C1 · 上級 チャプター 4

Advanced Actions and Passive Voice

5 トータルルール
52 例文
7

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Elevate your Chinese from functional to sophisticated with advanced causative, passive, and instrumental structures for professional contexts.

  • Distinguish between formal and informal causative verbs to control sentence tone.
  • Utilize classical passive markers to write academic and literary prose.
  • Express dependence and reliance using nuanced instrumental markers like merit or status.
Refine your voice: Precision in action and elegance in passivity.

学べること

Ready to take your Chinese to a truly advanced level? In this chapter, we're diving deep into the sophisticated structures that differentiate a good Chinese speaker from a truly great one. You'll move beyond basic communication to mastering the nuances of high-level expression, equipping you to handle complex ideas with precision and elegance. We'll start by mastering the formal causative constructions: 使, , and ràng. You'll learn to express 'making' or 'letting' with exact precision, navigating different formality levels from academic discourse to nuanced daily interactions. Next, we explore formal results with 致使, 以至, and . Imagine being able to subtly assign blame with 致使, convey extreme degrees with 以至, or paint vivid descriptive outcomes with – your narrative power will soar. Elevate your passive voice constructions with 为...所 and . 为...所 will empower you to craft objective, academic passives perfect for scholarly texts, while offers a polite, idiomatic way to express modesty. Further refine your passive expressions with , , and , enabling you to construct agent-less sentences that emphasize the subject's experience rather than the doer's action – ideal for formal reporting or conveying subtle impacts. Finally, we'll unlock advanced relying patterns: , , and . You'll understand how frames formal opportunities, highlights merit-based logic, and leverages status or influence. By the chapter's end, you won't just understand advanced Chinese texts like official reports or literature; you'll be able to produce language that showcases genuine mastery and sophistication, demonstrating a native-like grasp of stylistic choices and subtle meanings. Get ready to truly excel!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to select the appropriate causative verb based on the desired emotional or formal register.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to describe complex causal chains and their consequences using formal resultative connectors.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to interpret and produce classical-style passive sentences found in formal reports and historical texts.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to articulate the basis of an action or decision using sophisticated instrumental markers.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome to the C1 level of Chinese grammar, where you’ll transform from a proficient speaker to a truly sophisticated communicator. This chapter is your gateway to mastering the nuanced structures that distinguish advanced Chinese. We're diving deep into advanced Chinese grammar, equipping you with the tools to express complex ideas with precision and elegance.
By exploring these structures, you'll not only understand high-level texts like official reports and literature but also produce language that showcases genuine mastery.
This guide focuses on critical C1 Chinese patterns, moving beyond basic communication to the intricacies of formal expression. We'll unlock sophisticated ways to discuss causation, results, and the passive voice, along with advanced methods of expressing reliance. Mastering these will significantly elevate your stylistic choices and allow you to convey subtle meanings, making your Chinese sound more native and authoritative.
You’ll encounter key terms like 使, , and for causative constructions, delve into formal results with 致使, 以至, and , and refine your passive voice with 为...所, , , , and . Finally, we'll explore advanced instrumental markers such as , , and . Get ready to truly excel in your Chinese language learning journey!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces a suite of advanced Chinese grammar structures, each adding a layer of formality, precision, or nuance to your expression. Let's break them down.
For formal causative constructions, we have 使, , and . 使 (shǐ) is highly formal, often seen in written language or official contexts, indicating a strong 'making' or 'causing'. For example: 他的演讲使我们深受启发 (Tā de yǎnjiǎng shǐ wǒmen shēn shòu qǐfā - His speech deeply inspired us).
(lìng) is also formal, frequently used to cause emotions or specific conditions, often with a slightly stronger impact than 使. E.g., 他的行为令人费解 (Tā de xíngwéi lìng rén fèijiě - His behavior is perplexing). (ràng) is the most common and versatile, used across all registers, but less formal than the other two.
Next, we explore formal results with 致使 (zhìshǐ), 以至 (yǐzhì), and (de). 致使 indicates a serious, often negative, consequence or outcome, implying a direct cause. E.g., 施工失误致使桥梁坍塌 (Shīgōng shīwù zhìshǐ qiáoliáng tāntā - Construction errors led to the bridge collapse).
以至 suggests that something has reached an extreme degree or an unexpected, often negative, result. E.g., 他工作过度,以至病倒了 (Tā gōngzuò guòdù, yǐzhì bìngdǎo le - He overworked to the point of falling ill). The particle describes the result or extent of an action, usually following a verb and often implying a descriptive or evaluative outcome.
E.g., 他高兴得跳了起来 (Tā gāoxìng de tiàole qǐlái - He was so happy that he jumped up).
Elevating your passive voice, 为...所 (wèi...suǒ) provides a very formal, academic, or literary passive structure. It emphasizes the agent and the objective nature of the action. E.g., 他的理论为世人所接受 (Tā de lǐlùn wèi shìrén suǒ jiēshòu - His theory was accepted by the world).
(jiàn) as a passive marker is more literary and often implies an unfortunate or unexpected event, or sometimes polite modesty. E.g., 他见笑于大方之家 (Tā jiànxiào yú dàfāng zhī jiā - He was laughed at by the experts).
Further refining passive expressions are (méng), (zāo), and (shòu). These allow for agent-less passives, focusing on the subject's experience. typically indicates receiving a favor, kindness, or benefit.
E.g., 蒙您关照,不胜感激 (Méng nín guānzhào, bùshèng gǎnjī - I'm deeply grateful for your care). expresses encountering something negative or suffering misfortune. E.g., 他公司遭到了严重损失 (Tā gōngsī zāodàole yánzhòng sǔnshī - His company suffered heavy losses).
is more general, meaning 'to receive' or 'to suffer,' and can be neutral or negative. E.g., 她受到了良好的教育 (Tā shòudào le liánghǎo de jiàoyù - She received a good education).
Finally, advanced relying patterns include (jiè), (píng), and (zhàng). implies using something as a pretext or relying on an opportunity. E.g., 他藉口生病而逃避责任 (Tā jièkǒu shēngbìng ér táobì zérèn - He used illness as an excuse to shirk responsibility).
indicates relying on evidence, qualifications, or one's own ability. E.g., 凭他的经验,一定能解决这个问题 (Píng tā de jīngyàn, yīdìng néng jiějué zhège wèntí - Based on his experience, he can definitely solve this problem). suggests relying on power, influence, or strength, often with a slight negative or critical connotation.
E.g., 他仗着家里的势力,为所欲为 (Tā zhàngzhe jiālǐ de shìlì, wéisuǒyùwéi - He relied on his family's influence to do as he pleased).

