C1 · 상급 챕터 4

Advanced Actions and Passive Voice

5 총 규칙
52 예문
7 분
이 챕터의 규칙 빠른 연습

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Elevate your Chinese from functional to sophisticated with advanced causative, passive, and instrumental structures for professional contexts.

  • Distinguish between formal and informal causative verbs to control sentence tone.
  • Utilize classical passive markers to write academic and literary prose.
  • Express dependence and reliance using nuanced instrumental markers like merit or status.
Refine your voice: Precision in action and elegance in passivity.

배울 내용

Ready to take your Chinese to a truly advanced level? In this chapter, we're diving deep into the sophisticated structures that differentiate a good Chinese speaker from a truly great one. You'll move beyond basic communication to mastering the nuances of high-level expression, equipping you to handle complex ideas with precision and elegance. We'll start by mastering the formal causative constructions: 使, 令, and ràng. You'll learn to express 'making' or 'letting' with exact precision, navigating different formality levels from academic discourse to nuanced daily interactions. Next, we explore formal results with 致使, 以至, and 得. Imagine being able to subtly assign blame with 致使, convey extreme degrees with 以至, or paint vivid descriptive outcomes with 得 – your narrative power will soar. Elevate your passive voice constructions with 为...所 and 见. 为...所 will empower you to craft objective, academic passives perfect for scholarly texts, while 见 offers a polite, idiomatic way to express modesty. Further refine your passive expressions with 蒙, 遭, and 受, enabling you to construct agent-less sentences that emphasize the subject's experience rather than the doer's action – ideal for formal reporting or conveying subtle impacts. Finally, we'll unlock advanced relying patterns: 藉, 凭, and 仗. You'll understand how 藉 frames formal opportunities, 凭 highlights merit-based logic, and 仗 leverages status or influence. By the chapter's end, you won't just understand advanced Chinese texts like official reports or literature; you'll be able to produce language that showcases genuine mastery and sophistication, demonstrating a native-like grasp of stylistic choices and subtle meanings. Get ready to truly excel!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to select the appropriate causative verb based on the desired emotional or formal register.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to describe complex causal chains and their consequences using formal resultative connectors.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to interpret and produce classical-style passive sentences found in formal reports and historical texts.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to articulate the basis of an action or decision using sophisticated instrumental markers.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Welcome to the C1 level of Chinese grammar, where you’ll transform from a proficient speaker to a truly sophisticated communicator. This chapter is your gateway to mastering the nuanced structures that distinguish advanced Chinese. We're diving deep into advanced Chinese grammar, equipping you with the tools to express complex ideas with precision and elegance.
By exploring these structures, you'll not only understand high-level texts like official reports and literature but also produce language that showcases genuine mastery.
This guide focuses on critical C1 Chinese patterns, moving beyond basic communication to the intricacies of formal expression. We'll unlock sophisticated ways to discuss causation, results, and the passive voice, along with advanced methods of expressing reliance. Mastering these will significantly elevate your stylistic choices and allow you to convey subtle meanings, making your Chinese sound more native and authoritative.
