این صفحه به زبان شما
English العربية Deutsch Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português 中文 हिन्दी
A2 adverb 8 دقیقه مطالعه

بشكل يومي

bishakl yawmi
مثال‌ها
توضیح بشكل يومي in your Level:
At the A1 level, you are just starting to learn how to describe your life. 'Bishakl yawmi' (بشكل يومي) is a very useful phrase because it helps you talk about your basic routines. Even if you don't know many verbs yet, you can add this phrase to the end of simple sentences like 'I eat', 'I sleep', or 'I go to school'. It consists of three easy parts: 'bi' (in), 'shakl' (form), and 'yawmi' (daily). Think of it as a single block that means 'every day'. It is very common in Arabic textbooks for beginners because it introduces the concept of how to make adverbs from adjectives. At this stage, don't worry too much about the grammar rules behind it; just remember that if you do something every single day, you can use 'bishakl yawmi' to describe it. For example, if you want to say you drink water every day, you can say 'Ashrab al-ma' bishakl yawmi'. This phrase is easier for some beginners than 'kull yawm' because it feels more like a complete adverbial unit. Learning this early on will give your Arabic a more 'native' feel, as people in the Middle East use this phrase constantly in their daily lives.
برای خواندن توضیح کامل رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید
At the A2 level, you are beginning to form more complex sentences about your work, health, and hobbies. 'Bishakl yawmi' (بشكل يومي) becomes an essential tool for describing your 'daily routine' (rutin yawmi). You will see this phrase in contexts like 'I exercise daily' or 'I check my email daily'. This is also the stage where you learn that 'bi-shakl' can be used with other adjectives to create different adverbs. For instance, if you know 'shahr' means month, you can guess that 'bi-shakl shahri' means monthly. This pattern helps you expand your vocabulary exponentially. You should also notice that 'bishakl yawmi' is used in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) which you see in newspapers and news broadcasts. It is slightly more formal than 'kull yawm', making it perfect for your classroom presentations or basic emails. When you use it, remember it usually comes at the end of the sentence. Practice saying things like 'Atahaddath ma'a a'ilati bishakl yawmi' (I talk with my family on a daily basis). This level is about building consistency, and 'bishakl yawmi' is the linguistic embodiment of consistency.
As a B1 learner, you are moving into intermediate territory where you discuss more abstract topics and professional matters. 'Bishakl yawmi' (بشكل يومي) is no longer just about 'eating and sleeping'; it's about 'monitoring trends', 'updating databases', and 'maintaining habits'. You will encounter this phrase in news reports about the economy or social issues. For example, 'The price of bread is monitored on a daily basis'. You should start to compare 'bishakl yawmi' with other similar expressions like 'yawmiyyan' (يومياً) or 'bi-sifa yawmiyya' (بصفة يومية). At this level, you should be able to recognize the subtle difference in register. 'Bishakl yawmi' is standard, 'yawmiyyan' is concise, and 'bi-sifa yawmiyya' is official. You will also notice that this phrase is often used in the passive voice in news reports, such as 'Yتم تحديث الموقع بشكل يومي' (The website is updated daily). Understanding how this phrase fits into various sentence structures, including those with 'Inna' or 'Kaana', is a key goal for B1 learners. It's also a great time to start using it in your writing to show that you have moved beyond the very basic 'kull yawm'.
برای خواندن توضیح کامل رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید
At the B2 level, you should be comfortable using 'بشكل يومي' in professional and academic settings. You will use it to describe processes, statistical frequencies, and organizational routines. For instance, in a business report, you might write about 'daily operational tasks' (المهام التشغيلية التي تتم بشكل يومي). You should also be aware of the stylistic reasons for choosing 'بشكل يومي' over other adverbs. It provides a rhythmic balance to a sentence, especially in formal writing. At this stage, you should be able to integrate it into complex sentences with multiple clauses without losing the grammatical flow. You might also encounter it in literature or more sophisticated journalism where the author is emphasizing the mundane or repetitive nature of modern life. For a B2 student, the challenge is not just knowing what it means, but using it with the correct 'i' (kasra) ending on 'yawmi' if you are following strict MSA rules (bi-shaklin yawmī). You should also be able to use it in arguments, such as discussing the importance of 'daily practice' in learning a skill. It's about using the phrase to build a coherent and professional-sounding narrative.