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: 他的话让我很受启发。(Tā de huà ràng wǒ hěn shòu qǐfā.)
Correct: 他的话使我深受启发。(Tā de huà shǐ wǒ shēn shòu qǐfā.)
*Explanation:* While is common, for a formal and impactful statement like deeply inspired, 使 is a much more appropriate and C1-level choice, conveying a stronger, more formal causation.
  1. 1Wrong: 那个报告被人们所接受了。(Nàge bàogào bèi rénmen suǒ jiēshòu le.)
Correct: 那个报告为人们所接受。(Nàge bàogào wèi rénmen suǒ jiēshòu.)
*Explanation:* The 为...所 structure is already a formal passive. Adding is redundant and grammatically incorrect in this context. The structure itself implies the passive voice.
  1. 1Wrong: 他蒙受了巨大的损失。(Tā méngshòu le jùdà de sǔnshī.)
Correct: 他遭受了巨大的损失。(Tā zāoshòu le jùdà de sǔnshī.)
*Explanation:* is typically used for receiving favors or positive things. For experiencing negative consequences like huge losses, is the correct and more appropriate choice, specifically implying misfortune.

Real Conversations

A

A

这项政策的推行,致使一些小企业面临破产。(Zhè xiàng zhèngcè de tuīxíng, zhìshǐ yīxiē xiǎo qǐyè miànlín pòchǎn.)

(The implementation of this policy has led to some small businesses facing bankruptcy.)

B

B

是啊,其负面影响以至引发了社会不满。(Shì a, qí fùmiàn yǐngxiǎng yǐzhì yǐnfāle shèhuì bùmǎn.)

(Indeed, its negative impact has gone so far as to trigger public discontent.)

A

A

这部著作的观点,为学界所广泛讨论。(Zhè bù zhùzuò de guāndiǎn, wèi xuéjiè suǒ guǎngfàn tǎolùn.)

(The views in this work are widely discussed by academia.)

B

B

没错,作者的洞察力令人钦佩。(Méi cuò, zuòzhě de dòngchá lì lìng rén qīnpèi.)

(Exactly, the author's insights are admirable.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the key difference between 致使 and 以至 when discussing consequences in C1 Chinese?

致使 points to a direct, often serious and negative cause-and-effect relationship, while 以至 implies that something has reached an extreme point or an unexpected, sometimes negative, outcome, indicating progression to a certain degree.

Q

Can as a passive marker be used for positive experiences?

While often implies an unfortunate or unexpected event, it can occasionally be used to express a polite or humble reception of an action, such as 见教 (jiànjiào - to be taught/enlightened by someone, humbly). However, its primary use in advanced Chinese grammar leans towards the negative or modest.

Q

How do and differ in the context of relying on in formal Chinese?

emphasizes relying on legitimate grounds like evidence, qualifications, or one's own ability/merit. implies relying on power, influence, or strength, often carrying a slightly critical or negative connotation of leveraging an advantage.

