مصدر و اسم مفعول کامل: صحبت کردن درباره گذشته در حال حاضر (having done / to have done)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use perfect gerunds and infinitives to emphasize that one action happened before another, specifically when looking back from the present.
- Use 'having + past participle' for gerunds to show completion: 'He denies having stolen it.'
- Use 'to have + past participle' for infinitives after certain verbs: 'She seems to have forgotten.'
- Negative forms place 'not' before the whole structure: 'Not having seen the movie, I can't comment.'
مرور کلی
having + past participle) و Perfect Infinitives (to have + past participle)، مرز بین یک کاربر متوسط و یک متخصص زبان را تعیین میکند. این ساختارها به شما اجازه میدهند «تقدم زمانی» (anteriority) را به شکلی بسیار دقیق بیان کنید. در واقع، این ساختارها به ما میگویند که یک عمل، پیش از فعل اصلی جمله یا پیش از زمانِ مورد بحث، تمام شده است.Having finished my work, I went home در فارسی به صورت «بعد از اینکه کارم را تمام کردم، به خانه رفتم» ترجمه میشود.having + V3 یا to have + V3 استفاده میکنیم، در واقع میخواهیم بر روی «تکمیل شدن» یک عمل در گذشته تأکید کنیم. در دستور زبان فارسی، ما مفهومی به نام «مصدر» داریم، اما مصدرهای ما (مانند «خوردن»، «رفتن») فاقد زمان هستند.He regrets having said it تبدیل میشود.having said تمام بارِ معناییِ گذشته را به دوش میکشد. این یک تفاوت بنیادین است: انگلیسی در اینجا از «فشردهسازی» استفاده میکند، در حالی که فارسی از «گسترشدهی» (استفاده از جملات پیرو).seem یا appear به کار میبریم. مثلاً He seems to have forgotten یعنی «به نظر میرسد که او فراموش کرده است». در فارسی معادل دقیق ساختاری نداریم و مجبوریم بگوییم «به نظر میرسد که او فراموش کرده».to have forgotten به عنوان یک واحدِ زمانیِ گذشته در دلِ یک جمله حال ساده جای میگیرد. این انعطافپذیریِ زمانی، یکی از ویژگیهای پیشرفته زبان انگلیسی است که به شما اجازه میدهد لایههای زمانی مختلف را در یک جمله واحد ترکیب کنید.have است و هرگز به has یا had تغییر نمیکند، حتی اگر فاعل سوم شخص باشد.Having finished the report, he left. |He resented having been ignored. |She claims to have seen him. |The house is said to have been built in 1920. |V3 همان شکل سوم فعل (Past Participle) است. این الگوها در تمام متون رسمی، از گزارشهای مالی گرفته تا مقالات علمی، کاربرد دارند و نشاندهنده تسلط شما بر ساختارهای پیچیده جملات هستند.- 1ابراز احساسات یا قضاوت درباره گذشته: وقتی میخواهید بگویید از کاری که در گذشته انجام دادهاید یا انجام ندادهاید، چه حسی دارید. مثلاً
I regret having missed the meeting(پشیمانم که جلسه را از دست دادم).
- 1گزارشهای غیرمستقیم و حدس و گمان: در محیطهای رسمی، وقتی میخواهید خبری را بدون قطعیت گزارش دهید. مثلاً
The suspect is believed to have fled the country(گمان میرود که مظنون از کشور گریخته باشد).
- 1انتقاد از گذشته: استفاده از
should have + V3که در واقع نوعی Perfect Infinitive است. مثلاًYou should have told me(باید به من میگفتی). این ساختار به طور خاص برای بیان حسرت یا انتقاد از یک عملِ انجام نشده در گذشته به کار میرود.
- 1فشردهسازی متن: در نگارشهای آکادمیک، برای اینکه جملاتتان کوتاهتر و حرفهایتر به نظر برسند، میتوانید جملات پیرو زمانی را با Perfect Gerund جایگزین کنید. مثلاً به جای
After he had read the book, he wrote a reviewبنویسیدHaving read the book, he wrote a review.
- 1استفاده از زمان ساده به جای Perfect: فارسیزبانان به دلیل ساختار زبان مادری، تمایل دارند از زمانهای ساده استفاده کنند. مثلاً به جای
I am sorry to have kept you waitingمیگویندI am sorry to keep you waiting. تفاوت این است که اولی یعنی «متأسفم که (در گذشته) منتظرت گذاشتم» و دومی یعنی «متأسفم که (الان) منتظرت میگذارم». این تداخل (L1 interference) باعث میشود دقت زمانی جملات شما کاهش یابد.