برای خواندن توضیح کامل رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید
At the C1 level, your understanding of 'بشكل يومي' should be nuanced and deeply integrated into your linguistic repertoire. You should be able to use it to convey specific tones. For example, using it in a sociological discussion about the 'daily struggles' of a certain group (المعاناة التي يواجهونها بشكل يومي). You will also notice how it functions in classical-style modern prose where 'shakl' is used to create specific imagery. At this level, you should be exploring the etymology and the historical shift from using simple adverbs to these prepositional-adverbial phrases in Modern Standard Arabic. You should also be able to identify its use in legal and medical Arabic, where precision is paramount. For example, in a medical prescription, 'tunaawal al-dawa' bishakl yawmi' (take the medicine on a daily basis) is a standard instruction. You should also be able to contrast it with more poetic terms for 'daily' like 'sarmadi' (eternal/daily in a poetic sense) or 'ratib' (monotonous). Your goal at C1 is to use 'بشكل يومي' not just correctly, but elegantly, ensuring it fits the sophisticated register of your discourse.
برای خواندن توضیح کامل رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید
For a C2 learner, 'بشكل يومي' is a simple tool used within a very complex architectural framework of language. You should be able to analyze its usage in the highest levels of Arabic literature, political oratory, and academic research. You might look at how the shift towards phrases like 'بشكل يومي' reflects the influence of Western linguistic structures (like 'on a daily basis') on modern Arabic, a process known as linguistic borrowing or 'ta'rib'. You should be able to use the phrase in a way that sounds completely natural, even in highly abstract philosophical discussions about time and habit. At this level, you are not just a user of the language but a master of its nuances. You can choose between 'بشكل يومي', 'يومياً', 'على مدار اليوم', and 'صباح مساء' to hit the exact emotional or intellectual note you desire. You also understand the phonological aspects of the phrase, how it sounds in a speech, and how to use its rhythm to emphasize points. A C2 learner uses 'بشكل يومي' with the effortless precision of a native scholar, fully aware of its place in the vast history and evolution of the Arabic language.
برای خواندن توضیح کامل رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید
مثال‌ها
The Arabic phrase بشكل يومي (pronounced bi-shaklin yawmī) is a cornerstone of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and is widely used across all dialects to express frequency and regularity. Morphologically, it is a prepositional phrase acting as an adverb. It consists of three distinct parts: the preposition بـ (bi) meaning 'in' or 'with', the noun شكل (shakl) meaning 'shape', 'form', or 'manner', and the adjective يومي (yawmī) meaning 'daily'. When combined, they literally translate to 'in a daily form' or 'in a daily manner', which we translate into English as 'on a daily basis' or simply 'daily'. This construction is part of a broader grammatical pattern in Arabic where the phrase 'بشكل' is followed by an adjective to create an adverbial meaning. For instance, 'بشكل سريع' means 'quickly' (in a fast manner) and 'بشكل واضح' means 'clearly' (in a clear manner).
Grammatical Function
It functions as a 'Zarf Zaman' (adverb of time) or a 'Hal' (circumstantial adverb) depending on its placement and the intent of the speaker, describing how often an action occurs.
Register and Usage
While 'yawmiyyan' is a more classical single-word adverb, 'bi-shaklin yawmī' is the preferred choice in modern journalism, corporate communication, and formal speech because it sounds more structured and precise.

