C1 · Avançado Capítulo 4

Advanced Actions and Passive Voice

5 Regras totais
52 exemplos
7 min
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Chapter in 30 Seconds

Elevate your Chinese from functional to sophisticated with advanced causative, passive, and instrumental structures for professional contexts.

  • Distinguish between formal and informal causative verbs to control sentence tone.
  • Utilize classical passive markers to write academic and literary prose.
  • Express dependence and reliance using nuanced instrumental markers like merit or status.
Refine your voice: Precision in action and elegance in passivity.

O que você vai aprender

Ready to take your Chinese to a truly advanced level? In this chapter, we're diving deep into the sophisticated structures that differentiate a good Chinese speaker from a truly great one. You'll move beyond basic communication to mastering the nuances of high-level expression, equipping you to handle complex ideas with precision and elegance. We'll start by mastering the formal causative constructions: 使, 令, and ràng. You'll learn to express 'making' or 'letting' with exact precision, navigating different formality levels from academic discourse to nuanced daily interactions. Next, we explore formal results with 致使, 以至, and 得. Imagine being able to subtly assign blame with 致使, convey extreme degrees with 以至, or paint vivid descriptive outcomes with 得 – your narrative power will soar. Elevate your passive voice constructions with 为...所 and 见. 为...所 will empower you to craft objective, academic passives perfect for scholarly texts, while 见 offers a polite, idiomatic way to express modesty. Further refine your passive expressions with 蒙, 遭, and 受, enabling you to construct agent-less sentences that emphasize the subject's experience rather than the doer's action – ideal for formal reporting or conveying subtle impacts. Finally, we'll unlock advanced relying patterns: 藉, 凭, and 仗. You'll understand how 藉 frames formal opportunities, 凭 highlights merit-based logic, and 仗 leverages status or influence. By the chapter's end, you won't just understand advanced Chinese texts like official reports or literature; you'll be able to produce language that showcases genuine mastery and sophistication, demonstrating a native-like grasp of stylistic choices and subtle meanings. Get ready to truly excel!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to select the appropriate causative verb based on the desired emotional or formal register.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to describe complex causal chains and their consequences using formal resultative connectors.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to interpret and produce classical-style passive sentences found in formal reports and historical texts.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to articulate the basis of an action or decision using sophisticated instrumental markers.

Guia do capítulo

Overview

Welcome to the C1 level of Chinese grammar, where you’ll transform from a proficient speaker to a truly sophisticated communicator. This chapter is your gateway to mastering the nuanced structures that distinguish advanced Chinese. We're diving deep into advanced Chinese grammar, equipping you with the tools to express complex ideas with precision and elegance.
By exploring these structures, you'll not only understand high-level texts like official reports and literature but also produce language that showcases genuine mastery.
This guide focuses on critical C1 Chinese patterns, moving beyond basic communication to the intricacies of formal expression. We'll unlock sophisticated ways to discuss causation, results, and the passive voice, along with advanced methods of expressing reliance. Mastering these will significantly elevate your stylistic choices and allow you to convey subtle meanings, making your Chinese sound more native and authoritative.
You’ll encounter key terms like 使, 令, and 让 for causative constructions, delve into formal results with 致使, 以至, and 得, and refine your passive voice with 为...所, 见, 蒙, 遭, and 受. Finally, we'll explore advanced instrumental markers such as 藉, 凭, and 仗. Get ready to truly excel in your Chinese language learning journey!