You’ll encounter key terms like 使, 令, and 让 for causative constructions, delve into formal results with 致使, 以至, and 得, and refine your passive voice with 为...所, 见, 蒙, 遭, and 受. Finally, we'll explore advanced instrumental markers such as 藉, 凭, and 仗. Get ready to truly excel in your Chinese language learning journey!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces a suite of advanced Chinese grammar structures, each adding a layer of formality, precision, or nuance to your expression. Let's break them down.
For formal causative constructions, we have 使, 令, and 让. 使 (shǐ) is highly formal, often seen in written language or official contexts, indicating a strong 'making' or 'causing'. For example: 他的演讲使我们深受启发 (Tā de yǎnjiǎng shǐ wǒmen shēn shòu qǐfā - His speech deeply inspired us).
令 (lìng) is also formal, frequently used to cause emotions or specific conditions, often with a slightly stronger impact than 使. E.g., 他的行为令人费解 (Tā de xíngwéi lìng rén fèijiě - His behavior is perplexing). 让 (ràng) is the most common and versatile, used across all registers, but less formal than the other two.
Next, we explore formal results with 致使 (zhìshǐ), 以至 (yǐzhì), and 得 (de). 致使 indicates a serious, often negative, consequence or outcome, implying a direct cause. E.g., 施工失误致使桥梁坍塌 (Shīgōng shīwù zhìshǐ qiáoliáng tāntā - Construction errors led to the bridge collapse).
以至 suggests that something has reached an extreme degree or an unexpected, often negative, result. E.g., 他工作过度，以至病倒了 (Tā gōngzuò guòdù, yǐzhì bìngdǎo le - He overworked to the point of falling ill). The particle 得 describes the result or extent of an action, usually following a verb and often implying a descriptive or evaluative outcome.
E.g., 他高兴得跳了起来 (Tā gāoxìng de tiàole qǐlái - He was so happy that he jumped up).
Elevating your passive voice, 为...所 (wèi...suǒ) provides a very formal, academic, or literary passive structure. It emphasizes the agent and the objective nature of the action. E.g., 他的理论为世人所接受 (Tā de lǐlùn wèi shìrén suǒ jiēshòu - His theory was accepted by the world).
见 (jiàn) as a passive marker is more literary and often implies an unfortunate or unexpected event, or sometimes polite modesty. E.g., 他见笑于大方之家 (Tā jiànxiào yú dàfāng zhī jiā - He was laughed at by the experts).
Further refining passive expressions are 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo), and 受 (shòu). These allow for agent-less passives, focusing on the subject's experience. 蒙 typically indicates receiving a favor, kindness, or benefit.
E.g., 蒙您关照，不胜感激 (Méng nín guānzhào, bùshèng gǎnjī - I'm deeply grateful for your care). 遭 expresses encountering something negative or suffering misfortune. E.g., 他公司遭到了严重损失 (Tā gōngsī zāodàole yánzhòng sǔnshī - His company suffered heavy losses).
受 is more general, meaning 'to receive' or 'to suffer,' and can be neutral or negative. E.g., 她受到了良好的教育 (Tā shòudào le liánghǎo de jiàoyù - She received a good education).
Finally, advanced relying patterns include 藉 (jiè), 凭 (píng), and 仗 (zhàng). 藉 implies using something as a pretext or relying on an opportunity. E.g., 他藉口生病而逃避责任 (Tā jièkǒu shēngbìng ér táobì zérèn - He used illness as an excuse to shirk responsibility).
凭 indicates relying on evidence, qualifications, or one's own ability. E.g., 凭他的经验，一定能解决这个问题 (Píng tā de jīngyàn, yīdìng néng jiějué zhège wèntí - Based on his experience, he can definitely solve this problem). 仗 suggests relying on power, influence, or strength, often with a slight negative or critical connotation.
E.g., 他仗着家里的势力，为所欲为 (Tā zhàngzhe jiālǐ de shìlì, wéisuǒyùwéi - He relied on his family's influence to do as he pleased).

