C1 · Avancé Chapitre 4

Advanced Actions and Passive Voice

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Chapter in 30 Seconds

Elevate your Chinese from functional to sophisticated with advanced causative, passive, and instrumental structures for professional contexts.

  • Distinguish between formal and informal causative verbs to control sentence tone.
  • Utilize classical passive markers to write academic and literary prose.
  • Express dependence and reliance using nuanced instrumental markers like merit or status.
Refine your voice: Precision in action and elegance in passivity.

Ce que tu vas apprendre

Ready to take your Chinese to a truly advanced level? In this chapter, we're diving deep into the sophisticated structures that differentiate a good Chinese speaker from a truly great one. You'll move beyond basic communication to mastering the nuances of high-level expression, equipping you to handle complex ideas with precision and elegance. We'll start by mastering the formal causative constructions: 使, 令, and ràng. You'll learn to express 'making' or 'letting' with exact precision, navigating different formality levels from academic discourse to nuanced daily interactions. Next, we explore formal results with 致使, 以至, and 得. Imagine being able to subtly assign blame with 致使, convey extreme degrees with 以至, or paint vivid descriptive outcomes with 得 – your narrative power will soar. Elevate your passive voice constructions with 为...所 and 见. 为...所 will empower you to craft objective, academic passives perfect for scholarly texts, while 见 offers a polite, idiomatic way to express modesty. Further refine your passive expressions with 蒙, 遭, and 受, enabling you to construct agent-less sentences that emphasize the subject's experience rather than the doer's action – ideal for formal reporting or conveying subtle impacts. Finally, we'll unlock advanced relying patterns: 藉, 凭, and 仗. You'll understand how 藉 frames formal opportunities, 凭 highlights merit-based logic, and 仗 leverages status or influence. By the chapter's end, you won't just understand advanced Chinese texts like official reports or literature; you'll be able to produce language that showcases genuine mastery and sophistication, demonstrating a native-like grasp of stylistic choices and subtle meanings. Get ready to truly excel!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to select the appropriate causative verb based on the desired emotional or formal register.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to describe complex causal chains and their consequences using formal resultative connectors.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to interpret and produce classical-style passive sentences found in formal reports and historical texts.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to articulate the basis of an action or decision using sophisticated instrumental markers.

