C1 · Avanzado Capítulo 4

Advanced Actions and Passive Voice

5 Reglas totales
52 ejemplos
7 min
Reglas en este capítulo Práctica rápida

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Elevate your Chinese from functional to sophisticated with advanced causative, passive, and instrumental structures for professional contexts.

  • Distinguish between formal and informal causative verbs to control sentence tone.
  • Utilize classical passive markers to write academic and literary prose.
  • Express dependence and reliance using nuanced instrumental markers like merit or status.
Refine your voice: Precision in action and elegance in passivity.

Lo que aprenderás

Ready to take your Chinese to a truly advanced level? In this chapter, we're diving deep into the sophisticated structures that differentiate a good Chinese speaker from a truly great one. You'll move beyond basic communication to mastering the nuances of high-level expression, equipping you to handle complex ideas with precision and elegance. We'll start by mastering the formal causative constructions: 使, 令, and ràng. You'll learn to express 'making' or 'letting' with exact precision, navigating different formality levels from academic discourse to nuanced daily interactions. Next, we explore formal results with 致使, 以至, and 得. Imagine being able to subtly assign blame with 致使, convey extreme degrees with 以至, or paint vivid descriptive outcomes with 得 – your narrative power will soar. Elevate your passive voice constructions with 为...所 and 见. 为...所 will empower you to craft objective, academic passives perfect for scholarly texts, while 见 offers a polite, idiomatic way to express modesty. Further refine your passive expressions with 蒙, 遭, and 受, enabling you to construct agent-less sentences that emphasize the subject's experience rather than the doer's action – ideal for formal reporting or conveying subtle impacts. Finally, we'll unlock advanced relying patterns: 藉, 凭, and 仗. You'll understand how 藉 frames formal opportunities, 凭 highlights merit-based logic, and 仗 leverages status or influence. By the chapter's end, you won't just understand advanced Chinese texts like official reports or literature; you'll be able to produce language that showcases genuine mastery and sophistication, demonstrating a native-like grasp of stylistic choices and subtle meanings. Get ready to truly excel!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to select the appropriate causative verb based on the desired emotional or formal register.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to describe complex causal chains and their consequences using formal resultative connectors.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to interpret and produce classical-style passive sentences found in formal reports and historical texts.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to articulate the basis of an action or decision using sophisticated instrumental markers.