How This Grammar Works

This chapter introduces a suite of advanced Chinese grammar structures, each adding a layer of formality, precision, or nuance to your expression. Let's break them down.
For formal causative constructions, we have 使, 令, and 让. 使 (shǐ) is highly formal, often seen in written language or official contexts, indicating a strong 'making' or 'causing'. For example: 他的演讲使我们深受启发 (Tā de yǎnjiǎng shǐ wǒmen shēn shòu qǐfā - His speech deeply inspired us).
令 (lìng) is also formal, frequently used to cause emotions or specific conditions, often with a slightly stronger impact than 使. E.g., 他的行为令人费解 (Tā de xíngwéi lìng rén fèijiě - His behavior is perplexing). 让 (ràng) is the most common and versatile, used across all registers, but less formal than the other two.
Next, we explore formal results with 致使 (zhìshǐ), 以至 (yǐzhì), and 得 (de). 致使 indicates a serious, often negative, consequence or outcome, implying a direct cause. E.g., 施工失误致使桥梁坍塌 (Shīgōng shīwù zhìshǐ qiáoliáng tāntā - Construction errors led to the bridge collapse).
以至 suggests that something has reached an extreme degree or an unexpected, often negative, result. E.g., 他工作过度，以至病倒了 (Tā gōngzuò guòdù, yǐzhì bìngdǎo le - He overworked to the point of falling ill). The particle 得 describes the result or extent of an action, usually following a verb and often implying a descriptive or evaluative outcome.
E.g., 他高兴得跳了起来 (Tā gāoxìng de tiàole qǐlái - He was so happy that he jumped up).
Elevating your passive voice, 为...所 (wèi...suǒ) provides a very formal, academic, or literary passive structure. It emphasizes the agent and the objective nature of the action. E.g., 他的理论为世人所接受 (Tā de lǐlùn wèi shìrén suǒ jiēshòu - His theory was accepted by the world).
见 (jiàn) as a passive marker is more literary and often implies an unfortunate or unexpected event, or sometimes polite modesty. E.g., 他见笑于大方之家 (Tā jiànxiào yú dàfāng zhī jiā - He was laughed at by the experts).
Further refining passive expressions are 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo), and 受 (shòu). These allow for agent-less passives, focusing on the subject's experience. 蒙 typically indicates receiving a favor, kindness, or benefit.
E.g., 蒙您关照，不胜感激 (Méng nín guānzhào, bùshèng gǎnjī - I'm deeply grateful for your care). 遭 expresses encountering something negative or suffering misfortune. E.g., 他公司遭到了严重损失 (Tā gōngsī zāodàole yánzhòng sǔnshī - His company suffered heavy losses).
受 is more general, meaning 'to receive' or 'to suffer,' and can be neutral or negative. E.g., 她受到了良好的教育 (Tā shòudào le liánghǎo de jiàoyù - She received a good education).
Finally, advanced relying patterns include 藉 (jiè), 凭 (píng), and 仗 (zhàng). 藉 implies using something as a pretext or relying on an opportunity. E.g., 他藉口生病而逃避责任 (Tā jièkǒu shēngbìng ér táobì zérèn - He used illness as an excuse to shirk responsibility).
凭 indicates relying on evidence, qualifications, or one's own ability. E.g., 凭他的经验，一定能解决这个问题 (Píng tā de jīngyàn, yīdìng néng jiějué zhège wèntí - Based on his experience, he can definitely solve this problem). 仗 suggests relying on power, influence, or strength, often with a slight negative or critical connotation.
E.g., 他仗着家里的势力，为所欲为 (Tā zhàngzhe jiālǐ de shìlì, wéisuǒyùwéi - He relied on his family's influence to do as he pleased).

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 他的话让我很受启发。(Tā de huà ràng wǒ hěn shòu qǐfā.)
✓ Correct: 他的话使我深受启发。(Tā de huà shǐ wǒ shēn shòu qǐfā.)
*Explanation:* While 让 is common, for a formal and impactful statement like deeply inspired, 使 is a much more appropriate and C1-level choice, conveying a stronger, more formal causation.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 那个报告被人们所接受了。(Nàge bàogào bèi rénmen suǒ jiēshòu le.)
✓ Correct: 那个报告为人们所接受。(Nàge bàogào wèi rénmen suǒ jiēshòu.)
*Explanation:* The 为...所 structure is already a formal passive. Adding 被 is redundant and grammatically incorrect in this context. The structure itself implies the passive voice.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 他蒙受了巨大的损失。(Tā méngshòu le jùdà de sǔnshī.)
✓ Correct: 他遭受了巨大的损失。(Tā zāoshòu le jùdà de sǔnshī.)
*Explanation:* 蒙 is typically used for receiving favors or positive things. For experiencing negative consequences like huge losses, 遭 is the correct and more appropriate choice, specifically implying misfortune.