Guide du chapitre

Overview

Welcome to the C1 level of Chinese grammar, where you’ll transform from a proficient speaker to a truly sophisticated communicator. This chapter is your gateway to mastering the nuanced structures that distinguish advanced Chinese. We're diving deep into advanced Chinese grammar, equipping you with the tools to express complex ideas with precision and elegance.
By exploring these structures, you'll not only understand high-level texts like official reports and literature but also produce language that showcases genuine mastery.
This guide focuses on critical C1 Chinese patterns, moving beyond basic communication to the intricacies of formal expression. We'll unlock sophisticated ways to discuss causation, results, and the passive voice, along with advanced methods of expressing reliance. Mastering these will significantly elevate your stylistic choices and allow you to convey subtle meanings, making your Chinese sound more native and authoritative.
You’ll encounter key terms like 使, 令, and 让 for causative constructions, delve into formal results with 致使, 以至, and 得, and refine your passive voice with 为...所, 见, 蒙, 遭, and 受. Finally, we'll explore advanced instrumental markers such as 藉, 凭, and 仗. Get ready to truly excel in your Chinese language learning journey!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces a suite of advanced Chinese grammar structures, each adding a layer of formality, precision, or nuance to your expression. Let's break them down.
For formal causative constructions, we have 使, 令, and 让. 使 (shǐ) is highly formal, often seen in written language or official contexts, indicating a strong 'making' or 'causing'. For example: 他的演讲使我们深受启发 (Tā de yǎnjiǎng shǐ wǒmen shēn shòu qǐfā - His speech deeply inspired us).
令 (lìng) is also formal, frequently used to cause emotions or specific conditions, often with a slightly stronger impact than 使. E.g., 他的行为令人费解 (Tā de xíngwéi lìng rén fèijiě - His behavior is perplexing). 让 (ràng) is the most common and versatile, used across all registers, but less formal than the other two.
Next, we explore formal results with 致使 (zhìshǐ), 以至 (yǐzhì), and 得 (de). 致使 indicates a serious, often negative, consequence or outcome, implying a direct cause. E.g., 施工失误致使桥梁坍塌 (Shīgōng shīwù zhìshǐ qiáoliáng tāntā - Construction errors led to the bridge collapse).
以至 suggests that something has reached an extreme degree or an unexpected, often negative, result. E.g., 他工作过度，以至病倒了 (Tā gōngzuò guòdù, yǐzhì bìngdǎo le - He overworked to the point of falling ill). The particle 得 describes the result or extent of an action, usually following a verb and often implying a descriptive or evaluative outcome.
E.g., 他高兴得跳了起来 (Tā gāoxìng de tiàole qǐlái - He was so happy that he jumped up).
Elevating your passive voice, 为...所 (wèi...suǒ) provides a very formal, academic, or literary passive structure. It emphasizes the agent and the objective nature of the action. E.g., 他的理论为世人所接受 (Tā de lǐlùn wèi shìrén suǒ jiēshòu - His theory was accepted by the world).
见 (jiàn) as a passive marker is more literary and often implies an unfortunate or unexpected event, or sometimes polite modesty. E.g., 他见笑于大方之家 (Tā jiànxiào yú dàfāng zhī jiā - He was laughed at by the experts).
Further refining passive expressions are 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo), and 受 (shòu). These allow for agent-less passives, focusing on the subject's experience. 蒙 typically indicates receiving a favor, kindness, or benefit.
E.g., 蒙您关照，不胜感激 (Méng nín guānzhào, bùshèng gǎnjī - I'm deeply grateful for your care). 遭 expresses encountering something negative or suffering misfortune. E.g., 他公司遭到了严重损失 (Tā gōngsī zāodàole yánzhòng sǔnshī - His company suffered heavy losses).
受 is more general, meaning 'to receive' or 'to suffer,' and can be neutral or negative. E.g., 她受到了良好的教育 (Tā shòudào le liánghǎo de jiàoyù - She received a good education).
Finally, advanced relying patterns include 藉 (jiè), 凭 (píng), and 仗 (zhàng). 藉 implies using something as a pretext or relying on an opportunity. E.g., 他藉口生病而逃避责任 (Tā jièkǒu shēngbìng ér táobì zérèn - He used illness as an excuse to shirk responsibility).
凭 indicates relying on evidence, qualifications, or one's own ability. E.g., 凭他的经验，一定能解决这个问题 (Píng tā de jīngyàn, yīdìng néng jiějué zhège wèntí - Based on his experience, he can definitely solve this problem). 仗 suggests relying on power, influence, or strength, often with a slight negative or critical connotation.
E.g., 他仗着家里的势力，为所欲为 (Tā zhàngzhe jiālǐ de shìlì, wéisuǒyùwéi - He relied on his family's influence to do as he pleased).

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 他的话让我很受启发。(Tā de huà ràng wǒ hěn shòu qǐfā.)
✓ Correct: 他的话使我深受启发。(Tā de huà shǐ wǒ shēn shòu qǐfā.)
*Explanation:* While 让 is common, for a formal and impactful statement like deeply inspired, 使 is a much more appropriate and C1-level choice, conveying a stronger, more formal causation.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 那个报告被人们所接受了。(Nàge bàogào bèi rénmen suǒ jiēshòu le.)
✓ Correct: 那个报告为人们所接受。(Nàge bàogào wèi rénmen suǒ jiēshòu.)
*Explanation:* The 为...所 structure is already a formal passive. Adding 被 is redundant and grammatically incorrect in this context. The structure itself implies the passive voice.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 他蒙受了巨大的损失。(Tā méngshòu le jùdà de sǔnshī.)
✓ Correct: 他遭受了巨大的损失。(Tā zāoshòu le jùdà de sǔnshī.)
*Explanation:* 蒙 is typically used for receiving favors or positive things. For experiencing negative consequences like huge losses, 遭 is the correct and more appropriate choice, specifically implying misfortune.