أنا أمارس الرياضة بشكل يومي للحفاظ على صحتي.

This phrase is essential for describing habits, routines, and scheduled events. In the context of a globalized world, you will see it in health apps, project management tools, and news reports. It conveys a sense of discipline and consistency. For an English speaker, it is much easier to remember if you think of it as the 'standard way' to say 'on a daily basis'. It avoids the complexity of the 'Tanween' (vowel endings) that the single word 'yawmiyyan' requires, making it a favorite for learners at the A2 level.

يتم تحديث البيانات في الموقع بشكل يومي.

Semantic Nuance
It implies a cycle. Unlike 'every day' (kull yawm), which focuses on the individual days, 'bi-shakl yawmi' focuses on the 'daily nature' or the 'pattern' of the activity.

نحن نتقابل في القهوة بشكل يومي.

يجب غسل اليدين بشكل يومي ومتكرر.

تتغير الأسعار في السوق بشكل يومي.

In summary, this phrase is your 'go-to' adverb for anything that happens between the rising and setting of the sun, every single day. It is versatile, easy to pronounce, and grammatically stable.
Using بشكل يومي in a sentence is relatively straightforward because it usually appears at the end of the sentence or immediately after the verb it modifies. In Arabic syntax, adverbs of manner or frequency often follow the verb-subject-object sequence. For example, if you want to say 'I read the news daily', you would say 'أقرأ الأخبار بشكل يومي' (Aqra'u al-akhbāra bi-shaklin yawmī). Note that the phrase itself does not change regardless of whether the subject is male, female, singular, or plural. This 'static' nature makes it a very friendly tool for students.
Positioning
Usually placed at the end of a clause to provide the 'how' or 'how often'. If placed earlier, it emphasizes the frequency over the action itself.

الموظفون يحضرون إلى المكتب بشكل يومي.

When using it with complex verbs or long sentences, ensure that it is clear which action is being performed daily. In the sentence 'I try to learn five words daily', the phrase modifies 'learn'. In Arabic: 'أحاول تعلم خمس كلمات بشكل يومي'.
Agreement
Unlike adjectives that follow a noun and must agree in gender and number, 'بشكل يومي' is a fixed adverbial phrase. It always uses 'shakl' (masculine) and 'yawmi' (masculine) because 'shakl' is the noun being modified by 'yawmi'.

يراجع الطبيب المرضى بشكل يومي في العيادة.

تصل الرسائل البريدية إلى منزلي بشكل يومي.

Negation
To negate the frequency, you negate the verb, not the phrase. 'لا أشرب القهوة بشكل يومي' (I do not drink coffee on a daily basis).

الطلاب لا يدرسون بشكل يومي خلال العطلة.

تشرق الشمس بشكل يومي من جهة الشرق.

The versatility of this phrase allows it to fit into formal reports, casual conversations, and academic essays. It bridges the gap between the rigid structures of classical Arabic and the fluid expressions of modern life. When you use 'بشكل يومي', you are communicating that an action is not just a one-time event, but a rhythmic part of existence. It is the heartbeat of a routine. Whether you are talking about checking your email, walking your dog, or taking medication, this phrase provides the necessary temporal context to ensure your listener understands the frequency of your actions.
You will encounter بشكل يومي in a variety of real-world contexts, ranging from the mundane to the professional. One of the most common places is in the news. News anchors often use it to describe ongoing situations or recurring events. For example, 'The committee meets on a daily basis' (تجتمع اللجنة بشكل يومي). In the workplace, your manager might use it when discussing tasks or reporting. 'We need to monitor the progress daily' (يجب متابعة التقدم بشكل يومي).
Media and Journalism
Used to describe stock market fluctuations, weather patterns, or political updates that occur every 24 hours.

يتم تحديث أسعار الصرف بشكل يومي في البنك.

In the health and fitness industry, this phrase is ubiquitous. Personal trainers, doctors, and health blogs will tell you to exercise or eat certain foods 'bi-shakl yawmi'. It is the standard way to prescribe a routine.

أنشر فيديوهات جديدة على قناتي بشكل يومي.

Technology and Apps
Arabic versions of apps like Duolingo, Instagram, or weather apps use this phrase in their settings and notifications (e.g., 'Daily Reminders').

تلقى تنبيهات بشكل يومي حول حالة الطقس.

أستخدم تطبيق تعلم اللغات بشكل يومي.

Education
Teachers use it to instruct students on homework or study habits. 'You must review your lessons daily'.

يجب على الطلاب مراجعة دروسهم بشكل يومي.

الحافلة تمر من أمام منزلي بشكل يومي.