Real Conversations

A

A

这项政策的推行，致使一些小企业面临破产。(Zhè xiàng zhèngcè de tuīxíng, zhìshǐ yīxiē xiǎo qǐyè miànlín pòchǎn.)

(The implementation of this policy has led to some small businesses facing bankruptcy.)

B

B

是啊，其负面影响以至引发了社会不满。(Shì a, qí fùmiàn yǐngxiǎng yǐzhì yǐnfāle shèhuì bùmǎn.)

(Indeed, its negative impact has gone so far as to trigger public discontent.)

A

A

这部著作的观点，为学界所广泛讨论。(Zhè bù zhùzuò de guāndiǎn, wèi xuéjiè suǒ guǎngfàn tǎolùn.)

(The views in this work are widely discussed by academia.)

B

B

没错，作者的洞察力令人钦佩。(Méi cuò, zuòzhě de dòngchá lì lìng rén qīnpèi.)

(Exactly, the author's insights are admirable.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the key difference between 致使 and 以至 when discussing consequences in C1 Chinese?

致使 points to a direct, often serious and negative cause-and-effect relationship, while 以至 implies that something has reached an extreme point or an unexpected, sometimes negative, outcome, indicating progression to a certain degree.

Q

Can 见 as a passive marker be used for positive experiences?

While 见 often implies an unfortunate or unexpected event, it can occasionally be used to express a polite or humble reception of an action, such as 见教 (jiànjiào - to be taught/enlightened by someone, humbly). However, its primary use in advanced Chinese grammar leans towards the negative or modest.

Q

How do 凭 and 仗 differ in the context of relying on in formal Chinese?

凭 emphasizes relying on legitimate grounds like evidence, qualifications, or one's own ability/merit. 仗 implies relying on power, influence, or strength, often carrying a slightly critical or negative connotation of leveraging an advantage.

Cultural Context

These advanced structures are hallmarks of formal, literary, and academic Chinese. You'll frequently encounter them in official documents, news reports, academic papers, classical literature, and formal speeches. Their use reflects a speaker's or writer's ability to maintain objectivity, convey precise causality, or express modesty and nuance.
Mastering them demonstrates not just grammatical accuracy but also a deep appreciation for the stylistic choices prevalent in high-level Chinese communication. They are essential for understanding and producing sophisticated discourse.

Exemplos-chave (4)

1

This movie is very popular in China.

Este filme é muito popular na China.

Passivas Formais: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) e 受 (shòu)
2

His proposal met with unanimous opposition.

A proposta dele encontrou oposição unânime.

Passivas Formais: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) e 受 (shòu)
3

{藉此|jiècǐ}机会，我想对所有支持我的粉丝表示感谢。

Aproveitando esta oportunidade, gostaria de expressar minha gratidão a todos os fãs que me apoiaram.

Padrões Avançados de Confiança: 藉, 凭 e 仗 (Marcadores Instrumentais)
4

他{凭|píng}自己的努力，在不到三年的时间里就升职了。

Com base em seu próprio esforço, ele foi promovido em menos de três anos.