Real Conversations

A

A

这项政策的推行，致使一些小企业面临破产。(Zhè xiàng zhèngcè de tuīxíng, zhìshǐ yīxiē xiǎo qǐyè miànlín pòchǎn.)

(The implementation of this policy has led to some small businesses facing bankruptcy.)

B

B

是啊，其负面影响以至引发了社会不满。(Shì a, qí fùmiàn yǐngxiǎng yǐzhì yǐnfāle shèhuì bùmǎn.)

(Indeed, its negative impact has gone so far as to trigger public discontent.)

A

A

这部著作的观点，为学界所广泛讨论。(Zhè bù zhùzuò de guāndiǎn, wèi xuéjiè suǒ guǎngfàn tǎolùn.)

(The views in this work are widely discussed by academia.)

B

B

没错，作者的洞察力令人钦佩。(Méi cuò, zuòzhě de dòngchá lì lìng rén qīnpèi.)

(Exactly, the author's insights are admirable.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the key difference between 致使 and 以至 when discussing consequences in C1 Chinese?

致使 points to a direct, often serious and negative cause-and-effect relationship, while 以至 implies that something has reached an extreme point or an unexpected, sometimes negative, outcome, indicating progression to a certain degree.

Q

Can 见 as a passive marker be used for positive experiences?

While 见 often implies an unfortunate or unexpected event, it can occasionally be used to express a polite or humble reception of an action, such as 见教 (jiànjiào - to be taught/enlightened by someone, humbly). However, its primary use in advanced Chinese grammar leans towards the negative or modest.

Q

How do 凭 and 仗 differ in the context of relying on in formal Chinese?

凭 emphasizes relying on legitimate grounds like evidence, qualifications, or one's own ability/merit. 仗 implies relying on power, influence, or strength, often carrying a slightly critical or negative connotation of leveraging an advantage.

Cultural Context

These advanced structures are hallmarks of formal, literary, and academic Chinese. You'll frequently encounter them in official documents, news reports, academic papers, classical literature, and formal speeches. Their use reflects a speaker's or writer's ability to maintain objectivity, convey precise causality, or express modesty and nuance.
Mastering them demonstrates not just grammatical accuracy but also a deep appreciation for the stylistic choices prevalent in high-level Chinese communication. They are essential for understanding and producing sophisticated discourse.

Exemples clés (6)

1

This movie is very popular in China.

Ce film reçoit un grand accueil en Chine.

Passif formel : 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) et 受 (shòu)
2

His proposal met with unanimous opposition.

Sa proposition a rencontré une opposition unanime.

Passif formel : 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) et 受 (shòu)
3

Zhè zhǒng zuòfǎ bù wéi dàjiā suǒ jiēshòu.

Cette façon de faire n'est pas acceptée par tout le monde.

La Voix Passive Formelle : 为...所 et 见
4

Wǒ de tíyì wéi lǎobǎn suǒ cǎinà.

Ma proposition a été adoptée par le patron.

La Voix Passive Formelle : 为...所 et 见
5

{藉此|jiècǐ}机会，我想对所有支持我的粉丝表示感谢。

En saisissant cette opportunité, je tiens à remercier tous les fans qui m'ont soutenu.

Structures avancées pour 'compter sur' : 藉, 凭 et 仗
6

他{凭|píng}自己的努力，在不到三年的时间里就升职了。

Grâce à ses propres efforts, il a été promu en moins de trois ans.