Cultural Context

These advanced structures are hallmarks of formal, literary, and academic Chinese. You'll frequently encounter them in official documents, news reports, academic papers, classical literature, and formal speeches. Their use reflects a speaker's or writer's ability to maintain objectivity, convey precise causality, or express modesty and nuance.
Mastering them demonstrates not just grammatical accuracy but also a deep appreciation for the stylistic choices prevalent in high-level Chinese communication. They are essential for understanding and producing sophisticated discourse.

重要な例文 (4)

1

This movie is very popular in China.

この映画は中国でとても人気があります。

文語的な受身:蒙 (méng)、遭 (zāo)、受 (shòu)
2

His proposal met with unanimous opposition.

彼の提案は満場一致で反対されました。

文語的な受身:蒙 (méng)、遭 (zāo)、受 (shòu)
3

{藉此|jiècǐ}机会,我想对所有支持我的粉丝表示感谢。

この機会をお借りして、私を支えてくださったすべてのファンの皆様に感謝の意を表したいと思います。

上級の「~によって」:藉、凭、仗(手段のマーカー)
4

他{凭|píng}自己的努力,在不到三年の时间里就升职了。

彼は自らの努力によって、3年足らずで昇進しました。

上級の「~によって」:藉、凭、仗(手段のマーカー)

ヒントとコツ (4)

⚠️

「遭」をポジティブに使わないで!

「遭」はあくまで「災難に遭う」というニュアンス。褒められたときに «遭表扬» と言うと、まるで褒められるのが嫌でたまらないみたいに聞こえちゃいます!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 文語的な受身:蒙 (méng)、遭 (zāo)、受 (shòu)
🎯

「兼語」の役割をチェック!

使役動詞の直後の名詞(兼語)が、後ろの動作の主語になれるか確認しましょう。「彼のプレゼントが私を喜ばせた」なら、「私」が喜ぶ主体です。«他的礼物使我很开心。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな使役構文:中国語の「〜させる」と「〜させておく」(使, 令, 让)
⚠️

「致使」で褒めないで!

「致使」は基本的にネガティブな結果に使います。嬉しい結果に使うと、まるで「あなたが私を笑顔にするという罪を犯した」と言っているような、おかしなニュアンスになってしまいます。«他的帮助让我顺利通过了考试。» のように「让」を使いましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 正式な結果表現:{致使|zhìshǐ}、{以至|yǐzhì}、{得|de}
🎯

2文字動詞のルール

「为...所」を使う場合、後ろに来る動詞は「接受」「认可」「喜爱」のように2文字であることがほとんどです。1文字だとリズムが悪く、不自然に聞こえてしまいます。 «这种做法不为大家所接受。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級フォーマル受け身:为...所 と 见

重要な語彙 (6)

启示(qǐshì) inspiration / revelation 挫折(cuòzhé) setback / frustration 机遇(jīyù) opportunity (favorable) 瞩目(zhǔmù) to attract attention / be the focus of attention 蒙受(méngshòu) to suffer / sustain (loss, favor) 凭证(píngzhèng) proof / certificate

Real-World Preview

mic

Academic Conference Opening

Review Summary

  • Subject + 使/令/让 + Object + Predicate
  • Action/Situation + 致使/以至 + Result
  • Subject + 为 + Agent + 所 + Verb
  • Subject + 蒙/遭/受 + (Agent) + Action
  • 藉/凭/仗 + Basis/Means + Action

よくある間違い

致使 (zhìshǐ) is almost exclusively used for negative or undesirable results. For positive results, use 使得 (shǐde) or 带来 (dàilái).

Wrong: 他的努力致使了巨大的成功 (His efforts caused a huge success).
正解: 他的努力带来了巨大的成功 (His efforts brought huge success).

为...所 (wéi...suǒ) is for abstract or formal actions (like being 'moved' or 'recognized'), not for physical actions like 'hitting' in daily life.

Wrong: 我为他所打了 (I was hit by him).
正解: 我被他打了 (I was hit by him).

凭 (píng) usually implies a legitimate basis or merit. When relying on influence or power in a negative/unfair way, 仗 (zhàng) is more accurate.

Wrong: 他凭着他爸爸的权力得到了工作 (He got the job relying on his dad's power).
正解: 他仗着他爸爸的权力得到了工作 (He got the job relying on his dad's power).

このチャプターのルール (5)

Next Steps

You've just conquered some of the most difficult and prestigious structures in the Chinese language. Your path to true C1 fluency is now wide open. Keep practicing these formal markers, and you'll command respect in any professional setting!

Read a Chinese newspaper editorial and highlight all instances of 为...所 or 使.

Write a 3-sentence formal apology using 蒙 and 见谅.

