instead. You will also start to distinguish between 'korera' (these near me/my ideas) and 'sorera' (those near you/your ideas). Mastering this distinction helps your Japanese flow more logically, especially when you are trying to explain complex topics like hobbies, work tasks, or social issues.
At the B2 level, you should use 'korera' to create sophisticated cohesive links in your writing. You will notice 'korera' frequently in business emails and academic reports. It is used to summarize data or a series of events. For instance, 'Korera no jittai o fumaete...' (Based on these actual conditions...). At this level, you should also be aware of the 'register' of the word. 'Korera' is formal. If you use it while chatting with a close friend about snacks, it might sound overly stiff or even humorous. You should also be comfortable using 'korera' with various particles like 'ni yori' (due to), 'ni kanshite' (regarding), or 'o nozoite' (except for). You are expected to handle 'korera' not just as a plural of 'kore', but as a categorizing pronoun that helps you organize your thoughts into 'sets'. This is essential for passing the JLPT N2 or participating in professional Japanese environments where clarity and logical structure are highly valued.
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At the C1 level, your use of 'korera' should be nearly indistinguishable from a native speaker's. This means knowing exactly when NOT to use it. You understand that in many cases, a simple 'kore' or 'kono' is more elegant because the plurality is already implied by the context. You use 'korera' specifically for rhetorical emphasis or when the logical grouping needs to be explicitly defined to avoid any possible ambiguity. You will encounter 'korera' in legal texts, high-level literary criticism, and philosophical debates. You should be able to parse complex sentences where 'korera' is modified by long relative clauses, such as 'Korera no, kako juunen-kan ni watatte chikuseki sareta data wa...' (These data points, which have been accumulated over the past ten years...). Your nuance should extend to understanding how 'korera' can be used to distance oneself from a set of ideas or to claim ownership over them in a debate. It becomes a tool for framing the entire discourse.
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At the C2 level, you are exploring the stylistic and historical nuances of 'korera'. You might compare its usage in modern Japanese with older forms of pluralization. You understand the subtle psychological impact of choosing 'korera' over 'korera subete' or 'kore-ra no mono-goto'. In a C2 context, 'korera' is often part of a larger 'ko-so-a' strategy used in persuasive writing or political oratory to manipulate the 'conceptual distance' between the speaker and the subject matter. You can identify when 'korera' is used to create a sense of clinical objectivity in scientific writing versus when it is used to create a sense of immediate urgency in a manifesto. You are also aware of the rare instances where 'korera' might be used in literature to refer to people in a specific, perhaps derogatory or highly objective, way to achieve a certain narrative effect. Your mastery is not just about grammar, but about the 'vibe' and the strategic placement of the word within the architecture of the Japanese language.
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Ejemplos

これら en 30 segundos

  • Korera is the plural form of kore, meaning 'these'. It is used for multiple items near the speaker or recently mentioned in a text.
  • It is more common in formal writing, academic reports, and business presentations than in casual, everyday spoken Japanese where 'kore' might suffice.
  • When used to modify a noun, it usually takes the particle 'no', forming 'korera no' followed by the plural-implied noun (e.g., korera no mondai).
  • Avoid using korera to refer to people in polite contexts; instead, use 'kono hitotachi' or 'kochira no kata-gata' to remain respectful.

The Japanese word これら (Korera) is a demonstrative pronoun that functions as the plural form of kore (this). While English speakers are accustomed to strictly distinguishing between 'this' and 'these,' Japanese grammar is often more fluid regarding number. However, korera is specifically employed when the speaker wishes to explicitly group multiple items that are physically close to them or have been recently mentioned in a discourse. It is a word that bridges the gap between simple physical pointing and complex logical categorization in writing.

Grammatical Composition
Composed of 'kore' (this) and the pluralizing suffix 'ra'. While 'ra' is frequently seen with personal pronouns like 'bokura' (we), its attachment to demonstratives creates a formal and clear plural reference.
Core Function
To identify a specific set of objects, ideas, or reasons that are within the speaker's conceptual or physical sphere of influence.
Register Nuance
Frequently found in academic papers, news reports, and formal presentations where precision is paramount. In casual speech, it is often replaced by 'kore' or 'kono [noun]'.

これらの資料を明日までに確認してください。
(Please check these documents by tomorrow.)

In a physical context, imagine standing before a table covered in various gadgets. You would use korera to refer to all of them at once. In a conceptual context, if you have just listed three reasons for a business failure, you would begin your summary by saying 'Korera no riyuu ni yori...' (Due to these reasons...). This word provides a sense of 'bundling' that is essential for organized thought in Japanese.