Guía del capítulo

Overview

Welcome to the C1 level of Chinese grammar, where you’ll transform from a proficient speaker to a truly sophisticated communicator. This chapter is your gateway to mastering the nuanced structures that distinguish advanced Chinese. We're diving deep into advanced Chinese grammar, equipping you with the tools to express complex ideas with precision and elegance.
By exploring these structures, you'll not only understand high-level texts like official reports and literature but also produce language that showcases genuine mastery.
This guide focuses on critical C1 Chinese patterns, moving beyond basic communication to the intricacies of formal expression. We'll unlock sophisticated ways to discuss causation, results, and the passive voice, along with advanced methods of expressing reliance. Mastering these will significantly elevate your stylistic choices and allow you to convey subtle meanings, making your Chinese sound more native and authoritative.
You’ll encounter key terms like 使, 令, and 让 for causative constructions, delve into formal results with 致使, 以至, and 得, and refine your passive voice with 为...所, 见, 蒙, 遭, and 受. Finally, we'll explore advanced instrumental markers such as 藉, 凭, and 仗. Get ready to truly excel in your Chinese language learning journey!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces a suite of advanced Chinese grammar structures, each adding a layer of formality, precision, or nuance to your expression. Let's break them down.
For formal causative constructions, we have 使, 令, and 让. 使 (shǐ) is highly formal, often seen in written language or official contexts, indicating a strong 'making' or 'causing'. For example: 他的演讲使我们深受启发 (Tā de yǎnjiǎng shǐ wǒmen shēn shòu qǐfā - His speech deeply inspired us).
令 (lìng) is also formal, frequently used to cause emotions or specific conditions, often with a slightly stronger impact than 使. E.g., 他的行为令人费解 (Tā de xíngwéi lìng rén fèijiě - His behavior is perplexing). 让 (ràng) is the most common and versatile, used across all registers, but less formal than the other two.
Next, we explore formal results with 致使 (zhìshǐ), 以至 (yǐzhì), and 得 (de). 致使 indicates a serious, often negative, consequence or outcome, implying a direct cause. E.g., 施工失误致使桥梁坍塌 (Shīgōng shīwù zhìshǐ qiáoliáng tāntā - Construction errors led to the bridge collapse).
以至 suggests that something has reached an extreme degree or an unexpected, often negative, result. E.g., 他工作过度，以至病倒了 (Tā gōngzuò guòdù, yǐzhì bìngdǎo le - He overworked to the point of falling ill). The particle 得 describes the result or extent of an action, usually following a verb and often implying a descriptive or evaluative outcome.
E.g., 他高兴得跳了起来 (Tā gāoxìng de tiàole qǐlái - He was so happy that he jumped up).
Elevating your passive voice, 为...所 (wèi...suǒ) provides a very formal, academic, or literary passive structure. It emphasizes the agent and the objective nature of the action. E.g., 他的理论为世人所接受 (Tā de lǐlùn wèi shìrén suǒ jiēshòu - His theory was accepted by the world).
见 (jiàn) as a passive marker is more literary and often implies an unfortunate or unexpected event, or sometimes polite modesty. E.g., 他见笑于大方之家 (Tā jiànxiào yú dàfāng zhī jiā - He was laughed at by the experts).
Further refining passive expressions are 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo), and 受 (shòu). These allow for agent-less passives, focusing on the subject's experience. 蒙 typically indicates receiving a favor, kindness, or benefit.
E.g., 蒙您关照，不胜感激 (Méng nín guānzhào, bùshèng gǎnjī - I'm deeply grateful for your care). 遭 expresses encountering something negative or suffering misfortune. E.g., 他公司遭到了严重损失 (Tā gōngsī zāodàole yánzhòng sǔnshī - His company suffered heavy losses).
受 is more general, meaning 'to receive' or 'to suffer,' and can be neutral or negative. E.g., 她受到了良好的教育 (Tā shòudào le liánghǎo de jiàoyù - She received a good education).
Finally, advanced relying patterns include 藉 (jiè), 凭 (píng), and 仗 (zhàng). 藉 implies using something as a pretext or relying on an opportunity. E.g., 他藉口生病而逃避责任 (Tā jièkǒu shēngbìng ér táobì zérèn - He used illness as an excuse to shirk responsibility).
凭 indicates relying on evidence, qualifications, or one's own ability. E.g., 凭他的经验，一定能解决这个问题 (Píng tā de jīngyàn, yīdìng néng jiějué zhège wèntí - Based on his experience, he can definitely solve this problem). 仗 suggests relying on power, influence, or strength, often with a slight negative or critical connotation.
E.g., 他仗着家里的势力，为所欲为 (Tā zhàngzhe jiālǐ de shìlì, wéisuǒyùwéi - He relied on his family's influence to do as he pleased).

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 他的话让我很受启发。(Tā de huà ràng wǒ hěn shòu qǐfā.)
✓ Correct: 他的话使我深受启发。(Tā de huà shǐ wǒ shēn shòu qǐfā.)
*Explanation:* While 让 is common, for a formal and impactful statement like deeply inspired, 使 is a much more appropriate and C1-level choice, conveying a stronger, more formal causation.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 那个报告被人们所接受了。(Nàge bàogào bèi rénmen suǒ jiēshòu le.)
✓ Correct: 那个报告为人们所接受。(Nàge bàogào wèi rénmen suǒ jiēshòu.)
*Explanation:* The 为...所 structure is already a formal passive. Adding 被 is redundant and grammatically incorrect in this context. The structure itself implies the passive voice.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 他蒙受了巨大的损失。(Tā méngshòu le jùdà de sǔnshī.)
✓ Correct: 他遭受了巨大的损失。(Tā zāoshòu le jùdà de sǔnshī.)
*Explanation:* 蒙 is typically used for receiving favors or positive things. For experiencing negative consequences like huge losses, 遭 is the correct and more appropriate choice, specifically implying misfortune.