In the Arab world, where hospitality and social connections are vital, you might also hear this phrase when people discuss visiting their family or neighbors. It reflects the consistent social fabric of the region. Whether you are in a bustling market in Cairo or a high-rise office in Dubai, 'بشكل يومي' is a phrase that bridges the gap between traditional life and modern efficiency. It is the linguistic tool that helps people organize their lives and communicate their commitments to others.
One of the most frequent mistakes learners make with بشكل يومي is confusing it with the simpler 'كل يوم' (kull yawm). While both mean 'every day', 'بشكل يومي' is more adverbial and formal. Using 'كل يوم' in a formal report might sound a bit too casual, while using 'بشكل يومي' in a very informal street conversation might sound slightly stiff, though never incorrect. Another common error is regarding the gender of the adjective. Some students try to change 'يومي' to 'يومية' (yawmiyya) if the subject is female. However, because 'يومي' is modifying 'شكل' (which is masculine), it must remain masculine regardless of the subject.
Gender Agreement Mistake
Incorrect: هي تدرس بشكل يومية. Correct: هي تدرس بشكل يومي. The adjective agrees with 'shakl', not the person.

المرأة تمارس الجري بشكل يومي.

Another mistake involves the preposition 'بـ' (bi). Sometimes learners forget it and just say 'شكل يومي', which is grammatically incomplete in MSA. You need the 'bi' to turn the phrase into an adverb.
Word Order
Don't put 'بشكل يومي' at the very beginning of the sentence unless you are writing a very specific type of poetic or journalistic lead. It usually follows the verb or the object.

أنا أقرأ كتاباً بشكل يومي.

نحن نستخدم الحواسيب بشكل يومي في العمل.

Confusion with 'Yawmiyyan'
'Yawmiyyan' (يومياً) is the classical adverb. While 'بشكل يومي' is more common in MSA, 'Yawmiyyan' is still used. Don't combine them into 'بشكل يومياً'—that is a double adverbial and incorrect.

المطعم يقدم وجبات طازجة بشكل يومي.

أهتم بنظافة غرفتي بشكل يومي.

Lastly, avoid using 'بشكل يومي' for things that happen multiple times a day if you want to be precise. If you brush your teeth three times a day, 'بشكل يومي' is true, but 'ثلاث مرات يومياً' is more accurate. However, for a general routine, 'بشكل يومي' is perfect. By avoiding these common pitfalls, you will sound much more like a native speaker and demonstrate a solid grasp of Arabic adverbial structures.
Arabic is a rich language with many ways to express frequency. While بشكل يومي is excellent, knowing its alternatives will elevate your fluency. The most direct alternative is يومياً (yawmiyyan). This is a single word, an adverb derived from 'yawm' with the 'tanween al-fath' ending. It is slightly more traditional but very common in both formal and informal contexts. Another common phrase is كل يوم (kulla yawm), which means 'every day'. This is the most basic way to express daily frequency and is used heavily in daily conversation.
Comparison: بشكل يومي vs. يومياً
'بشكل يومي' is often perceived as more 'technical' or 'procedural', whereas 'يومياً' is a standard temporal adverb. In many contexts, they are interchangeable.

أنا أعمل يومياً من الساعة التاسعة.

Comparison: بشكل يومي vs. كل يوم
'كل يوم' focuses on the repetition of days, while 'بشكل يومي' focuses on the daily nature of the action itself.

أنا أذهب إلى المدرسة كل يوم.

For more formal or bureaucratic contexts, you might hear بصفة يومية (bi-sifatin yawmiyya). This literally means 'in a daily capacity' or 'with a daily characteristic'. It is very formal and often used in legal or official documents. If something happens all the time, not just once a day, you might use على مدار الساعة (ala madar al-sa'a), meaning 'around the clock'.

يتم مراقبة الحدود بصفة يومية.

العمل مستمر على مدار الساعة.

Rare Alternative: مياومة
This refers specifically to 'daily labor' or 'working by the day'. It is more of a noun/concept than a general adverb.

هو يعمل بنظام المياومة.

أكتب في مذكراتي بانتظام.

Understanding these synonyms allows you to choose the right 'flavor' of Arabic for your situation. 'بشكل يومي' is safe, professional, and clear. 'كل يوم' is friendly and simple. 'يومياً' is efficient and classical. Mastering all three will make your Arabic sound natural and well-rounded.
برای خواندن توضیح کامل رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید

مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

أنا أشرب القهوة بشكل يومي.

I drink coffee on a daily basis.

Simple Present tense with the adverb at the end.

2

هو يذهب إلى المدرسة بشكل يومي.

He goes to school daily.

The phrase 'بشكل يومي' describes the frequency of going.

3

نحن نأكل الفواكه بشكل يومي.