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 他的话让我很受启发。(Tā de huà ràng wǒ hěn shòu qǐfā.)
✓ Correct: 他的话使我深受启发。(Tā de huà shǐ wǒ shēn shòu qǐfā.)
*Explanation:* While 让 is common, for a formal and impactful statement like deeply inspired, 使 is a much more appropriate and C1-level choice, conveying a stronger, more formal causation.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 那个报告被人们所接受了。(Nàge bàogào bèi rénmen suǒ jiēshòu le.)
✓ Correct: 那个报告为人们所接受。(Nàge bàogào wèi rénmen suǒ jiēshòu.)
*Explanation:* The 为...所 structure is already a formal passive. Adding 被 is redundant and grammatically incorrect in this context. The structure itself implies the passive voice.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 他蒙受了巨大的损失。(Tā méngshòu le jùdà de sǔnshī.)
✓ Correct: 他遭受了巨大的损失。(Tā zāoshòu le jùdà de sǔnshī.)
*Explanation:* 蒙 is typically used for receiving favors or positive things. For experiencing negative consequences like huge losses, 遭 is the correct and more appropriate choice, specifically implying misfortune.

Real Conversations

A

A

这项政策的推行，致使一些小企业面临破产。(Zhè xiàng zhèngcè de tuīxíng, zhìshǐ yīxiē xiǎo qǐyè miànlín pòchǎn.)

(The implementation of this policy has led to some small businesses facing bankruptcy.)

B

B

是啊，其负面影响以至引发了社会不满。(Shì a, qí fùmiàn yǐngxiǎng yǐzhì yǐnfāle shèhuì bùmǎn.)

(Indeed, its negative impact has gone so far as to trigger public discontent.)

A

A

这部著作的观点，为学界所广泛讨论。(Zhè bù zhùzuò de guāndiǎn, wèi xuéjiè suǒ guǎngfàn tǎolùn.)

(The views in this work are widely discussed by academia.)

B

B

没错，作者的洞察力令人钦佩。(Méi cuò, zuòzhě de dòngchá lì lìng rén qīnpèi.)

(Exactly, the author's insights are admirable.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the key difference between 致使 and 以至 when discussing consequences in C1 Chinese?

致使 points to a direct, often serious and negative cause-and-effect relationship, while 以至 implies that something has reached an extreme point or an unexpected, sometimes negative, outcome, indicating progression to a certain degree.

Q

Can 见 as a passive marker be used for positive experiences?

While 见 often implies an unfortunate or unexpected event, it can occasionally be used to express a polite or humble reception of an action, such as 见教 (jiànjiào - to be taught/enlightened by someone, humbly). However, its primary use in advanced Chinese grammar leans towards the negative or modest.

Q

How do 凭 and 仗 differ in the context of relying on in formal Chinese?

凭 emphasizes relying on legitimate grounds like evidence, qualifications, or one's own ability/merit. 仗 implies relying on power, influence, or strength, often carrying a slightly critical or negative connotation of leveraging an advantage.

Cultural Context

These advanced structures are hallmarks of formal, literary, and academic Chinese. You'll frequently encounter them in official documents, news reports, academic papers, classical literature, and formal speeches. Their use reflects a speaker's or writer's ability to maintain objectivity, convey precise causality, or express modesty and nuance.
Mastering them demonstrates not just grammatical accuracy but also a deep appreciation for the stylistic choices prevalent in high-level Chinese communication. They are essential for understanding and producing sophisticated discourse.

주요 예문 (4)

1

This movie is very popular in China.

이 영화는 중국에서 매우 인기가 많아요.

격식 있는 피동문: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo), 受 (shòu)
2

His proposal met with unanimous opposition.

그의 제안은 만장일치로 반대에 부딪혔어요.

격식 있는 피동문: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo), 受 (shòu)
3

这种先进的技术使生产效率大大提高了。

이러한 선진 기술은 생산 효율을 크게 향상시켰습니다.

격식 있는 사동 구조: 중국어로 '~하게 하다'와 '~하게 두다' (使, 令, 让)
4

你这样说话令我非常难受。

당신이 그렇게 말하니 제 마음이 너무 괴롭네요.

격식 있는 사동 구조: 중국어로 '~하게 하다'와 '~하게 두다' (使, 令, 让)

팁과 요령 (4)

⚠️

기분 좋은 일에 '遭'는 금물!

안 좋은 일을 당할 때만 쓰세요. 칭찬받는 상황에서 «遭表扬»라고 하면, 칭찬받는 게 마치 재앙인 것처럼 들린답니다!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 격식 있는 피동문: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo), 受 (shòu)
🎯

겸어문의 핵심 'Pivot' 찾기

사동사 뒤에 오는 명사가 다음 동작의 주어가 되는지 꼭 확인하세요. «他的礼物使我很开心。»에서 '나(我)'가 기쁜 주체인 것처럼요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 격식 있는 사동 구조: 중국어로 '~하게 하다'와 '~하게 두다' (使, 令, 让)
⚠️