Structures avancées pour 'compter sur' : 藉, 凭 et 仗

Conseils et astuces (4)

⚠️

Ne 'subis' pas un compliment

N'utilise jamais «遭» pour des choses positives. Tu ne peux pas dire «遭表扬» (subir des éloges). On aurait l'impression que tu détestes qu'on dise du bien de toi !
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passif formel : 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) et 受 (shòu)
🎯

Le secret du 'Pivot'

Vérifie toujours si le nom après le verbe peut être le sujet de l'action suivante. C'est le pivot ! Par exemple : «他让我去学校。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Constructions causatives formelles : Faire et laisser en chinois (使, 令, 让)
⚠️

Ne fais pas de compliments avec 致使

N'utilise jamais «致使» pour un résultat positif. Ça sonne comme si tu accusais quelqu'un d'un crime, même si ce 'crime' est de t'avoir fait sourire. Pour du positif, dis plutôt : «他的鼓励让我充满信心。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Résultats Formels : {致使|zhìshǐ}, {以至|yǐzhì} & {得|de}
🎯

La règle des deux caractères

Quand tu utilises 为...所, le verbe à la fin fait presque toujours deux caractères (comme 接受, 认可, 喜爱). Un verbe d'un seul caractère sonnerait bancal et pas assez équilibré ici : «这种做法不为大家所接受。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: La Voix Passive Formelle : 为...所 et 见

Vocabulaire clé (6)

启示(qǐshì) inspiration / revelation 挫折(cuòzhé) setback / frustration 机遇(jīyù) opportunity (favorable) 瞩目(zhǔmù) to attract attention / be the focus of attention 蒙受(méngshòu) to suffer / sustain (loss, favor) 凭证(píngzhèng) proof / certificate

Real-World Preview

mic

Academic Conference Opening

Review Summary

  • Subject + 使/令/让 + Object + Predicate
  • Action/Situation + 致使/以至 + Result
  • Subject + 为 + Agent + 所 + Verb
  • Subject + 蒙/遭/受 + (Agent) + Action
  • 藉/凭/仗 + Basis/Means + Action

Erreurs courantes

致使 (zhìshǐ) is almost exclusively used for negative or undesirable results. For positive results, use 使得 (shǐde) or 带来 (dàilái).

Wrong: 他的努力致使了巨大的成功 (His efforts caused a huge success).
Correct: 他的努力带来了巨大的成功 (His efforts brought huge success).

为...所 (wéi...suǒ) is for abstract or formal actions (like being 'moved' or 'recognized'), not for physical actions like 'hitting' in daily life.

Wrong: 我为他所打了 (I was hit by him).
Correct: 我被他打了 (I was hit by him).

凭 (píng) usually implies a legitimate basis or merit. When relying on influence or power in a negative/unfair way, 仗 (zhàng) is more accurate.

Wrong: 他凭着他爸爸的权力得到了工作 (He got the job relying on his dad's power).
Correct: 他仗着他爸爸的权力得到了工作 (He got the job relying on his dad's power).

Next Steps

You've just conquered some of the most difficult and prestigious structures in the Chinese language. Your path to true C1 fluency is now wide open. Keep practicing these formal markers, and you'll command respect in any professional setting!

Read a Chinese newspaper editorial and highlight all instances of 为...所 or 使.

Write a 3-sentence formal apology using 蒙 and 见谅.

Continue to: Expressing Nuance and Evaluation

Pratique rapide (10)

Quelle phrase utilise '凭' correctement pour montrer le mérite ?

Sélectionne la phrase la plus naturelle :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他凭自己的本事考上了清华。
‘凭本事’ (basé sur ses capacités) est l'usage parfait de '凭' pour le mérite.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Structures avancées pour 'compter sur' : 藉, 凭 et 仗

Choisis le marqueur le plus approprié pour parler de popularité.

这部新剧很___欢迎。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 受 (shòu)
«受欢迎» est la collocation figée pour 'populaire' (littéralement 'recevoir l'accueil'). «遭» est négatif, et «被» ne fonctionne pas ici sans agent.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passif formel : 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) et 受 (shòu)

Choisis le meilleur marqueur pour un contexte business formel.

___此机会，我想介绍一下我们的新产品。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 藉
‘藉此机会’ est l'expression standard pour saisir l'occasion dans un cadre formel.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Structures avancées pour 'compter sur' : 藉, 凭 et 仗

Identifie et corrige l'erreur dans cette phrase polie.