- 1اشتباه در فرم فعل کمکی: دانشآموزان اغلب وسوسه میشوند که در Perfect Infinitive از
hasیاhadاستفاده کنند. مثلاً میگویندShe seems to has gone. این یک اشتباه فاحش است چون بعد ازtoدر ساختار Infinitive، همیشه باید شکل پایه فعل (Base form) یعنیhaveبیاید. این ناشی از عادتِ صرف کردن فعل در فارسی است.
- 1نفی کردن در جای اشتباه: برای نفی کردن این ساختارها،
notباید حتماً قبل ازhavingیاto haveبیاید. فارسیزبانان گاهی میگویندHaving not doneکه اشتباه است. شکل درستNot having doneاست. این ساختار در فارسی به صورت «انجام نداده بودن» ترجمه میشود و گاهی در ترجمه ذهنی، جایگاهnotجابجا میشود.
He denies stealing. (انکار دزدی به طور کلی) |He denies having stolen. (انکارِ انجامِ آن دزدیِ خاص در گذشته) |He seems to be happy. (به نظر میرسد الان خوشحال است) |He seems to have been happy. (به نظر میرسد در گذشته خوشحال بوده) |- 1آیا میتوانم همیشه از جملات پیرو (مانند after/because) به جای این ساختارها استفاده کنم؟
- 1آیا Perfect Gerund در حالت مجهول هم کاربرد دارد؟
having been + V3 استفاده کنید. مثلاً She was annoyed at having been invited to the party without her partner.- 1چرا گاهی در متون خبری از Perfect Infinitive استفاده میشود؟
The suspect is said to have escaped). این ساختار برای حفظ بیطرفی در گزارشنویسی بسیار مفید است.Formation of Perfect Non-Finite Forms
| Type | Active Form | Passive Form | Negative Active |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Gerund
|
having + V3 (having done)
|
having been + V3 (having been done)
|
not having + V3
|
|
Infinitive
|
to have + V3 (to have done)
|
to have been + V3 (to have been done)
|
not to have + V3
|
|
Continuous
|
to have been + V-ing
|
N/A
|
not to have been + V-ing
|
Contractions in Speech
| Full Form | Spoken Contraction | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
to have done
|
to've done /təv/
|
He seems to've left.
|
|
would have liked to have
|
would've liked to've
|
I'd've liked to've seen it.
|
Meanings
These structures allow a speaker to refer to a completed action in the past while using a non-finite verb form (gerund or infinitive) that is governed by a main verb in the present or past.
Retrospective Gerund
Used after verbs like 'deny', 'admit', 'regret', or 'mention' to emphasize that the action is fully completed and preceded the main verb.
“He admitted having lied to the committee.”
“She regrets not having taken the job offer last year.”
Retrospective Infinitive
Used after verbs of belief or appearance (seem, appear, believe, claim) to indicate a past state or action.
“The dinosaurs are thought to have died out 66 million years ago.”
“She claims to have met the president twice.”
Conditional/Modal Perfect Infinitive
Used after modal verbs or 'would like/prefer' to talk about unfulfilled past intentions.
“I would like to have seen her face when she opened the gift.”
“He was to have been promoted, but the company went bankrupt.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative Gerund
|
Having + Past Participle
|
Having finished, he left.
|
|
Negative Gerund
|
Not + Having + Past Participle
|
Not having heard the news, I was shocked.
|
|
Affirmative Infinitive
|
To have + Past Participle
|
She claims to have seen a ghost.
|
|
Negative Infinitive
|
Not + To have + Past Participle
|
I'm sorry not to have called you.
|
|
Passive Gerund
|
Having been + Past Participle
|
Having been told the truth, she cried.
|
|
Passive Infinitive
|
To have been + Past Participle
|
The car is said to have been stolen.
|
|
Continuous Infinitive
|
To have been + V-ing
|
He seems to have been working all night.
|
طیف رسمیت
I apologize for having forgotten your birthday. (Apology)
I'm sorry for having forgotten your birthday. (Apology)
Sorry for forgetting your birthday. (Apology)
My bad for missing your b-day. (Apology)
The Perfect Non-Finite Bridge
Gerunds
- Having done After doing
- Having been done After being done
Infinitives
- To have done To did (earlier)
- To have been done To was done (earlier)
Simple vs. Perfect
مثالها بر اساس سطح
I am happy to have a dog.
