Use 'korera' to refer to a specific group of things mentioned previously or nearby.
Word in 30 Seconds
- Used to refer to multiple items near the speaker.
- Commonly used in formal or written contexts.
- Functions as a plural form of the demonstrative pronoun 'kore'.
一般的な文脈：会議での資料説明、学術的なレポート、プレゼンテーションなどで頻繁に登場します。複数の対象をグループとして認識し、それについて言及する際に非常に便利です。
- 1類似語との比較：「これら」は「あれら（遠いもの）」や「それら（相手に近いもの）」と対比されます。また、人間に対して使う場合は「これらの方々」と言えますが、少し冷たい印象を与えることがあるため、文脈に応じた使い分けが必要です。
Examples
これらは私が作った料理です。
everydayThese are the dishes I cooked.
これらの資料をご確認ください。
formalPlease check these documents.
これらについては後で説明します。
informalI will explain these later.
これらの要因が結果に影響を及ぼした。
academicThese factors influenced the results.
Common Collocations
Common Phrases
これらを踏まえて
based on these points
これらすべて
all of these
これら以外
other than these
Often Confused With
Refers to things near the listener or mentioned previously. 'Korera' is for things near the speaker.
Refers to things distant from both the speaker and the listener. 'Korera' is for things nearby.
Grammar Patterns
How to Use It
Usage Notes
Korera is used in formal writing and presentations to emphasize plurality. It is less common in casual speech, where context usually implies plurality without the need for an explicit marker. Avoid using it for people to maintain politeness.
Common Mistakes
The most common mistake is using 'korera' for people, which sounds dehumanizing. Another error is overusing 'korera' when the plural is already understood from the context, making the sentence sound unnaturally stiff.
Tips
Use for plural formal references
Use 'korera' when you need to specify a group of items in a formal report or presentation. It adds clarity to your speech.
Avoid using for people
Never use 'korera' to refer to people, as it sounds objectifying and rude. Always use polite alternatives like 'kono katagata'.
Preference for context
In Japanese, plural markers are often omitted if the context is clear. Only use 'korera' when you really need to emphasize the plurality.
Word Origin
Derived from the demonstrative 'kore' (this) and the suffix '-ra' which indicates a group or plurality. This structure is standard for forming plurals of pronouns in Japanese.
Cultural Context
Japanese culture often avoids explicit plural markers to maintain ambiguity and harmony. The use of 'korera' is a direct, analytical approach often adopted from Western-style academic or business writing.
Memory Tip
Think of 'Kore' (this) + 'ra' (plural marker). Just like 'I' becomes 'We' (We are), 'Kore' becomes 'Korera' (These are).
Frequently Asked Questions
4 questions「これ」は単数、あるいは集合体として扱う場合に使い、「これら」は明確に複数の個体を意識して指し示す際に使います。日常会話では単に「これ」で済ませることも多いです。
人に対して使うと非常に失礼で冷たい印象を与えます。人の場合は「この方々」や「こちらの方々」を使うのが適切です。
日常の非常に親しい会話ではあまり使われません。どちらかというと、説明文やビジネスの場など、少し硬い表現が必要な場面で多く使われます。
「これらの」は後ろに名詞を伴う連体詞的な使い方で、「これら」はそれ自体が名詞として文の主語や目的語になります。
Test Yourself
___の書類は、昨日提出されたものです。
後ろに「の書類」という名詞が続いているため、連体詞の「これらの」が適切です。
次のうち、自然な表現はどれですか？
「これら」は事物に対して使うのが最も自然です。
（重要です / これらは / 私にとって）
主語＋副詞句＋述語の語順が自然です。
Score: /3
Summary
Use 'korera' to refer to a specific group of things mentioned previously or nearby.
- Used to refer to multiple items near the speaker.
- Commonly used in formal or written contexts.
- Functions as a plural form of the demonstrative pronoun 'kore'.
Use for plural formal references
Use 'korera' when you need to specify a group of items in a formal report or presentation. It adds clarity to your speech.
Avoid using for people
Never use 'korera' to refer to people, as it sounds objectifying and rude. Always use polite alternatives like 'kono katagata'.
Preference for context
In Japanese, plural markers are often omitted if the context is clear. Only use 'korera' when you really need to emphasize the plurality.
Examples
4 of 4これらは私が作った料理です。
These are the dishes I cooked.
これらの資料をご確認ください。
Please check these documents.
これらについては後で説明します。
I will explain these later.
これらの要因が結果に影響を及ぼした。
These factors influenced the results.
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