Find and fix the mistake:

我做得不好，请别见笑我。 (Je n'ai pas bien fait, s'il vous plaît ne vous moquez pas de moi.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我做得不好，请别见笑。
Le mot '见笑' inclut déjà l'objet conceptuellement ('être moqué par vous'). On ne peut pas rajouter '我' à la fin.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: La Voix Passive Formelle : 为...所 et 见

Corrige le mauvais usage de {致使|zhìshǐ}.

Find and fix the mistake:

{这个好消息致使大家很开心。|Zhè ge hǎo xiāoxi zhìshǐ dàjiā hěn kāixīn.}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
{致使|zhìshǐ} et {导致|dǎozhì} sont réservés aux résultats négatifs ou neutres. Pour de la joie, on préfère {让|ràng} ou {令|lìng}.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Résultats Formels : {致使|zhìshǐ}, {以至|yǐzhì} & {得|de}

Corrige l'erreur de registre dans cette dispute entre amis.

你藉什么说我没努力？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 你凭什么说我没努力？
‘凭什么’ est l'expression toute faite pour contester la logique ou le droit de quelqu'un.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Structures avancées pour 'compter sur' : 藉, 凭 et 仗

Corrige le mauvais usage du marqueur passif.

Find and fix the mistake:

他遭到了老师的表扬。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他受到了老师的表扬。
«遭» est réservé aux mauvaises choses. Les éloges, c'est cool ! Utilise «受» (recevoir) pour les choses neutres ou positives.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passif formel : 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) et 受 (shòu)

Choisis le mot formel correct pour dire 'a causé' (résultat négatif).

{恶劣天气___航班延误。|Èliè tiānqì ___ hángbān yánwù.} (Le mauvais temps a causé des retards de vols.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
{致使|zhìshǐ} est le verbe formel par excellence pour introduire une conséquence négative comme un retard.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Résultats Formels : {致使|zhìshǐ}, {以至|yǐzhì} & {得|de}

Choisis la phrase avec le bon registre de langue.

Comment dirais-tu 'Mon téléphone a été volé par un voleur' dans un SMS à un ami ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我的手机被小偷拿走了。
Les événements du quotidien demandent '被'. '为...所' est trop formel, et '见' ne s'utilise que dans des expressions polies figées.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: La Voix Passive Formelle : 为...所 et 见

Quelle phrase utilise correctement {以至于|yǐzhìyú} ?

Choisis la phrase la plus naturelle :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
{以至于|yǐzhìyú} relie parfaitement l'état (être occupé) au degré extrême du résultat (oublier de manger).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Résultats Formels : {致使|zhìshǐ}, {以至|yǐzhì} & {得|de}

Score: /10

Questions fréquentes (6)

«被» est une préposition qui indique 'par' quelqu'un. «受» est un verbe qui signifie 'recevoir'. «被» insiste sur l'action de l'agent, alors que «受» insiste sur l'expérience du sujet comme dans «受到影响» (être influencé).
Rarement tout seul. Tu l'utiliseras dans des mots composés comme «糟糕» (terrible) ou «遭罪» (souffrir). Mais dire 'j'ai «遭» la pluie' sonne bizarre ; dis plutôt «淋雨了».
C'est une phrase où un nom sert à la fois d'objet au premier verbe et de sujet au second. Exemple : «我让他走。»
Utilise '使' dans les écrits formels ou pour décrire une relation de cause à effet logique. Garde '让' pour l'oral. «这种药使他康复。»
C'est subtil ! «以至» (ou «以至于») parle souvent de degré ou d'étendue ('à tel point que'). «以致» (souvent «以致于») désigne une conséquence causale négative ('résultant en'). À l'oral c'est pareil, mais à l'écrit, attention : «他工作很努力，以至于忘了吃饭。»
Bien sûr, mais la suite doit être plus élégante. Au lieu de «好得很», essaie «好得难以置信» (bon à n'en pas croire ses yeux). «她的表现出色得令人惊叹。»
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