Real Conversations

A

A

这项政策的推行，致使一些小企业面临破产。(Zhè xiàng zhèngcè de tuīxíng, zhìshǐ yīxiē xiǎo qǐyè miànlín pòchǎn.)

(The implementation of this policy has led to some small businesses facing bankruptcy.)

B

B

是啊，其负面影响以至引发了社会不满。(Shì a, qí fùmiàn yǐngxiǎng yǐzhì yǐnfāle shèhuì bùmǎn.)

(Indeed, its negative impact has gone so far as to trigger public discontent.)

A

A

这部著作的观点，为学界所广泛讨论。(Zhè bù zhùzuò de guāndiǎn, wèi xuéjiè suǒ guǎngfàn tǎolùn.)

(The views in this work are widely discussed by academia.)

B

B

没错，作者的洞察力令人钦佩。(Méi cuò, zuòzhě de dòngchá lì lìng rén qīnpèi.)

(Exactly, the author's insights are admirable.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the key difference between 致使 and 以至 when discussing consequences in C1 Chinese?

致使 points to a direct, often serious and negative cause-and-effect relationship, while 以至 implies that something has reached an extreme point or an unexpected, sometimes negative, outcome, indicating progression to a certain degree.

Q

Can 见 as a passive marker be used for positive experiences?

While 见 often implies an unfortunate or unexpected event, it can occasionally be used to express a polite or humble reception of an action, such as 见教 (jiànjiào - to be taught/enlightened by someone, humbly). However, its primary use in advanced Chinese grammar leans towards the negative or modest.

Q

How do 凭 and 仗 differ in the context of relying on in formal Chinese?

凭 emphasizes relying on legitimate grounds like evidence, qualifications, or one's own ability/merit. 仗 implies relying on power, influence, or strength, often carrying a slightly critical or negative connotation of leveraging an advantage.

Cultural Context

These advanced structures are hallmarks of formal, literary, and academic Chinese. You'll frequently encounter them in official documents, news reports, academic papers, classical literature, and formal speeches. Their use reflects a speaker's or writer's ability to maintain objectivity, convey precise causality, or express modesty and nuance.
Mastering them demonstrates not just grammatical accuracy but also a deep appreciation for the stylistic choices prevalent in high-level Chinese communication. They are essential for understanding and producing sophisticated discourse.

Ejemplos clave (8)

1

Zhè bù diànyǐng zài Zhōngguó hěn shòu huānyíng.

Esta película es muy popular en China.

Pasivas formales: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) y 受 (shòu)
2

Tā de tíyì zāodào le yīzhì fǎnduì.

Su propuesta se topó con una oposición unánime.

Pasivas formales: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) y 受 (shòu)
3

这种先进的技术使生产效率大大提高了。

Esta tecnología avanzada ha mejorado enormemente la eficiencia de la producción.

Construcciones causativas formales: Hacer y dejar en chino (使, 令, 让)
4

你这样说话令我非常难受。

Me hace sentir muy mal que hables así.

Construcciones causativas formales: Hacer y dejar en chino (使, 令, 让)
5

The torrential rain caused the city traffic to be completely paralyzed.

La lluvia torrencial causó que el tráfico de la ciudad quedara completamente paralizado.

Resultados Formales: {致使|zhìshǐ}, {以至|yǐzhì} y {得|de}
6

A server malfunction caused millions of users to be unable to log in.

Un fallo en el servidor provocó que millones de usuarios no pudieran iniciar sesión.

Resultados Formales: {致使|zhìshǐ}, {以至|yǐzhì} y {得|de}
7

Zhè zhǒng zuòfǎ bù wéi dàjiā suǒ jiēshòu.

Este método no es aceptado por todo el mundo.

Pasiva Formal Avanzada: 为...所 y 见
8

Wǒ de tíyì wéi lǎobǎn suǒ cǎinà.

Mi propuesta fue adoptada por el jefe.

Pasiva Formal Avanzada: 为...所 y 见

Consejos y trucos (4)

⚠️

¡No 'encuentres' una fiesta!

