Chapter in 30 Seconds
Elevate your Chinese from functional to sophisticated with advanced causative, passive, and instrumental structures for professional contexts.
- Distinguish between formal and informal causative verbs to control sentence tone.
- Utilize classical passive markers to write academic and literary prose.
- Express dependence and reliance using nuanced instrumental markers like merit or status.
学べること
Ready to take your Chinese to a truly advanced level? In this chapter, we're diving deep into the sophisticated structures that differentiate a good Chinese speaker from a truly great one. You'll move beyond basic communication to mastering the nuances of high-level expression, equipping you to handle complex ideas with precision and elegance.
We'll start by mastering the formal causative constructions: 使, 令, and ràng. You'll learn to express 'making' or 'letting' with exact precision, navigating different formality levels from academic discourse to nuanced daily interactions. Next, we explore formal results with 致使, 以至, and 得. Imagine being able to subtly assign blame with 致使, convey extreme degrees with 以至, or paint vivid descriptive outcomes with 得 – your narrative power will soar.
Elevate your passive voice constructions with 为...所 and 见. 为...所 will empower you to craft objective, academic passives perfect for scholarly texts, while 见 offers a polite, idiomatic way to express modesty. Further refine your passive expressions with 蒙, 遭, and 受, enabling you to construct agent-less sentences that emphasize the subject's experience rather than the doer's action – ideal for formal reporting or conveying subtle impacts.
Finally, we'll unlock advanced relying patterns: 藉, 凭, and 仗. You'll understand how 藉 frames formal opportunities, 凭 highlights merit-based logic, and 仗 leverages status or influence. By the chapter's end, you won't just understand advanced Chinese texts like official reports or literature; you'll be able to produce language that showcases genuine mastery and sophistication, demonstrating a native-like grasp of stylistic choices and subtle meanings. Get ready to truly excel!
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文語的な受身:蒙 (méng)、遭 (zāo)、受 (shòu)「動作主」を隠して、主語が「何を経験したか」にスポットライトを当てるのがコツです。 «受»、«遭»、«蒙» の3つのツールを使い分けましょう。
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フォーマルな使役構文:中国語の「〜させる」と「〜させておく」(使, 令, 让)「使」「令」「让」を使い分けることで、論理的な「使」、感情的な「令」、そして日常的な「让」という風に、表現の解像度をグッと上げることができますよ!
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正式な結果表現:{致使|zhìshǐ}、{以至|yǐzhì}、{得|de}硬い表現で悪い結果を招く «致使»、極端な程度や範囲を表す «以至»、そして日常から描写まで幅広く使える «得» を使い分けましょう。
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上級フォーマル受け身:为...所 と 见フォーマルな文書では «为...所» を使い、謙虚な姿勢を見せたい時は «见» を使った決まり文句で「デキる」中国語を演出しましょう。
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上級の「~によって」:藉、凭、仗(手段のマーカー)フォーマルな機会には «藉»、実力や根拠には «凭»、そして地位を悪用するなら «仗» を使い分けるのが上級者への近道です。
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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1
By the end you will be able to select the appropriate causative verb based on the desired emotional or formal register.
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2
By the end you will be able to describe complex causal chains and their consequences using formal resultative connectors.
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3
By the end you will be able to interpret and produce classical-style passive sentences found in formal reports and historical texts.
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4
By the end you will be able to articulate the basis of an action or decision using sophisticated instrumental markers.
チャプターガイド
Overview
How This Grammar Works
Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Wrong: 他的话让我很受启发。(Tā de huà ràng wǒ hěn shòu qǐfā.)
deeply inspired, 使 is a much more appropriate and C1-level choice, conveying a stronger, more formal causation.- 1✗ Wrong: 那个报告被人们所接受了。(Nàge bàogào bèi rénmen suǒ jiēshòu le.)
- 1✗ Wrong: 他蒙受了巨大的损失。(Tā méngshòu le jùdà de sǔnshī.)
huge losses, 遭 is the correct and more appropriate choice, specifically implying misfortune.Real Conversations
A
(The implementation of this policy has led to some small businesses facing bankruptcy.)
B
(Indeed, its negative impact has gone so far as to trigger public discontent.)