{致使}로 칭찬하지 마세요

기분 좋은 결과에 {致使}를 쓰면 마치 범죄를 저지른 것처럼 들려요. 행복한 결과라면 {致使} 대신 {让}을 써야 자연스러워요: «他的帮助让我顺利通过了考试。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 공식적인 결과: {致使|zhìshǐ}, {以至|yǐzhì} 및 {得|de}
🎯

두 글자 동사의 법칙

为...所 구조에서는 «接受», «认可»처럼 두 글자 동사를 쓰는 게 훨씬 자연스러워요. 한 글자 동사는 리듬감이 떨어져서 잘 안 써요. «这些观点为大众所知。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 고급 격식 수동태: 为...所와 见

핵심 어휘 (6)

启示(qǐshì) inspiration / revelation 挫折(cuòzhé) setback / frustration 机遇(jīyù) opportunity (favorable) 瞩目(zhǔmù) to attract attention / be the focus of attention 蒙受(méngshòu) to suffer / sustain (loss, favor) 凭证(píngzhèng) proof / certificate

Real-World Preview

mic

Academic Conference Opening

Review Summary

  • Subject + 使/令/让 + Object + Predicate
  • Action/Situation + 致使/以至 + Result
  • Subject + 为 + Agent + 所 + Verb
  • Subject + 蒙/遭/受 + (Agent) + Action
  • 藉/凭/仗 + Basis/Means + Action

자주 하는 실수

致使 (zhìshǐ) is almost exclusively used for negative or undesirable results. For positive results, use 使得 (shǐde) or 带来 (dàilái).

Wrong: 他的努力致使了巨大的成功 (His efforts caused a huge success).
정답: 他的努力带来了巨大的成功 (His efforts brought huge success).

为...所 (wéi...suǒ) is for abstract or formal actions (like being 'moved' or 'recognized'), not for physical actions like 'hitting' in daily life.

Wrong: 我为他所打了 (I was hit by him).
정답: 我被他打了 (I was hit by him).

凭 (píng) usually implies a legitimate basis or merit. When relying on influence or power in a negative/unfair way, 仗 (zhàng) is more accurate.

Wrong: 他凭着他爸爸的权力得到了工作 (He got the job relying on his dad's power).
정답: 他仗着他爸爸的权力得到了工作 (He got the job relying on his dad's power).

Next Steps

You've just conquered some of the most difficult and prestigious structures in the Chinese language. Your path to true C1 fluency is now wide open. Keep practicing these formal markers, and you'll command respect in any professional setting!

Read a Chinese newspaper editorial and highlight all instances of 为...所 or 使.

Write a 3-sentence formal apology using 蒙 and 见谅.

Continue to: Expressing Nuance and Evaluation

빠른 연습 (10)

'인기'를 표현할 때 가장 적절한 표지를 고르세요.

这部新剧很___欢迎。 (이 새 드라마는 인기가 아주 많아요.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 受 (shòu)
«受欢迎»은 '인기 있다'를 뜻하는 고정 표현이에요. «遭»는 부정적이고, «被»는 뒤에 행위자가 없으면 어색해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 격식 있는 피동문: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo), 受 (shòu)

실력을 나타낼 때 '凭'을 올바르게 사용한 문장은 무엇인가요?

가장 자연스러운 문장을 선택하세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他凭自己的本事考上了清华。
'凭本事'(능력에 근거하여)는 실력을 강조할 때 쓰는 매우 자연스럽고 올바른 표현입니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 고급 '의지하기' 패턴: 藉, 凭, 仗 (도구적 표지)

다음 문장의 문법적 오류를 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

这篇文章被令我很感动。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 这篇文章令我很感动。
사동 동사 '令'은 피동 표지인 '被'와 함께 사용할 수 없습니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 격식 있는 사동 구조: 중국어로 '~하게 하다'와 '~하게 두다' (使, 令, 让)

어조에 맞지 않는 표현을 고쳐보세요.