これらはすべて、私が日本で買ったお土産です。
(These are all souvenirs I bought in Japan.)

Understanding the scope of korera is vital. It refers to things within the 'Ko' (proximal) domain, meaning they are close to the speaker. If the items were closer to the listener, you would switch to sorera, and if they were distant from both, arera would be used. This tri-partite system of 'ko-so-a' is the backbone of Japanese spatial awareness.

これら二つの意見には、大きな違いがあります。
(There is a big difference between these two opinions.)

In summary, korera is the tool of the precise communicator. It allows for the collective identification of multiple items, ensuring that the listener or reader understands exactly which group of things is being discussed. Whether you are pointing at a pile of books or summarizing a complex set of data points, korera provides the necessary plural focus.

Using これら correctly involves understanding its role as a pronoun and its ability to act as a determiner when followed by the particle no. Unlike English, where 'these' can be both a pronoun ('These are good') and an adjective ('These books are good'), Japanese often prefers korera no for the adjectival function.

As a Subject
'Korera wa...' marks the group as the topic. Example: 'Korera wa watashi no desu' (These are mine).
As a Determiner
'Korera no [Noun]' links the plural demonstrative to a specific category. Example: 'Korera no mondai' (These problems).
With Quantifiers
Often paired with words like 'subete' (all) or 'ikutsu ka' (some) to specify volume. Example: 'Korera subete' (All of these).

これら三つの要素が成功の鍵です。
(These three elements are the keys to success.)

One of the most powerful uses of korera is in the construction of logical arguments. In an essay, you might list several points (A, B, and C) and then start a new paragraph with 'Korera no ten kara...' (From these points...). This creates a strong cohesive link that guides the reader through your reasoning. Without korera, the connection might feel disjointed or singular.

これらを一つにまとめてください。
(Please group these together into one.)

When using korera with verbs, it usually takes the object particle o or the subject particle ga. For instance, 'Korera o tsukaimasu' (I will use these). The choice of particle depends entirely on the verb's relationship to the group of objects. It functions exactly like any other noun or pronoun in this regard.

これらの事実は否定できません。
(These facts cannot be denied.)

In highly formal Japanese, such as legal documents or scientific journals, korera is the standard. In these contexts, using the singular kore when referring to multiple items could result in ambiguity. Therefore, mastering korera is a step toward professional-level Japanese proficiency.

You will encounter これら most frequently in environments where information is structured and presented formally. While it appears in daily life, its 'natural habitat' is in the realm of professional and intellectual discourse.

News and Media
Newscasters use 'korera' to refer to a series of events or images shown on screen. 'Korera no news...' (These news items...).
Business Meetings
During a PowerPoint presentation, a speaker might say 'Korera no data ga shimesu doori...' (As these data points show...).
Instruction Manuals
'Korera no buhin o kumitatete kudasai' (Please assemble these parts).

政府はこれらの問題に対して対策を講じています。
(The government is taking measures against these problems.)

If you visit a museum in Tokyo, the audio guide or the placards will often use korera to refer to a collection of artifacts. For example, 'Korera no dōgu wa Jōmon jidai no mono desu' (These tools are from the Jomon period). It provides a sense of categorical authority that the simpler 'kore' lacks.

これらの作品はすべて、同じアーティストによるものです。
(These works are all by the same artist.)

In academic lectures, professors use korera to synthesize multiple theories. You might hear, 'Korera no riron o hikaku shitemimashou' (Let's compare these theories). In this context, it acts as a mental 'lasso,' pulling disparate ideas into a single focus for the students.

これらの中から好きなものを選んでください。
(Please choose what you like from these.)

While you might not hear a teenager use korera while hanging out at a Harajuku crepe shop (they would just say 'kore' or 'kore-ra' in a very casual, shortened way), you will certainly hear it in any Japanese documentary or NHK broadcast. It is a word of 'record' and 'explanation'.

For English speakers, the most common mistake is overusing これら. In English, you must say 'these' for plural objects. In Japanese, if the plurality is obvious from the context, 'kore' is often sufficient and more natural in casual settings.

Mistake 1: Referring to People
Using 'korera' to refer to a group of people can sound dehumanizing, like calling them 'these things'. Use 'kono hitotachi' (these people) instead.
Mistake 2: Redundancy
Saying 'korera no hon-tachi' is redundant. Since 'korera' already implies plurality, you don't usually need the plural suffix '-tachi' on the noun that follows.
Mistake 3: Misplacing Proximity
Using 'korera' for things near the listener. That should be 'sorera'.