Nunca uses «遭» para cosas buenas. No puedes decir «遭表扬» (encontrarse con un elogio). ¡Eso suena como si odiaras que te feliciten!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pasivas formales: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) y 受 (shòu)
🎯

El 'Pivote' es la clave

En estas frases, el sustantivo después del verbo causativo actúa como un 'pivote': es el objeto del primer verbo y el sujeto del segundo. Si dices que su regalo te hizo feliz, tú eres el pivote: «他的礼物让我很高兴。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Construcciones causativas formales: Hacer y dejar en chino (使, 令, 让)
⚠️

No elogies con {致使|zhìshǐ}

Nunca uses {致使|zhìshǐ} para resultados felices; suena como si estuvieras acusando a alguien de un crimen: «他的帮助让我顺利通过了考试。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Resultados Formales: {致使|zhìshǐ}, {以至|yǐzhì} y {得|de}
🎯

Regla de los dos caracteres

Cuando uses 为...所, el verbo al final casi siempre tiene dos caracteres (como 接受 o 认可). Un verbo de un solo carácter suena incompleto aquí: «这种做法不为大家所接受。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pasiva Formal Avanzada: 为...所 y 见

Vocabulario clave (6)

启示(qǐshì) inspiration / revelation 挫折(cuòzhé) setback / frustration 机遇(jīyù) opportunity (favorable) 瞩目(zhǔmù) to attract attention / be the focus of attention 蒙受(méngshòu) to suffer / sustain (loss, favor) 凭证(píngzhèng) proof / certificate

Real-World Preview

mic

Academic Conference Opening

Review Summary

  • Subject + 使/令/让 + Object + Predicate
  • Action/Situation + 致使/以至 + Result
  • Subject + 为 + Agent + 所 + Verb
  • Subject + 蒙/遭/受 + (Agent) + Action
  • 藉/凭/仗 + Basis/Means + Action

Errores comunes

致使 (zhìshǐ) is almost exclusively used for negative or undesirable results. For positive results, use 使得 (shǐde) or 带来 (dàilái).

Wrong: 他的努力致使了巨大的成功 (His efforts caused a huge success).
Correcto: 他的努力带来了巨大的成功 (His efforts brought huge success).

为...所 (wéi...suǒ) is for abstract or formal actions (like being 'moved' or 'recognized'), not for physical actions like 'hitting' in daily life.

Wrong: 我为他所打了 (I was hit by him).
Correcto: 我被他打了 (I was hit by him).

凭 (píng) usually implies a legitimate basis or merit. When relying on influence or power in a negative/unfair way, 仗 (zhàng) is more accurate.

Wrong: 他凭着他爸爸的权力得到了工作 (He got the job relying on his dad's power).
Correcto: 他仗着他爸爸的权力得到了工作 (He got the job relying on his dad's power).

Next Steps

You've just conquered some of the most difficult and prestigious structures in the Chinese language. Your path to true C1 fluency is now wide open. Keep practicing these formal markers, and you'll command respect in any professional setting!

Read a Chinese newspaper editorial and highlight all instances of 为...所 or 使.

Write a 3-sentence formal apology using 蒙 and 见谅.

Continue to: Expressing Nuance and Evaluation

Práctica rápida (10)

Encuentra y corrige el error en esta oración.

这篇文章被令我很感动。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 这篇文章令我很感动。
No puedes usar el marcador pasivo '被' con el verbo causativo '令'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Construcciones causativas formales: Hacer y dejar en chino (使, 令, 让)

Elige el mejor marcador para un contexto de negocios formal.

___此机会，我想介绍一下我们的新产品。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 藉
‘藉此机会’ es una expresión formal estándar para aprovechar una oportunidad y hacer algo.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Patrones avanzados de confianza: 藉, 凭 y 仗 (Marcadores instrumentales)

Completa con el marcador de pasiva formal correcto.

这部小说深深 ___ 读者所喜爱。 (Esta novela es profundamente amada por los lectores.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 为
Como la frase termina en '所喜爱' (suǒ xǐ'ài), forma el patrón clásico fijo '为...所'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pasiva Formal Avanzada: 为...所 y 见

Corrige el mal uso de {致使|zhìshǐ}.

