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B1 verb 10 دقیقه مطالعه

incurrir

مثال‌ها
توضیح incurrir in your Level:
At the A1 level, the word 'incurrir' is quite advanced and you probably won't use it in daily conversation. However, you can think of it as a very formal way to say 'to make a mistake' or 'to have to pay for something'. Imagine you are playing a game and you break a rule; in a very formal world, you would 'incurrir' in a penalty. For now, just remember that it is always followed by the word 'en'. If you see 'incurrir en un error', just know it means 'to make an error'. You don't need to use it yet, but recognizing it in a formal letter or a news report will help you understand that something serious or official is being discussed. It is like the difference between saying 'I have to pay' and 'I am incurring an expense'. One is simple, the other is official.
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As an A2 learner, you are starting to see more formal language. 'Incurrir' is a verb you might see on a sign at a train station or in a simple contract. It means 'to fall into' a bad situation because of what you did. For example, 'incurrir en una multa' means 'to get a fine'. The most important thing at this level is the grammar: 'incurrir' + 'en'. You should not say 'incurrir una multa'. You must use 'en'. You might also hear it in the news when talking about money. If a company spends too much, they 'incurren en gastos'. At A2, you can start to replace 'hacer un error' with 'cometer un error', and eventually, when you want to sound very professional, you can use 'incurrir en un error'.
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At the B1 level, you should begin to use 'incurrir' in your writing to improve your 'register' (how formal you sound). This word is perfect for essays or formal emails. When you want to describe how an action leads to a negative consequence, 'incurrir en' is the best choice. For example, if you are writing about the environment, you could say 'Las empresas que contaminan incurren en delitos ecológicos'. This sounds much more sophisticated than just saying 'Las empresas que contaminan hacen cosas malas'. You should also know its common partners: 'incurrir en gastos', 'incurrir en errores', and 'incurrir en contradicciones'. This last one is very useful for debates—when someone says two things that don't match, you can say 'Estás incurriendo en una contradicción'.
By B2, you are expected to handle professional and academic contexts. 'Incurrir' is a key verb for these environments. You should use it to discuss liability and logical flaws. For instance, in a business context, you might discuss 'incurrir en responsabilidad civil' (incurring civil liability). You should also be aware of the nuance between 'incurrir' and its synonyms like 'cometer' or 'caer'. 'Incurrir' implies that by doing 'X', you have now entered the category of 'Y'. It is very common in the 'pretérito perfecto simple' (incurrió, incurrieron) to describe specific legal or financial events. You should also be able to use it in the subjunctive: 'Espero que la empresa no incurra en más deudas'. This shows a high level of control over both vocabulary and complex grammar.
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At the C1 level, 'incurrir' should be a natural part of your high-level lexicon. You should use it to navigate complex legal, political, and philosophical texts. You will encounter it in phrases like 'incurrir en mora' (to be late on payments) or 'incurrir en dolo' (to act with fraudulent intent). At this level, you should also recognize the rhetorical power of the word. By using 'incurrir', you frame an action as an objective failure or a legal fact rather than just a personal opinion. You should be able to identify subtle 'incurrimientos' in logic or ethics during advanced discussions. Your ability to use 'incurrir en' with abstract nouns like 'desidia' (negligence) or 'omisión' (omission) will mark you as a near-native speaker in professional circles.
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For C2 mastery, 'incurrir' is used with absolute precision in specialized fields. In legal Spanish, you must distinguish between 'incurrir en una falta' and 'incurrir en un delito'. In financial analysis, you use it to describe the specific point at which a cost is recognized on a balance sheet. You should also be familiar with its less common derivatives and the way it interacts with complex sentence structures involving relative pronouns (e.g., 'la responsabilidad en la que se incurre al firmar este documento'). At this level, you are not just using the word; you are using it to define the boundaries of responsibility and logic in high-stakes environments. You understand its historical weight and its role in the precision of the Spanish Civil Code and other fundamental legal frameworks.
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مثال‌ها
The Spanish verb incurrir is a sophisticated term that English speakers often encounter when moving from intermediate to advanced Spanish. At its core, it means to fall into a state, to commit a mistake, or to become liable for something negative due to one's own actions. It is almost exclusively used in contexts involving errors, expenses, legal responsibilities, or logical inconsistencies. Unlike the generic verb 'hacer' (to do) or 'cometer' (to commit), incurrir carries a weight of consequence and formal accountability.
Etymological Root
Derived from the Latin 'incurrere', meaning 'to run into' or 'to run towards'. In Spanish, this 'running into' has evolved into a metaphorical collision with negative outcomes like debt or legal trouble.
When you use this word, you are signaling that an action has led to an undesirable result. For example, if a company fails to follow safety regulations, they don't just 'make a mistake'; they incurren en responsabilidad legal. This distinction is vital for professional and academic Spanish.