Padrões Avançados de Confiança: 藉, 凭 e 仗 (Marcadores Instrumentais)

Dicas e truques (4)

⚠️

Não 'sofra' um elogio

Nunca use {遭|zāo} para coisas boas. Você não pode dizer «遭表扬», pois soaria como se você odiasse ser elogiado! «他受到了老师的表扬。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passivas Formais: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) e 受 (shòu)
🎯

O Pivô da Questão

Sempre verifique se a palavra após o verbo causativo (o pivô) pode ser o sujeito da ação seguinte. Se você diz que um presente te fez feliz, 'você' é o pivô que está feliz: «我让他走。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Construções causativas formais: Fazer e deixar em chinês (使, 令, 让)
⚠️

Nada de elogios com 致使

Nunca use «致使» para resultados felizes ou positivos. Soa como se você estivesse acusando alguém de um crime, mesmo que o 'crime' seja te fazer sorrir: «他的建议致使我成功了。» (Errado!)
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Resultados Formais: {致使|zhìshǐ}, {以至|yǐzhì} e {得|de}
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A Regra dos Dois Caracteres

Ao usar 为...所, o verbo no final quase sempre tem dois caracteres (como 接受 ou 认可). Um verbo de um só caractere soa desequilibrado aqui: «这种做法不为大家所接受。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: A Voz Passiva Formal Avançada: 为...所 e 见

Vocabulário-chave (6)

启示(qǐshì) inspiration / revelation 挫折(cuòzhé) setback / frustration 机遇(jīyù) opportunity (favorable) 瞩目(zhǔmù) to attract attention / be the focus of attention 蒙受(méngshòu) to suffer / sustain (loss, favor) 凭证(píngzhèng) proof / certificate

Real-World Preview

mic

Academic Conference Opening

Review Summary

  • Subject + 使/令/让 + Object + Predicate
  • Action/Situation + 致使/以至 + Result
  • Subject + 为 + Agent + 所 + Verb
  • Subject + 蒙/遭/受 + (Agent) + Action
  • 藉/凭/仗 + Basis/Means + Action

Erros comuns

致使 (zhìshǐ) is almost exclusively used for negative or undesirable results. For positive results, use 使得 (shǐde) or 带来 (dàilái).

Wrong: 他的努力致使了巨大的成功 (His efforts caused a huge success).
Correto: 他的努力带来了巨大的成功 (His efforts brought huge success).

为...所 (wéi...suǒ) is for abstract or formal actions (like being 'moved' or 'recognized'), not for physical actions like 'hitting' in daily life.

Wrong: 我为他所打了 (I was hit by him).
Correto: 我被他打了 (I was hit by him).

凭 (píng) usually implies a legitimate basis or merit. When relying on influence or power in a negative/unfair way, 仗 (zhàng) is more accurate.

Wrong: 他凭着他爸爸的权力得到了工作 (He got the job relying on his dad's power).
Correto: 他仗着他爸爸的权力得到了工作 (He got the job relying on his dad's power).

Next Steps

You've just conquered some of the most difficult and prestigious structures in the Chinese language. Your path to true C1 fluency is now wide open. Keep practicing these formal markers, and you'll command respect in any professional setting!

Read a Chinese newspaper editorial and highlight all instances of 为...所 or 使.

Write a 3-sentence formal apology using 蒙 and 见谅.

Continue to: Expressing Nuance and Evaluation

Prática rápida (10)

Selecione a frase com o registro de formalidade correto.

Como você escreveria 'Meu celular foi roubado por um ladrão' em um SMS para um amigo?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我的手机被小偷拿走了。
Eventos cotidianos exigem '被'. '为...所' é formal demais e '见' é apenas para frases polidas fixas.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: A Voz Passiva Formal Avançada: 为...所 e 见

Corrija o uso indevido do marcador passivo.

{他遭到了老师的表扬。|Tā zāodào le lǎoshī de biǎoyáng.}

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他受到了老师 de biǎoyáng.}
{遭|zāo} é para coisas ruins. Elogio é algo bom! Use {受|shòu} (receber) para coisas positivas ou neutras.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passivas Formais: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) e 受 (shòu)

Identifique a frase formal correta para 'A cidade sofreu um terremoto'.

Qual frase é mais apropriada para um relatório de notícias?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {该城市遭受了地震。|Gāi chéngshì zāoshòu le dìzhèn.}
{遭受|zāoshòu} (sofrer/sustentar) é o verbo formal correto para desastres naturais em notícias.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passivas Formais: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) e 受 (shòu)

Qual frase usa '凭' corretamente para mostrar mérito?