I am happy to have a dog.
Thank you for helping me.
Thank you for helping me.
He is sorry for being late.
He is sorry for being late.
I want to see the movie.
I want to see the movie.
I am sorry for having been late.
I am sorry for having been late.
He seems to have a cold.
He seems to have a cold.
She is happy to have finished her homework.
She is happy to have finished her homework.
After having lunch, we went out.
After having lunch, we went out.
He admitted having broken the window.
He admitted having broken the window.
I regret not having studied harder.
I regret not having studied harder.
They seem to have forgotten our meeting.
They seem to have forgotten our meeting.
She was proud of having won the race.
She was proud of having won the race.
The company is reported to have lost millions.
The company is reported to have lost millions.
Having been warned before, he was careful.
Having been warned before, he was careful.
I would like to have met your grandfather.
I would like to have met your grandfather.
He denied having been involved in the scandal.
He denied having been involved in the scandal.
Not having been to Paris before, I was quite lost.
Not having been to Paris before, I was quite lost.
The poem is thought to have been written by Keats.
The poem is thought to have been written by Keats.
I'd rather have stayed at home than gone to that party.
I'd rather have stayed at home than gone to that party.
Having finally secured the funding, the project began.
Having finally secured the funding, the project began.
To have been passed over for promotion was a bitter pill to swallow.
To have been passed over for promotion was a bitter pill to swallow.
The senator is alleged to have been receiving kickbacks for years.
The senator is alleged to have been receiving kickbacks for years.
Having been seen to be impartial was vital for the judge.
Having been seen to be impartial was vital for the judge.
He was to have been the guest of honor, had he not fallen ill.
He was to have been the guest of honor, had he not fallen ill.
بهراحتی اشتباه گرفته میشود
Learners often think they MUST use the perfect form for any past action.
Confusing 'He must have gone' with 'He seems to have gone'.
Forgetting the 'been' in passive structures.
اشتباهات رایج
I am happy to having a dog.
I am happy to have a dog.
He seems to has finished.
He seems to have finished.
I regret having not told him.
I regret not having told him.
I had hoped to have seen the show.
I had hoped to see the show.
الگوهای جملهسازی
Having ___, the ___ ___.
Subject is thought to have ___.
I regret not having ___.
To have ___ would have been ___.
Real World Usage
I am proud of having exceeded my sales targets for three years running.
The author is considered to have influenced the entire Romantic movement.
The defendant denies having ever met the victim.
Not having been to the gym in a week, I feel terrible.
The hackers are thought to have accessed thousands of accounts.
I regret not having spent more time with my grandmother.
The 'After' Shortcut
Avoid Double Past
Seem and Appear
Softening Accusations
Smart Tips
Use 'Thank you for having [past participle]' instead of 'Thank you for [verb-ing]'.
Use 'is said to have' to avoid sounding like you are the one making the claim.
Try removing 'After' and using 'Having' instead for a more literary feel.
Use a perfect infinitive to combine two clauses into one.
تلفظ
The 'to have' reduction
In natural speech, 'to have' is often reduced to /təv/.
Stress on 'Having'
In participle clauses, the first syllable of 'Having' is usually stressed to signal the start of the clause.
Falling intonation on the participle
Having finished ↘, he left.
Conveys completion of the first action.
حفظ کنید
روش یادسپاری
HAVE + V3 = History. If you use 'Having' or 'To have', you are looking at the history of the action.
تداعی تصویری
Imagine a person standing on a bridge. The bridge is the 'Perfect' form. They are looking back at a finished house (the past participle) while talking to someone on the present side of the river.
Rhyme
To have or having, it's all the same / It puts the past inside the frame.
Story
A detective enters a room. He says, 'The thief seems to have entered through the window.' He notices the broken glass. 'Having broken the glass, he then opened the safe.' The detective uses perfect forms to reconstruct the past from present clues.
شبکه واژگان
چالش
Write three sentences about your life 5 years ago using 'I regret having...' or 'I am happy to have...'
نکات فرهنگی
Perfect infinitives are extremely common in British academic writing to distance the author from historical claims.
In US legal contexts, 'having been' is used extensively in jury instructions to define past conditions.
News outlets use 'is believed to have' to avoid libel suits when the facts aren't 100% proven.