Es fundamental no incurrir en contradicciones durante el testimonio ante el juez.

In daily life, you might hear it regarding finances. If you use a credit card and don't pay the balance, you incurres en intereses (accrue/incur interest). It is a verb of causality; the action of the subject directly triggers the negative status. The word is common in political discourse as well. Opponents will often accuse each other of incurrir en falsedades (falling into falsehoods). It suggests a lapse in judgment or a failure to maintain a standard.

Al viajar sin seguro, podrías incurrir en gastos médicos astronómicos si ocurre un accidente.

Understanding this word requires recognizing the 'gravity' it adds to a sentence. It elevates the register from conversational to formal.
Semantic Range
It covers financial debt, legal infractions, logical fallacies, and moral failings. It is the 'falling into' a pit of your own making.
In a professional setting, saying 'cometí un error' is fine, but 'incurrí en un error de cálculo' sounds more precise and analytical. It frames the error as a specific instance of falling into a defined category of mistake.

El informe advierte que no debemos incurrir en los mismos fallos del año pasado.

Finally, the word is indispensable in legal texts. Sentences like 'incurrir en mora' (to be in arrears/late on payments) appear in almost every Spanish contract.
Cultural Context
In Spanish-speaking bureaucracies, the precision of 'incurrir' is used to define exactly when a citizen becomes liable for a fine or penalty.

Si no presentas la declaración a tiempo, vas a incurrir en una sanción administrativa.

El político fue criticado por incurrir en un conflicto de intereses flagrante.

This word is a bridge between everyday Spanish and the language of experts, lawyers, and academics.
Using incurrir correctly requires a firm grasp of its syntactical partner: the preposition 'en'. Unlike English where you 'incur costs' (direct object), in Spanish you 'incur in costs'. This is the most frequent stumbling block for learners.
Syntactic Pattern
[Subject] + [Conjugated Incurrir] + [en] + [Noun Phrase (Negative/Consequence)].
Let's look at the financial domain. When discussing budgets, the verb is used to describe the act of generating expenses.

La empresa tuvo que incurrir en gastos adicionales para reparar la maquinaria.

Notice how 'gastos adicionales' follows 'en'. In legal contexts, the usage shifts slightly toward liability.

Cualquier persona que mienta bajo juramento puede incurrir en un delito de perjurio.

Here, incurrir functions as 'to commit' or 'to fall into'. In academic or logical debates, the word is used to highlight flaws in reasoning.

El autor parece incurrir en una contradicción al defender dos teorías opuestas.

Common Nouns used with Incurrir
1. Gastos (Expenses), 2. Errores (Errors), 3. Delitos (Crimes), 4. Responsabilidades (Responsibilities/Liabilities), 5. Faltas (Faults/Offenses).
The verb can be conjugated in all tenses, but it is very common in the infinitive (after modal verbs like 'poder' or 'deber') and the past tense (pretérito perfecto simple) to describe a specific event.

El conductor incurrió en una infracción de tráfico al saltarse el semáforo en rojo.

In negative sentences, it often serves as a warning.

No queremos incurrir en riesgos innecesarios para la salud pública.

Comparison with 'Cometer'
'Cometer' is transitive (cometer un error), while 'incurrir' is intransitive (incurrir en un error). 'Incurrir' sounds more formal and implies a state of being into which one has fallen.