Selecione a frase mais natural:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他凭自己的本事考上了清华。
‘凭本事’ (baseado na habilidade) é um uso muito comum e correto de 凭 para mérito.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Padrões Avançados de Confiança: 藉, 凭 e 仗 (Marcadores Instrumentais)

Qual frase é mais formal e provável de aparecer em um telejornal?

Escolha a frase mais formal:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 这一政策使得经济稳步发展。
'这一' (formal para 'este') e '使得' (causativo formal) marcam esta como uma frase de estilo escrito e profissional.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Construções causativas formais: Fazer e deixar em chinês (使, 令, 让)

Corrija o erro de registro.

Find and fix the mistake:

你藉什么说我没努力？ (Tentando questionar a lógica de um amigo)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 你凭什么说我没努力？
‘凭什么’ é a frase feita padrão para questionar a base da afirmação de alguém.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Padrões Avançados de Confiança: 藉, 凭 e 仗 (Marcadores Instrumentais)

Escolha o marcador mais apropriado para 'popularidade'.

{这部新剧很___欢迎。|Zhè bù xīnjù hěn ___ huānyíng.} (Esta nova série é muito popular.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 受 (shòu)
{受欢迎|shòuhuānyíng} é a colocação fixa para 'popular' (literalmente 'receber boas-vindas').

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Passivas Formais: 蒙 (méng), 遭 (zāo) e 受 (shòu)

Escolha o melhor marcador para um contexto formal de negócios.

___此机会，我想介绍一下我们的新产品。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 藉
‘藉此机会’ é uma expressão formal padrão para aproveitar uma oportunidade para fazer algo.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Padrões Avançados de Confiança: 藉, 凭 e 仗 (Marcadores Instrumentais)

Identifique e corrija o erro nesta frase polida.

我做得不好，请别见笑我。 (Não fiz um bom trabalho, por favor, não ria de mim.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 我做得不好，请别见笑。
A palavra '见笑' já inclui o objeto conceitualmente ('ser rido por você'). Você não pode adicionar '我' ao final.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: A Voz Passiva Formal Avançada: 为...所 e 见

Preencha a lacuna com o verbo causativo formal mais apropriado.

他的出色表现 ___ 大家感到非常惊讶。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 使
Embora '让' seja gramaticalmente possível, '使' é o mais adequado para uma descrição formal e objetiva de um resultado.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Construções causativas formais: Fazer e deixar em chinês (使, 令, 让)

Score: /10

Perguntas comuns (6)

{被|bèi} é uma preposição que indica 'por' alguém. {受|shòu} é um verbo que significa 'receber'. {被|bèi} enfatiza a ação do agente; {受|shòu} foca na experiência do sujeito, como em «受到影响» (receber influência).
Raramente sozinho. Você usará compostos como {糟糕|zāogāo} (terrível). Dizer 'eu {遭|zāo} chuva' soa estranho; diga apenas «我淋雨了» (me molhei na chuva).
É uma frase onde um substantivo serve como objeto do primeiro verbo e sujeito do segundo. Por exemplo, em 'Eu deixo ele ir', 'ele' é o pivô. Em chinês: «我让他走。»
Use '使' em escrita formal, relatórios oficiais ou ao descrever uma relação lógica de causa e efeito. Use '让' para fala diária ou quando implicar permissão. «学习使人进步。»
Olha só, {以至} (ou {以至于}) geralmente fala de grau ou alcance ('tanto que'). Já {以致} (frequentemente {以致于}) foca em uma consequência negativa. Na fala eles soam iguais, mas na escrita a diferença importa: «以致于失败».
Com certeza! Mas capriche na frase que vem depois. Em vez de algo simples como {好得很}, tente algo como «好得难以置信», que significa 'bom a ponto de ser inacreditável'.
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