A
(The views in this work are widely discussed by academia.)
B
(Exactly, the author's insights are admirable.)
Quick FAQ
What's the key difference between 致使 and 以至 when discussing consequences in C1 Chinese?
致使 points to a direct, often serious and negative cause-and-effect relationship, while 以至 implies that something has reached an extreme point or an unexpected, sometimes negative, outcome, indicating progression to a certain degree.
Can 见 as a passive marker be used for positive experiences?
While 见 often implies an unfortunate or unexpected event, it can occasionally be used to express a polite or humble reception of an action, such as 见教 (jiànjiào - to be taught/enlightened by someone, humbly). However, its primary use in advanced Chinese grammar leans towards the negative or modest.
How do 凭 and 仗 differ in the context of relying on in formal Chinese?
凭 emphasizes relying on legitimate grounds like evidence, qualifications, or one's own ability/merit. 仗 implies relying on power, influence, or strength, often carrying a slightly critical or negative connotation of leveraging an advantage.
Cultural Context
重要な例文 (4)
{藉此|jiècǐ}机会,我想对所有支持我的粉丝表示感谢。
この機会をお借りして、私を支えてくださったすべてのファンの皆様に感謝の意を表したいと思います。
上級の「~によって」:藉、凭、仗(手段のマーカー)ヒントとコツ (4)
「遭」をポジティブに使わないで!
「兼語」の役割をチェック!
「致使」で褒めないで!
2文字動詞のルール
重要な語彙 (6)
Real-World Preview
Academic Conference Opening
Review Summary
- Subject + 使/令/让 + Object + Predicate
- Action/Situation + 致使/以至 + Result
- Subject + 为 + Agent + 所 + Verb
- Subject + 蒙/遭/受 + (Agent) + Action
- 藉/凭/仗 + Basis/Means + Action
よくある間違い
致使 (zhìshǐ) is almost exclusively used for negative or undesirable results. For positive results, use 使得 (shǐde) or 带来 (dàilái).
为...所 (wéi...suǒ) is for abstract or formal actions (like being 'moved' or 'recognized'), not for physical actions like 'hitting' in daily life.
凭 (píng) usually implies a legitimate basis or merit. When relying on influence or power in a negative/unfair way, 仗 (zhàng) is more accurate.
このチャプターのルール (5)
Next Steps
You've just conquered some of the most difficult and prestigious structures in the Chinese language. Your path to true C1 fluency is now wide open. Keep practicing these formal markers, and you'll command respect in any professional setting!
Read a Chinese newspaper editorial and highlight all instances of 为...所 or 使.
Write a 3-sentence formal apology using 蒙 and 见谅.
クイック練習 (10)
{恶劣天气___航班延误。|Èliè tiānqì ___ hángbān yánwù.} (悪天候がフライトの遅延を引き起こした。)
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 正式な結果表現:{致使|zhìshǐ}、{以至|yǐzhì}、{得|de}
Choose the more formal sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな使役構文:中国語の「〜させる」と「〜させておく」(使, 令, 让)
Find and fix the mistake:
你藉什么说我没努力?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級の「~によって」:藉、凭、仗(手段のマーカー)
{他遭到了老师的表扬。|Tā zāodào le lǎoshī de biǎoyáng.}
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 文語的な受身:蒙 (méng)、遭 (zāo)、受 (shòu)
ニュース報道として最も適切なのはどれ?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 文語的な受身:蒙 (méng)、遭 (zāo)、受 (shòu)
最も自然な文を選んでください:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級の「~によって」:藉、凭、仗(手段のマーカー)
这部小说深深 ___ 读者所喜爱。 (この小説は読者に深く愛されている。)
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級フォーマル受け身:为...所 と 见
他的出色表现 ___ 大家感到非常惊讶。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな使役構文:中国語の「〜させる」と「〜させておく」(使, 令, 让)
这篇文章被令我很感动。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: フォーマルな使役構文:中国語の「〜させる」と「〜させておく」(使, 令, 让)
友達へのチャットで「スマホを泥棒に盗まれた」と伝えるなら?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 上級フォーマル受け身:为...所 と 见
Score: /10