❌ これらは私の友達です。
✅ この人たちは私の友達です。
(These are my friends.)

Another nuance involves the difference between korera and kono. Beginners often try to force korera into every plural situation. If you are pointing at specific books, 'kono hon' (these books) is often preferred over 'korera no hon' unless you are specifically emphasizing the 'set' or 'group' nature of the books.

❌ これらリンゴはおいしい。
✅ これらのリンゴはおいしい。
(These apples are delicious.) - Don't forget the 'no'!

Lastly, remember that korera is a proximal demonstrative. A common error in translation is using it to refer to things mentioned a long time ago in a conversation. If the topic has moved away from the speaker's immediate 'space' (physical or mental), sorera (those things) is usually the correct choice.

❌ (Talking about things in the distance) これらを見て。
✅ あれらを見て。
(Look at those over there.)

By avoiding these pitfalls, you will sound much more like a native speaker who understands the subtle interplay between plurality, politeness, and proximity in the Japanese language.

To truly master これら, you must understand its neighbors in the Japanese demonstrative system. The 'Ko-So-A-Do' system is the framework here, and korera is just one piece of the puzzle.

それら (Sorera)
Means 'those' (near the listener or just mentioned by someone else). It is the most common plural demonstrative in logical transitions.
あれら (Arera)
Means 'those over there' (distant from both speaker and listener). Used for distant physical objects or remote historical events.
この (Kono) + [Noun]
Often functions as 'these' when the noun is understood to be plural. 'Kono hon' can mean 'this book' or 'these books' depending on context.

それらについても、後で説明します。
(I will explain those (things you mentioned) later as well.)

When comparing korera and sorera, the distinction is often psychological. Use korera when you feel the items belong to your own argument or space. Use sorera when you are referring to items belonging to someone else's space or a topic that has already been established as 'external' to your current point.

あれらは何ですか？
(What are those things over there?)

Another alternative is kore-dore (this and that) or kono-shu-no (this kind of). If you want to say 'these kinds of things,' korera no you na mono is very formal, while koiu no is very casual. Choosing the right synonym depends entirely on your desired level of politeness and the specific nature of the objects.

こうした問題は、これらとは異なります。
(Such problems are different from these.)

In summary, while korera is your go-to for 'these,' always keep sorera, arera, and the simple kono in your toolkit to ensure your Japanese remains flexible and contextually appropriate.

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Ejemplos por nivel

1

これらはペンです。

These are pens.

Simple subject + wa + noun + desu.

2

これらをください。

Please give me these.

Using 'o' to mark the object of the verb 'kudasai'.

3

これらは私のお土産です。

These are my souvenirs.

Possessive 'no' used with 'watashi'.

4

これらは何ですか？

What are these?

Question form with 'nan desu ka'.

5

これらは安いです。

These are cheap.

Simple adjective sentence.

6

これらは本です。

These are books.

Plurality is explicitly shown by 'korera'.

7

これらを見てください。

Please look at these.

Request form 'te kudasai'.

8

これらはきれいです。

These are beautiful.

Na-adjective usage.

1

これらのリンゴはとても甘いです。

These apples are very sweet.

Using 'korera no' to modify the noun 'ringo'.

2

これらの中から一つ選んでください。

Please choose one from these.

'No naka kara' means 'from among'.

3

これらは全部でいくらですか？

How much are these in total?

'Zenbu de' means 'all together'.

4

これらの写真はどこで撮りましたか？

Where did you take these photos?

Past tense verb 'torimashita'.

5

これらは私の国の料理です。

These are dishes from my country.

Linking two nouns with 'no'.

6

これらの漢字は難しいです。

These kanji are difficult.

Plural demonstrative with a specific category.

7

これらを箱に入れてください。

Please put these in the box.

Directional particle 'ni' with the verb 'ireru'.

8

これらは私の新しい靴です。

These are my new shoes.

Adjective 'atarashii' modifying 'kutsu'.

1

これらの理由により、計画は中止されました。

Due to these reasons, the plan was canceled.

'Ni yori' indicates a cause or reason.

2

これら二つの意見を比較してみましょう。

Let's compare these two opinions.

Volitional form 'mimashou' (let's try).

3

政府はこれらの問題に直面しています。

The government is facing these problems.

'Ni chokumen shite iru' means 'is facing'.

4

これらは将来、大きな価値を持つでしょう。

These will likely have great value in the future.

'Deshou' indicates a conjecture or future probability.

5

これらの資料を参考にしてください。

Please use these materials as a reference.