Es fácil incurrir en el pesimismo cuando las noticias son siempre negativas.

La administración advierte que quienes no reciclen podrían incurrir en multas severas.

By mastering these patterns, you can discuss complex topics like finance, law, and ethics with precision.
While you might not hear incurrir at a rowdy bar or while buying bread, it is ubiquitous in several specific spheres of Hispanic life. First and foremost is the world of **News and Media**. Journalists use it to describe the actions of public figures without sounding overly accusatory.

El ministro ha sido acusado de incurrir en malversación de fondos públicos.

This phrasing is safer and more professional. Second, you will hear it in **Legal and Administrative Settings**. If you ever have to deal with Spanish bureaucracy ('la gestoría'), you will see this word in documents.
Administrative Usage
In tax forms, traffic citations, and rental agreements. It defines the point at which a breach of contract or law occurs.
Third, it is common in **Banking and Finance**. Any time a bank representative explains the terms of a loan, they will mention the costs you might incur.

Al retirar dinero en el extranjero, puede incurrir en comisiones por cambio de divisa.

Fourth, you hear it in **Academic and Intellectual Debate**. In universities or on debate shows, speakers use it to point out flaws in an opponent's logic.

No debemos incurrir en el error de simplificar demasiado un problema tan complejo.

Professional Context
In business meetings, it is used to discuss risk management. 'Incurrir en riesgos' is a standard phrase for taking on risks.
Finally, in literature and formal writing, incurrir is used to describe moral or spiritual 'falling'. An author might write about a character who incurre en el pecado de la soberbia (falls into the sin of pride).

El protagonista incurrió en la ira de los dioses por su desobediencia.

Frequency
High in formal writing; Medium-Low in casual conversation; Very High in legal/financial documents.

Al no declarar esos ingresos, usted está incurriendo en una falta grave contra la Hacienda pública.

Espero no incurrir en su desagrado con esta petición tan atrevida.

By paying attention to these contexts, you'll start to see 'incurrir' as a marker of serious, consequential action.
The word incurrir is a 'false friend' to simplicity. Because it looks like the English 'incur', many students assume they can use it exactly the same way. This leads to several common errors.
Mistake #1: Omitting the Preposition 'en'
English speakers often say 'Incurrir gastos' (Incorrect) instead of 'Incurrir EN gastos' (Correct). In Spanish, the verb is intransitive and requires the prepositional bridge.

Incorrecto: El equipo incurrió muchos errores.
Correcto: El equipo incurrió en muchos errores.

Mistake #2: Using it for Positive Outcomes
Since 'incurrir' implies falling into something negative, using it for benefits sounds bizarre to native speakers. You cannot 'incurrir en un premio' (incur a prize).
Mistake #3: Confusing it with 'Ocurrir'
Because they sound similar, some learners say 'incurrió un accidente' when they mean 'ocurrió un accidente'. 'Incurrir' requires a human or entity making a choice or action that leads to a state. Accidents just 'happen' (ocurren).

Incorrecto: Incurrió un problema técnico.
Correcto: Ocurrió un problema técnico.

Mistake #4: Overusing it in Casual Conversation
While not grammatically wrong, saying 'Incurrí en el error de no comprar leche' sounds incredibly dramatic and stiff. In casual settings, 'Me equivoqué' or 'Cometí un error' is much more natural.

Incorrecto: No quiero incurrir en llegar tarde.
Correcto: No quiero llegar tarde.

Mistake #5: Misplacing the Stress
The stress is on the last syllable: in-cur-RIR. Some learners stress the middle syllable (in-CUR-rir), which is incorrect for an -ir verb in the infinitive.

Recuerda: Yo incurro, tú incurres, él incurre. La conjugación sigue el modelo de 'vivir'.

Evita decir: 'El testigo incurrió contradicciones'.
Di: 'El testigo incurrió en contradicciones'.