クイック練習 (10)

「引き起こした(負の結果)」を意味する適切なフォーマルな単語を選んでください。

{恶劣天气___航班延误。|Èliè tiānqì ___ hángbān yánwù.} (悪天候がフライトの遅延を引き起こした。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {致使|zhìshǐ}
{致使|zhìshǐ}は、遅延などの否定的な結果を引き起こす際に使われるフォーマルな動詞です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 正式な結果表現:{致使|zhìshǐ}、{以至|yǐzhì}、{得|de}

ニュースレポートで使われるような、よりフォーマルな文を選んでください。

Choose the more formal sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 这一政策使得经济稳步发展。
「这一」(フォーマルな『この』)や「使得」の使用により、プロフェッショナルな書き言葉のトーンになっています。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな使役構文:中国語の「〜させる」と「〜させておく」(使, 令, 让)

友達に論理的な根拠を問い詰める時の不自然な表現を直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

你藉什么说我没努力?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 你凭什么说我没努力?
相手の発言の根拠を問う時は、決まったフレーズである「凭什么」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級の「~によって」:藉、凭、仗(手段のマーカー)

受身マーカーの誤用を直してください。

{他遭到了老师的表扬。|Tā zāodào le lǎoshī de biǎoyáng.}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他受到了老师的表扬。|Tā shòudào le lǎoshī de biǎoyáng.}
{遭|zāo} は悪いことに使います。褒められるのは良いことなので、中立・ポジティブに使える {受|shòu} を使いましょう。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 文語的な受身:蒙 (méng)、遭 (zāo)、受 (shòu)

「その街は地震に見舞われた」というニュースにふさわしいフォーマルな文を選んでください。

ニュース報道として最も適切なのはどれ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {该城市遭受了地震。|Gāi chéngshì zāoshòu le dìzhèn.}
自然災害に見舞われる、被るという場合は {遭受|zāoshòu} が正解です。 «被» は地震を動詞のように扱う必要があり不自然で、 «蒙» はこの文脈では使いません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 文語的な受身:蒙 (méng)、遭 (zāo)、受 (shòu)

「実力」を根拠とする正しい文はどれですか?

最も自然な文を選んでください:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他凭自己的本事考上了清華。
「凭本事」(実力に基づいて)は、個人の能力を根拠とする際の非常に一般的で正しい表現です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級の「~によって」:藉、凭、仗(手段のマーカー)

正しいフォーマルな受身マーカーを選んでください。

这部小说深深 ___ 读者所喜爱。 (この小説は読者に深く愛されている。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
文末が「所喜爱」となっているので、セットで使われる古典的なパターン「为...所」が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級フォーマル受け身:为...所 と 见

最も適切なフォーマルな使役動詞を空欄に入れてください。

他的出色表现 ___ 大家感到非常惊讶。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 使
「让」も間違いではありませんが、客観的な事実として「驚かせた」と述べるフォーマルな文脈では「使」が最も適しています。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな使役構文:中国語の「〜させる」と「〜させておく」(使, 令, 让)

次の文章の間違いを修正してください。

这篇文章被令我很感动。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 这篇文章令我很感動。
使役動詞「令」を使う場合、受動態のマーカー「被」を重ねて使うことはできません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな使役構文:中国語の「〜させる」と「〜させておく」(使, 令, 让)

場面に合った適切な表現を選んでください。

友達へのチャットで「スマホを泥棒に盗まれた」と伝えるなら?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我的手机被小偷拿走了。
日常の出来事には「被」を使います。「为...所」は硬すぎ、「见」は特定の慣用句にしか使えません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級フォーマル受け身:为...所 と 见

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

「被」は「〜によって」という前置詞で、動作主を意識します。「受」は「受け取る」という動詞で、主語の経験に注目します。例えば «受到表扬» は「褒め言葉を受け取った」というニュアンスです。
単独ではあまり使いません。 «糟糕» (ひどい) や «遭罪» (ひどい目に遭う) といった熟語なら使います。雨に降られたときに «我遭雨了» と言うと変なので、 «淋雨了» と言いましょう。
一つの名詞が、前の動詞の「目的語」であり、後ろの動詞の「主語」でもある文のことです。例えば «我让他走»(私は彼を行かせる)では、«他» が兼語です。
フォーマルな報告書や論理的な因果関係なら «使»、日常会話や「〜させてあげる」という許可のニュアンスなら «让» を選びましょう。
「以至」(または「以至于」)は主に程度や範囲(〜ほどまで)を指します。一方、「以致」は悪い結果(〜という結果を招く)を指すことが多いです。発音は同じですが、書き言葉では区別が重要ですよ。«以至» を使った例:«以至于忘记了吃饭。»
はい、使えます!ただし、後に続く描写をより洗練されたものにする必要があります。例えば «好得很» ではなく «好得难以置信»(信じられないほど良い)のように表現します。