We eat fruits on a daily basis.

Plural subject 'نحن' (we) followed by the verb and adverb.

4

هي تنظف غرفتها بشكل يومي.

She cleans her room daily.

The adverb remains 'بشكل يومي' even with a female subject.

5

أنا أقرأ كتاباً بشكل يومي.

I read a book on a daily basis.

Direct object 'كتاباً' followed by the frequency phrase.

6

الجو حار بشكل يومي في الصيف.

The weather is hot daily in the summer.

Used here to describe a state (the weather) rather than an action.

7

أنا أتصل بأمي بشكل يومي.

I call my mother on a daily basis.

Verb 'أتصل' (I call) with the preposition 'بـ'.

8

نحن نلعب في الحديقة بشكل يومي.

We play in the park daily.

Prepositional phrase 'في الحديقة' followed by the adverb.

1

يجب أن تمارس الرياضة بشكل يومي.

You must exercise on a daily basis.

Used with 'يجب أن' (must) to express a daily requirement.

2

أراجع بريدي الإلكتروني بشكل يومي.

I check my email daily.

Common workplace routine sentence.

3

المطعم يفتح أبوابه بشكل يومي.

The restaurant opens its doors daily.

Describing a business schedule.

4

أنا أتعلم خمس كلمات جديدة بشكل يومي.

I learn five new words on a daily basis.

Quantifier 'خمس كلمات' followed by the frequency.

5

تصل الحافلة إلى المحطة بشكل يومي.

The bus arrives at the station daily.

Describing a public transport schedule.

6

أنا أكتب في مذكراتي بشكل يومي.

I write in my diary on a daily basis.

The verb 'أكتب' is modified by the daily frequency.

7

هل تشاهد الأخبار بشكل يومي؟

Do you watch the news daily?

Question format using 'هل'.

8

نحن نستخدم الإنترنت بشكل يومي.

We use the internet on a daily basis.

Describing a modern habit.

1

يتم تحديث أسعار العملات بشكل يومي.

Currency prices are updated on a daily basis.

Passive construction 'يتم تحديث' (is updated).

2

يتابع المدير سير العمل بشكل يومي.

The manager follows the workflow daily.

Professional context describing supervision.

3

أحاول تحسين لغتي العربية بشكل يومي.

I try to improve my Arabic language daily.

Expressing a goal with 'أحاول' (I try).

4

تتغير قائمة الطعام في هذا الفندق بشكل يومي.

The menu in this hotel changes on a daily basis.

Reflexive verb 'تتغير' (changes).

5

يعاني الكثير من الناس من الزحام بشكل يومي.

Many people suffer from traffic daily.

Describing a recurring social problem.

6

يجب فحص الآلات في المصنع بشكل يومي.

The machines in the factory must be inspected daily.

Formal requirement in an industrial setting.

7

أقوم برفع تقرير إلى رئيسي بشكل يومي.

I submit a report to my boss on a daily basis.

Verb 'أقوم بـ' (I perform/do).

8

يتم توزيع الصحف بشكل يومي في الصباح الباكر.

Newspapers are distributed daily in the early morning.

Passive voice with a specific time 'الصباح الباكر'.

1

تعتمد الشركة على تحليل البيانات بشكل يومي لاتخاذ القرارات.

The company relies on analyzing data daily to make decisions.

Professional context involving data analysis.

2

يتم رصد التغيرات المناخية بشكل يومي من قبل العلماء.

Climate changes are monitored daily by scientists.

Scientific context using 'رصد' (monitoring).

3

تحرص المؤسسة على التواصل مع عملائها بشكل يومي عبر وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي.

The institution is keen to communicate with its clients daily via social media.

Using 'تحرص على' (is keen on).

4

يواجه الموظفون ضغوطاً كبيرة بشكل يومي في هذا القطاع.

Employees face great pressure daily in this sector.

Describing workplace environment challenges.

5

يتم تقييم أداء الطلاب بشكل يومي من خلال الأنشطة الصفية.

Students' performance is evaluated daily through classroom activities.

Educational assessment terminology.

6

تتطلب هذه الوظيفة السفر بشكل يومي بين مدينتين.

This job requires traveling daily between two cities.

Describing job requirements.

7

يجب توثيق كافة المعاملات المالية بشكل يومي لضمان الشفافية.

