A2 · مقدماتی فصل 17

نقل‌قول کردن و توصیف حرفه‌ای: از بقیه بگو و جمله‌هات رو جذاب کن!

2 مجموع قواعد
10 مثال‌ها
1 دقیقه

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of sharing information and describing people, places, and things with precision.

  • Convert direct statements into reported speech.
  • Identify the correct relative pronouns for different nouns.
  • Combine sentences to provide extra details fluently.
Share stories and describe your world with confidence.

چی یاد می‌گیری

سلام! تا اینجا عالی پیش اومدی و حالا وقتشه یه پله بری بالاتر و مثل یه حرفه‌ای انگلیسی صحبت کنی. توی این فصل قراره دو تا ابزار خیلی مهم رو یادت بدم که مکالمه‌هات رو از حالت ساده و ابتدایی درمیاره. اول می‌ریم سراغ «نقل‌قول» (Reported Speech). یاد می‌گیری چطوری حرفی که یه نفر دیگه زده رو دقیق گزارش کنی؛ مثلاً وقتی می‌خوای به دوستت بگی که علی دیروز چی گفت، یا توی محیط کار می‌خوای حرف‌های رئیس رو برای بقیه تعریف کنی. با هم یاد می‌گیریم چطور زمان فعل‌ها رو یه قدم به عقب برگردونیم و ضمیرها رو درست بچینیم تا حرف بقیه رو دقیق منتقل کنیم. بخش دوم هم درباره «جملات توصیفی» یا همون Relative Clauses هست. با استفاده از کلمه‌هایی مثل who برای آدم‌ها، which/that برای اشیا و where برای مکان‌ها، یاد می‌گیری چطوری به اسم‌ها بال و پر بدی و جزئیات اضافه کنی. مثلاً به جای اینکه فقط بگی «اون کافه»، می‌تونی بگی «اون کافه‌ای که (where) هفته پیش توش قهوه خوردیم». اینطوری جمله‌هات دیگه کوتاه و بریده‌بریده نیستن و خیلی روون‌تر منظورت رو می‌رسونی. آخر این فصل، تو به راحتی می‌تونی خاطراتت رو با جزئیات بگی، خبرها رو گزارش کنی و درباره آدم‌ها و جاهای مختلف دقیق‌تر توضیح بدی. آماده‌ای که سطح زبانت رو بترکونی؟

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Retell a short story using reported speech and describe your favorite places using relative clauses.

نکات و ترفندها (2)

💡

The 'That' Trap

You can drop the word 'that' in informal speech. 'He said he was tired' is just as correct as 'He said that he was tired'.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Reported Speech: Saying What Someone Said
💡

Keep it simple

Start by using 'who' for people and 'that' for things. Don't worry about 'which' yet.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Relative Clauses: The Person Who, The Thing That, The Place Where

واژگان کلیدی (5)

Report to tell someone about an event Relative connecting two parts of a sentence Clause a part of a sentence containing a verb Pronoun a word like who or that replacing a noun Mention to speak about something briefly

Real-World Preview

users

Sharing News

Review Summary

  • Subject + said + (that) + [tense shifted clause]
  • Noun + who/which/that/where + clause

اشتباهات رایج

We don't use an object (me) directly after 'said'. Use 'told me' or just 'said that'.

Wrong: He said me he is happy.
صحیح: He said that he was happy.

Do not repeat the subject (she). The relative pronoun 'who' acts as the subject.

Wrong: The girl who she is my friend.
صحیح: The girl who is my friend.

You don't need 'in it' because 'where' already includes the location.

Wrong: The city where I live in it.
صحیح: The city where I live.

Next Steps

You have done an amazing job today! Keep practicing these structures in your daily conversations.

Listen to a news clip and write down three things the reporter said.

تمرین سریع (7)

Choose the best option.

This is the restaurant ___ we ate.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: where
Use 'where' for places.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Relative Clauses: The Person Who, The Thing That, The Place Where

Select the correct reported question.

He asked where ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: I was
Indirect questions use statement order.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Reported Speech: Saying What Someone Said

Find the mistake.

Find and fix the mistake:

She told that she was tired.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: told
'Told' needs an object.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Reported Speech: Saying What Someone Said

Choose the correct sentence.

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: The car that I bought is red.
Use 'that' for things.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Relative Clauses: The Person Who, The Thing That, The Place Where

Fill in the blank with who, that, or where.

The girl ___ is singing is my sister.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: who
Use 'who' for people.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Relative Clauses: The Person Who, The Thing That, The Place Where

Find the error.

Find and fix the mistake:

The man which lives here is nice.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: which -> who
Use 'who' for people.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Relative Clauses: The Person Who, The Thing That, The Place Where

Fill in the correct backshifted verb.

He said he ___ (be) happy.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: was
Present simple backshifts to past simple.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Reported Speech: Saying What Someone Said

Score: /7

سوالات رایج (4)

If the information is still true (e.g., 'He said he is a doctor'), you don't have to. But backshifting is always safe.
No, use 'told' instead. 'He told me' is correct; 'He said me' is not.
In very informal speech, yes, but 'who' is much better.
Use 'where' only for locations like cities, houses, or parks.