Avoiding these five pitfalls will instantly make your Spanish sound more native and precise.
To truly master incurrir, you must understand its neighbors in the Spanish lexicon. Several verbs share its semantic space, but each has a distinct nuance.
Incurrir vs. Cometer
'Cometer' is used for actions (cometer un crimen, cometer un error). 'Incurrir' focuses on the *state* resulting from the action (incurrir en responsabilidad, incurrir en una falta). 'Cometer' is more active; 'incurrir' is more situational.

Juan cometió un error al escribir el código, lo que le hizo incurrir en el retraso del proyecto.

Incurrir vs. Contraer
'Contraer' is used specifically for debts (contraer una deuda) or illnesses (contraer una enfermedad). While you can 'incurrir en gastos', you 'contraer' the obligation to pay them back.

Al incurrir en tantos gastos médicos, la familia terminó contrayendo una deuda bancaria.

Incurrir vs. Sufrir
'Sufrir' means to suffer or undergo. You 'suffer' a loss (sufrir una pérdida), but you 'incur' the expense that caused it. 'Sufrir' is more passive; the loss happens to you. 'Incurrir' implies your behavior led to it.

La empresa sufrió grandes pérdidas tras incurrir en una gestión negligente.

Incurrir vs. Recaer
'Recaer' is to relapse. You 'recaer' into a habit or illness. You 'incurrir' into a specific fault or legal state. 'Recaer' implies repetition of something previous.

Es mejor evitar riesgos que tener que incurrir en reparaciones costosas más tarde.

El abogado intentó demostrar que su cliente no incurrió en dolo (intent) durante el contrato.

Understanding these synonyms allows you to choose the exact 'flavor' of Spanish required for your situation.
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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

No debes incurrir en errores.

You must not fall into errors.

Notice the 'en' after 'incurrir'.

2

El hotel no quiere incurrir en gastos.

The hotel does not want to incur expenses.

Gastos is a plural noun.

3

Puedes incurrir en una multa.

You can incur a fine.

Multa is feminine.

4

No quiero incurrir en problemas.

I don't want to fall into problems.

Problemas is masculine plural.

5

Él incurre en una falta.

He commits a foul.

Present tense of incurrir.

6

Nosotros incurrimos en deudas.

We incur debts.

Pretérito or Present (same form for 'nosotros').

7

Ella no quiere incurrir en riesgos.

She doesn't want to incur risks.

Riesgos is masculine.

8

Incurrir en mentiras es malo.

Falling into lies is bad.

Infinitive as a subject.

1

Si pierdes el libro, vas a incurrir en un gasto extra.

If you lose the book, you are going to incur an extra expense.

Future with 'ir a'.

2

El conductor incurrió en una infracción grave.

The driver incurred a serious infraction.

Pretérito perfecto simple.

3

No debemos incurrir en contradicciones al hablar.

We should not fall into contradictions when speaking.

Modal verb 'deber'.

4

Muchos turistas incurren en faltas sin saberlo.

Many tourists commit offenses without knowing it.

Present plural.

5

Es fácil incurrir en el error de juzgar rápido.

It is easy to fall into the error of judging quickly.

Infinitive phrase.

6

La empresa incurrió en pérdidas el año pasado.

The company incurred losses last year.

Past tense.

7

Si no pagas, incurres en intereses de demora.

If you don't pay, you incur late interest.

Conditional 'si'.

8

Él no quiere incurrir en la ira de su jefe.

He doesn't want to incur his boss's anger.

Abstract noun 'ira'.

1

Al no leer el contrato, incurrió en una responsabilidad legal.

By not reading the contract, he incurred a legal responsibility.

Gerund construction 'Al + infinitive'.

2

Es posible que el gobierno incurra en un déficit fiscal.

It is possible that the government will incur a fiscal deficit.

Present Subjunctive.

3

No incurras en el mismo fallo dos veces.

Do not fall into the same mistake twice.

Negative Imperative.

4

El testigo incurrió en varias falsedades durante el juicio.

The witness fell into several falsehoods during the trial.

Pretérito perfecto simple.

5

Incurrir en gastos innecesarios puede arruinar tu presupuesto.

Incurring unnecessary expenses can ruin your budget.

Infinitive as subject.

6

Si viajas sin visado, incurres en una situación ilegal.