The perfect aspect in English developed from the Old English 'habban' (to have) combined with a past participle, originally used to show possession of a completed state.
شروعکنندههای مکالمه
What is something you regret not having done in your 20s?
Which historical figure is said to have been the most influential?
Have you ever been accused of having done something you didn't do?
What would you like to have achieved by this time next year?
موضوعات نگارش
اشتباهات رایج
Test Yourself
He denied ___ (steal) the documents from the office.
Which of these is correct for a formal report?
Find and fix the mistake:
Not to have been invited to the party, she felt very sad.
She seems ___.
The negative 'not' always comes before 'having' or 'to have'.
A: Why is he so happy? B: He's proud of ___ the first prize.
Select the correct structure.
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Score: /8
تمرینهای عملی
8 exercisesHe denied ___ (steal) the documents from the office.
Which of these is correct for a formal report?
Find and fix the mistake:
Not to have been invited to the party, she felt very sad.
She seems ___.
The negative 'not' always comes before 'having' or 'to have'.
A: Why is he so happy? B: He's proud of ___ the first prize.
Select the correct structure.
1. Regret for the past. 2. Rumor about the past. 3. Sequence of events.
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercisesShe apologized for ______ (offend) anyone with her remarks.
He's lucky to meet you before you moved.
Choose the correct sentence:
Translate into English: 'Lamento haberte dicho eso.'
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the clauses:
The company is believed ______ (cover up) the scandal for months.
Having work hard, she deserved the promotion.
Which sentence is correct?
Arrange these words into a sentence:
Match the situations:
Score: /12
سوالات متداول (8)
Yes, in most cases. `Having finished` means the same as `After finishing`. The perfect form just sounds more formal and emphasizes that the first action is totally complete.
No. `I regret to tell you` is for the present (giving bad news now). For the past, you must use the gerund: `I regret having told you`.
It's a way to report something that happened in the past without taking 100% responsibility for the truth. It's called 'distancing'.
It is always `not having`. The negative particle `not` comes before the auxiliary verb in these structures.
Technically yes, but it's most common with verbs of the mind (think, believe), communication (say, claim, deny), and emotion (regret, proud of).
Usually, yes. However, with modals like 'will', it can mean 'past in the future': `I hope to have finished by tomorrow`.
Not necessarily. In `Having been a teacher for years, I know the struggle`, it's active. It's only passive if followed by another past participle: `Having been told`.
It's less common in casual chat, but very common in professional meetings, interviews, and storytelling.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Haber + participio
Spanish uses the perfect infinitive more frequently in everyday speech than English.
Infinitif passé / Gérondif passé
French must choose between 'avoir' and 'être' as the auxiliary, whereas English only uses 'have'.
Infinitiv Perfekt
The word order is reversed compared to English.
~te shimatta / ~te ita
Japanese relies on aspect markers rather than a 'have + V3' structure.
Kāna + qad + past verb
Arabic uses a particle 'qad' to emphasize completion, which English lacks.
Verb + le / guo
Chinese is an isolating language; English is inflectional/periphrastic.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
ویدیوهای مرتبط
Related Grammar Rules
عبارات وصفی: تطابق عمل با فاعل
Overview آیا تا به حال به طور تصادفی به فالوورهای اینستاگرام خود گفتهاید که قهوه صبحگاهیتان بعد از یک خواب طولانی `fee...
مصدر و اسم مصدر مجهول (being done / to be done)
Overview آیا تا به حال حس کردهاید که فقط یک شخصیت فرعی در فیلمی هستید که توسط شخص دیگری `being directed` (کارگردانی می...
Stop + اسم مصدر (Gerund) در مقابل مصدر (Infinitive): ترک کردن در مقابل توقف موقت
### Overview زبان انگلیسی، با وجود ساختار منطقیاش، گاهی اوقات ظرافتهایی دارد که میتواند برای زبانآموزان چالشبرانگی...
Infinitives and Gerunds: Verb Patterns (Want to Go / Enjoy Going)
## Infinitives and Gerunds: Verb Patterns ### Verbs + to + infinitive - **want**: I want **to eat**. - **need**: She ne...
عبارات وصفی انگلیسی: انجام دو کار همزمان (V-ing)
### Overview استفاده از ساختارهای Participle Clause در زبان انگلیسی، به خصوص با شکل V-ing (Present Participle)، یکی از ا...