'O sankou ni suru' means 'to use as reference'.

6

これらすべての条件を満たす必要があります。

It is necessary to satisfy all of these conditions.

'Hitsuyou ga aru' means 'there is a necessity'.

7

これらは、彼が書いた小説の一部です。

These are part of the novels he wrote.

Relative clause 'kare ga kaita' modifying 'shousetsu'.

8

これらの中から、最も重要なものを選んでください。

Please choose the most important one from these.

Superlative 'motto mo' (most).

1

これらの事実は、彼の無実を証明している。

These facts prove his innocence.

Plain form 'shoumei shite iru' used in formal writing.

2

これら一連の事件は、社会に衝撃を与えた。

This series of incidents shocked society.

'Ichiren no' means 'a series of'.

3

これらの方針に基づいて、プロジェクトを進めます。

We will proceed with the project based on these policies.

'Ni motozuite' means 'based on'.

4

これらは、現代社会が抱える深刻な課題である。

These are serious challenges facing modern society.

Formal copula 'dearu'.

5

これらのデータは、市場の動向を正確に反映している。

These data accurately reflect market trends.

Adverb 'seikaku ni' modifying 'han'ei shite iru'.

6

これらを総合的に判断すると、結論は明らかだ。

Judging these comprehensively, the conclusion is clear.

'Sougou-teki ni' means 'comprehensively'.

7

これらの点において、両者の意見は一致している。

In these respects, the opinions of both parties agree.

'Ni oite' means 'in' or 'regarding'.

8

これら三つのカテゴリーに分類されます。

They are classified into these three categories.

Passive form 'bunrui saremasu'.

1

これら諸外国との関係を強化することが急務である。

Strengthening relations with these foreign countries is an urgent matter.

'Sho-' is a prefix meaning 'various' or 'all'.

2

これらの知見は、今後の研究において重要な役割を果たすだろう。

These findings will likely play an important role in future research.

'Yakuwari o hatasu' is a set phrase meaning 'to play a role'.

3

これら相反する要素をいかに調和させるかが鍵となる。

The key is how to harmonize these conflicting elements.

'Souhan suru' means 'to conflict' or 'to be contradictory'.

4

これらの現象は、互いに密接に関連し合っている。

These phenomena are closely interrelated with each other.

Reciprocal form 'ren'etsu shi-atte iru'.

5

これらの背景には、複雑な歴史的経緯がある。

Behind these (facts) lies a complex historical background.

'Keii' refers to the sequence of events or background.

6

これらを単なる偶然として片付けることはできない。

These cannot be dismissed as mere coincidence.

'Tannaru... to shite katazukeru' means 'to dismiss as mere...'.

7

これらの試みは、まだ端緒についたばかりである。

These attempts have only just begun.

'Tansho ni tsuita bakari' is an idiom for 'just started'.

8

これらの主張には、論理的な飛躍が見受けられる。

Logical leaps can be seen in these claims.

'Miukerareru' is a formal way to say 'can be seen'.

1

これら一連の言説は、当時の社会情勢を色濃く反映している。

This series of discourses strongly reflects the social climate of the time.

'Irokoku' (deeply/strongly) is a high-level figurative adverb.

2

これらの断片的な情報を統合し、一つの真実を導き出す。

Integrating these fragmentary pieces of information to derive a single truth.

'Danpen-teki' means 'fragmentary'.

3

これら諸々の事情を鑑みるに、現状維持が妥当と言わざるを得ない。

Considering these various circumstances, I must say that maintaining the status quo is appropriate.

'Kanzuru ni' is a very formal literary expression for 'considering'.

4

これらの価値観の相違が、しばしば深刻な対立を招く。

These differences in values often lead to serious conflict.

'Maneku' here means 'to bring about' or 'to cause' (usually something bad).

5

これら形而上の問いに対して、明確な回答を与えることは困難だ。

It is difficult to provide clear answers to these metaphysical questions.

'Keijijou' is a technical term for 'metaphysical'.

6

これらを等閑に付すことは、将来に禍根を残すことになりかねない。

Neglecting these could potentially leave the seeds of future trouble.

'Toukan ni fusu' is a literary idiom for 'to neglect'.

7

これらの微細な変化を捉えることが、専門家には求められる。

Experts are required to capture these subtle changes.

'Bisai' means 'minute' or 'subtle'.

8

これら言及された諸点に基づき、議論を深めていきたい。

Based on the various points mentioned, I would like to deepen the discussion.

Passive participle 'genkyuu sareta' (mentioned).

Colocaciones comunes

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これらの中から
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