If you travel without a visa, you fall into an illegal situation.

Conditional sentence.

7

El autor incurre en un anacronismo en su novela.

The author falls into an anachronism in his novel.

Specific noun 'anacronismo'.

8

Debemos evitar incurrir en prácticas poco éticas.

We must avoid engaging in unethical practices.

Infinitive after 'evitar'.

1

El informe revela que la directiva incurrió en negligencia.

The report reveals that the board incurred negligence.

Noun 'negligencia'.

2

Cualquier modificación nos obligaría a incurrir en costes prohibitivos.

Any modification would force us to incur prohibitive costs.

Conditional mood.

3

Si el acusado incurre en desacato, será sancionado.

If the accused commits contempt, they will be sanctioned.

Legal term 'desacato'.

4

No debemos incurrir en la complacencia ante estos resultados.

We must not fall into complacency in the face of these results.

Abstract noun 'complacencia'.

5

La empresa incurrió en un conflicto de intereses evidente.

The company incurred an obvious conflict of interest.

Phrase 'conflicto de intereses'.

6

Es probable que hayamos incurrido en una omisión involuntaria.

It is probable that we have incurred an involuntary omission.

Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo.

7

El político incurrió en una grave falta de coherencia.

The politician fell into a serious lack of coherence.

Noun phrase 'falta de coherencia'.

8

Al aceptar el trato, incurres en una serie de obligaciones.

By accepting the deal, you incur a series of obligations.

Gerund use 'Al + infinitive'.

1

El tribunal determinó que la entidad incurrió en dolo eventual.

The court determined that the entity incurred eventual fraud/intent.

Legal term 'dolo eventual'.

2

No conviene incurrir en generalizaciones apresuradas sobre este tema.

It is not advisable to fall into hasty generalizations about this topic.

Complex noun phrase.

3

La administración incurrió en mora al no pagar a los proveedores.

The administration was in arrears by not paying the suppliers.

Legal phrase 'incurrir en mora'.

4

El ensayista incurre en un sesgo cognitivo bastante común.

The essayist falls into a fairly common cognitive bias.

Academic term 'sesgo cognitivo'.

5

Quien incurra en tales actos será perseguido por la ley.

Whoever commits such acts will be prosecuted by the law.

Future-oriented relative clause with subjunctive.

6

La policía incurrió en un abuso de autoridad injustificable.

The police incurred an unjustifiable abuse of authority.

Strong noun phrase.

7

Es imperativo no incurrir en la desidia administrativa.

It is imperative not to fall into administrative negligence.

Abstract noun 'desidia'.

8

El proyecto fracasó al incurrir en una desviación presupuestaria.

The project failed upon incurring a budget deviation.

Financial term 'desviación presupuestaria'.

1

La sentencia subraya que se incurrió en una vulneración de derechos fundamentales.

The ruling emphasizes that a violation of fundamental rights was incurred.

Passive 'se' construction.

2

Incurrir en el solipsismo es un riesgo latente en esta corriente filosófica.

Falling into solipsism is a latent risk in this philosophical current.

Philosophical term 'solipsismo'.

3

El perito advirtió que la estructura podría incurrir en un colapso inminente.

The expert warned that the structure could incur an imminent collapse.

Metaphorical use for physical states.

4

La retórica del discurso incurre en una falacia 'ad hominem'.

The rhetoric of the speech falls into an 'ad hominem' fallacy.

Latin term within Spanish context.

5

No podemos permitir que el sistema incurra en la obsolescencia.

We cannot allow the system to fall into obsolescence.

Noun 'obsolescencia'.

6

El historiador incurre en un presentismo que distorsiona los hechos.

The historian falls into a presentism that distorts the facts.

Specific academic term 'presentismo'.

7

Se incurrió en una flagrante prevaricación por parte del funcionario.

A flagrant malfeasance in office was committed by the official.

Legal term 'prevaricación'.

8

Incurrir en la desmesura suele llevar al desastre en la tragedia griega.

Falling into hubris usually leads to disaster in Greek tragedy.

Literary term 'desmesura' (hubris).

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