Find and fix the mistake:

{这个好消息致使大家很开心。|Zhè ge hǎo xiāoxi zhìshǐ dàjiā hěn kāixīn.}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {这个好消息让大家很开心。|Zhè ge hǎo xiāoxi ràng dàjiā hěn kāixīn.}
{致使|zhìshǐ} y {导致|dǎozhì} suelen ser para resultados negativos. Para la felicidad, usa {让|ràng} o {令|lìng}.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Resultados Formales: {致使|zhìshǐ}, {以至|yǐzhì} y {得|de}

Selecciona la frase con el registro de formalidad correcto.

¿Cómo escribirías 'Mi teléfono fue robado por un ladrón' en un texto casual a un amigo?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我的手机被小偷拿走了。
Los eventos cotidianos requieren '被'. '为...所' es demasiado formal y '见' solo se usa en frases corteses fijas.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pasiva Formal Avanzada: 为...所 y 见

Elige la palabra formal correcta para 'causó' (negativo).

{恶劣天气___航班延误。|Èliè tiānqì ___ hángbān yánwù.} (El mal tiempo causó retrasos en los vuelos.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {致使|zhìshǐ}
{致使|zhìshǐ} es el verbo formal para causar un resultado negativo (retrasos).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Resultados Formales: {致使|zhìshǐ}, {以至|yǐzhì} y {得|de}

Identifica la frase formal correcta para 'La ciudad sufrió un terremoto'.

¿Qué frase es más adecuada para un reporte de noticias?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 该城市遭受了地震。
«遭受» (sufrir/padecer) es el verbo formal correcto para desastres naturales. «被» no funciona bien con 'terremoto' como verbo.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pasivas formales: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) y 受 (shòu)

Corrige el mal uso del marcador pasivo.

Find and fix the mistake:

他遭到了老师的表扬。 (Tā zāodào le lǎoshī de biǎoyáng.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他受到了老师的表扬。
«遭» es para cosas malas. ¡El elogio es bueno! Usa «受» (recibir) para cosas neutrales o positivas.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Pasivas formales: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) y 受 (shòu)

¿Qué oración usa correctamente {以至于|yǐzhìyú}?

Elige la oración natural:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他太忙了，以至于忘了吃饭。|Tā tài máng le, yǐzhìyú wàng le chīfàn.}
{以至于|yǐzhìyú} conecta la condición (ocupado) con el grado extremo o resultado (olvidó comer).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Resultados Formales: {致使|zhìshǐ}, {以至|yǐzhì} y {得|de}

¿Qué oración usa '凭' correctamente para mostrar mérito?

Selecciona la oración más natural:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他凭自己的本事考上了清华。
‘凭本事’ (basado en la habilidad) es un uso muy común y correcto de 凭 para el mérito.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Patrones avanzados de confianza: 藉, 凭 y 仗 (Marcadores instrumentales)

Score: /10

Preguntas frecuentes (6)

«被» es una preposición que indica 'por' alguien. «受» es un verbo que significa 'recibir'. «被» enfatiza la acción del agente; «受» enfatiza la experiencia del sujeto: «受到表扬».
Raramente solo. Quizás en compuestos como «糟糕» (terrible) o «遭罪» (sufrir). Pero decir 'yo «遭» lluvia' suena raro; mejor di «淋雨了».
Es una frase donde un sustantivo funciona como objeto del primer verbo y sujeto del segundo. Por ejemplo, en 'dejo que él se vaya', 'él' es el pivote. En chino: «我让他走。»
Usa '使' en escritura formal, informes oficiales o al describir una relación causa-efecto lógica. Usa '让' para el habla diaria o cuando impliques permiso: «学习使人进步。»
{以至|yǐzhì} suele referirse al grado o rango ('tanto que'). {以致|yǐzhì} se refiere a una consecuencia causal negativa ('resultando en'). Al hablar suenan igual, pero al escribir la distinción importa: «以致于失败».
Sí, pero la frase que le sigue debe ser más sofisticada. En lugar de {好得很|hǎo de hěn}, usa algo como {好得难以置信|hǎo de nányǐ zhìxìn} (
bueno hasta el punto de ser increíble
).
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