All financial transactions must be documented daily to ensure transparency.

Legal/Financial context emphasizing 'الشفافية' (transparency).

8

تظهر دراسات جديدة بشكل يومي حول فوائد الصيام.

New studies appear daily about the benefits of fasting.

Academic context regarding research.

1

إن ممارسة التأمل بشكل يومي تساهم في تعزيز الصحة النفسية.

Practicing meditation daily contributes to enhancing mental health.

Using 'إن' for emphasis in a complex nominal sentence.

2

تتجلى أهمية القراءة بشكل يومي في توسيع آفاق الفكر لدى الشباب.

The importance of reading daily is manifested in expanding the intellectual horizons of youth.

Sophisticated vocabulary like 'تتجلى' (is manifested).

3

تعاني المدن الكبرى من تلوث الهواء الذي يزداد بشكل يومي.

Major cities suffer from air pollution that increases on a daily basis.

Relative clause 'الذي يزداد' modified by the adverb.

4

يتم مراجعة السياسات الداخلية للشركة بشكل يومي لمواكبة التغيرات السوقية.

The company's internal policies are reviewed daily to keep pace with market changes.

Formal business strategy context.

5

يؤثر التطور التكنولوجي على حياتنا بشكل يومي وبطرق غير ملموسة.

Technological development affects our lives daily and in intangible ways.

C1 level philosophical/sociological observation.

6

يجب على الكاتب أن يشحذ موهبته من خلال الكتابة بشكل يومي دون انقطاع.

A writer must sharpen his talent through writing daily without interruption.

Using a metaphor 'يشحذ موهبته' (sharpen his talent).

7

تتفاعل الأسواق العالمية مع الأحداث السياسية بشكل يومي ومباشر.

Global markets interact with political events daily and directly.

Economic analysis context.

8

إن الالتزام بالقيم الأخلاقية بشكل يومي هو ما يصنع الفرق في المجتمع.

Commitment to ethical values daily is what makes the difference in society.

Moral/Ethical discussion using 'الالتزام' (commitment).

1

تنبثق ضرورة الوعي البيئي من التحديات التي نواجهها بشكل يومي جراء التغير المناخي.

The necessity of environmental awareness stems from the challenges we face daily due to climate change.

Highly formal academic Arabic with 'تنبثق' (stems from).

2

يخضع الخطاب السياسي لعمليات تحليل وتفكيك بشكل يومي من قبل النقاد.

Political discourse undergoes processes of analysis and deconstruction daily by critics.

Using 'تفكيك' (deconstruction) in a sophisticated context.

3

إن رتابة الحياة التي نعيشها بشكل يومي قد تؤدي إلى نوع من الاغتراب النفسي.

The monotony of the life we live daily may lead to a kind of psychological alienation.

Existential/Psychological theme with 'الاغتراب' (alienation).

4

تتقاطع المصالح الاقتصادية للدول بشكل يومي في ظل العولمة المتسارعة.

The economic interests of nations intersect daily in light of accelerating globalization.

Geopolitical analysis using 'تتقاطع' (intersect).

5

يتم إنتاج كميات هائلة من البيانات بشكل يومي، مما يتطلب تقنيات متطورة لمعالجتها.

Huge amounts of data are produced daily, requiring advanced technologies to process them.

Technical/Scientific context regarding Big Data.

6

يسعى الفيلسوف إلى البحث عن الحقيقة في تفاصيل الحياة التي تمر بنا بشكل يومي.

The philosopher seeks to search for truth in the details of life that pass us by daily.

Philosophical exploration of the mundane.

7

إن التفاعل بين الثقافات المختلفة يحدث بشكل يومي بفضل ثورة الاتصالات.

The interaction between different cultures occurs daily thanks to the communications revolution.

Sociological commentary on global connectivity.

8

تتبدل موازين القوى في الساحة الدولية بشكل يومي تبعاً للمستجدات الميدانية.

The balance of power on the international stage shifts daily according to field developments.

Strategic and military terminology.

برای دیدن همه مثال‌ها رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید

محتوای مرتبط

مفید بود؟

نظرات (0)

برای نظر دادن وارد شوید
هنوز نظری وجود ندارد. اولین نفری باشید که افکار خود را به اشتراک می‌گذارد!