你藉什么说我没努力？ (친구의 논리에 따지는 상황)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 你凭什么说我没努力？
상대방의 말에 근거가 무엇인지 따질 때는 '凭什么'라는 관용구를 사용해야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 고급 '의지하기' 패턴: 藉, 凭, 仗 (도구적 표지)

잘못 사용된 피동 표지를 고쳐보세요.

他遭到了老师의 表扬。 (그는 선생님의 칭찬을 받았다.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他受到了老师의 表扬。
칭찬은 좋은 일이죠! 부정적인 «遭» 대신 중립/긍정적인 «受»를 써야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 격식 있는 피동문: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo), 受 (shòu)

'도시가 지진 피해를 입었다'는 뉴스 보도로 가장 적절한 문장은?

뉴스 리포트에서 사용할 가장 알맞은 문장을 고르세요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 该城市遭受了地震。
자연재해를 입었다고 할 때는 격식 있는 동사 «遭受»를 쓰는 것이 가장 표준적이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 격식 있는 피동문: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo), 受 (shòu)

가장 적절한 격식 있는 사동 동사를 고르세요.

他的出色表现 ___ 大家感到非常惊讶。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 使
'让'도 가능은 하지만, 객관적인 결과를 격식 있게 표현할 때는 '使'가 가장 적절합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 격식 있는 사동 구조: 중국어로 '~하게 하다'와 '~하게 두다' (使, 令, 让)

다음 정중한 표현에서 틀린 부분을 고쳐보세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

我做得不好，请别见笑我。 (제가 잘 못 했네요, 비웃지 말아 주세요.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我做得不好，请别见笑。
'见笑'라는 단어 안에 이미 '나를 비웃다'라는 의미가 들어있어서 뒤에 '我'를 또 쓸 필요가 없습니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 고급 격식 수동태: 为...所와 见

알맞은 격식 피동 표지를 채워 넣으세요.

这部小说深深 ___ 读者所喜爱。 (이 소설은 독자들에게 깊은 사랑을 받고 있습니다.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 为
문장 끝에 '所喜爱'가 있으므로, 짝꿍인 '为...所' 구조를 완성해야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 고급 격식 수동태: 为...所와 见

뉴스 보고서에 나올 법한 더 격식 있는 문장을 고르세요.

Choose the more formal sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 这一政策使得经济稳步发展。
'这一'(격식 있는 '이')와 '使得'의 조합이 전문적인 서면어 스타일을 보여줍니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 격식 있는 사동 구조: 중국어로 '~하게 하다'와 '~하게 두다' (使, 令, 让)

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

«被»는 '~에 의해'라는 행위자를 강조하는 전치사 느낌이고, «受»는 '받다'라는 동사 자체의 의미가 강해요. «被»는 행위의 주체를 강조하지만, «受»는 주어가 겪는 경험에 집중하죠. 예를 들어 «受到表扬»는 칭찬을 받았다는 경험을 말해요.
단독으로는 드물어요. 보통 «糟糕»(엉망이다)나 «遭죄»(고생하다) 같은 단어로 쓰이죠. 비를 맞았을 때 «我遭雨了»라고 하면 이상해요. 그냥 «淋雨了»라고 하세요.
한 명사가 앞 동사의 목적어이면서 뒤 동사의 주어 역할을 동시에 하는 문장이에요. «我让他走。»에서 '그(他)'가 바로 그 핵심(Pivot)이죠.
공식적인 문서나 논리적 인과관계에는 '使'를, 일상적인 대화나 허락의 의미가 포함될 때는 '让'을 선택하세요.
{以至}는 주로 '어느 정도까지'라는 정도나 범위를 나타내고, {以致}는 주로 '결과적으로 (나쁜 일이 벌어짐)'이라는 인과관계를 나타내요. 말할 때는 똑같지만 쓸 때는 구분해야 멋져요: «以致造成损失。»
그럼요! 다만 뒤에 오는 내용을 조금 더 고급스럽게 꾸며보세요. 단순히 {好得很} 보다는 '믿기 어려울 정도로 좋다'는 뜻의 «好得难以置信» 처럼요.
이전 챕터
Professional Flow and Transitions
다음 챕터
Expressing Nuance and Evaluation
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