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A1 noun #2,568 پرکاربردترین 14 دقیقه مطالعه

告訴

kokuso
تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 告訴 در ۳۰ ثانیه
توضیح 告訴 in your Level:
The word 告訴 (kokuso) is a very formal Japanese word that means to tell the police that someone did a bad thing to you, and you want them to be punished. Imagine someone steals your bag. If you go to the police station and say, 'Please catch this person and put them in jail,' that action is similar to 告訴. It is a big, serious word. You will not use this word every day. You will not use it when you are talking to your friends about small problems. For example, if your friend eats your apple, you do not use 告訴. You only use it for real crimes, like stealing or hitting someone. In Japanese, we often use it with the verb する (suru), which means 'to do'. So, 告訴する (kokuso suru) means 'to make a complaint to the police'. You might hear this word on the television news when the news anchor is talking about a crime. It is an important word to know if you want to understand Japanese news, but as a beginner, you just need to know that it means a serious police report made by a victim.
At the A2 level, you should understand that 告訴 (kokuso) is a specific type of police report. It translates to 'criminal complaint'. When you learn about daily life in Japan, you might learn the word 被害届 (higaitodoke), which means reporting a stolen bike or a lost wallet. 告訴 is much stronger than that. It means you are formally asking the police to punish the bad person. You use it when you are the victim of a serious crime. For example, if someone tricks you and takes your money (fraud), you would file a 告訴. The most common phrase you will see is 告訴する (kokuso suru). Another important phrase is 告訴を取り下げる (kokuso wo torisageru), which means to cancel or drop the complaint. This often happens if the bad person says sorry and gives the money back. You will hear this word in Japanese TV dramas about police and lawyers. It is a formal word, so you will see it written in newspapers using kanji. Remembering the kanji 告 (to tell) and 訴 (to complain) will help you understand its meaning.
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For intermediate learners, understanding the nuance of 告訴 (kokuso) is crucial for reading news and discussing social issues. 告訴 is a formal legal procedure where a crime victim submits a declaration to investigative authorities (police or prosecutors) demanding the criminal punishment of the offender. It is vital to distinguish it from a civil lawsuit, which is 訴訟 (soshou). If you want money back, you do a soshou. If you want the person to go to jail, you do a kokuso. Also, 告訴 can only be done by the victim. If a third party reports a crime, it is called 告発 (kokuhatsu). In Japanese news, you will often read sentences like 被害者が告訴状を提出した (The victim submitted a written criminal complaint). The police then have to decide whether to 受理する (juri suru - accept) the complaint. Because it forces the police to take formal action, they usually require solid evidence before accepting it. You will often see this word in articles about defamation (名誉毀損 - meiyokison) on the internet, where victims file a kokuso against anonymous posters.
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At the B2 level, you must grasp the procedural weight of 告訴 (kokuso) within the Japanese Code of Criminal Procedure. A 告訴 is not merely an informational report; it is a legal trigger. When a 告訴 is formally accepted (受理 - juri) by the police, they are legally obligated to send the case documents to the public prosecutor's office, regardless of whether they make an arrest. This is a significant difference from a standard damage report (被害届 - higaitodoke), which gives the police more discretion. Furthermore, you need to understand the concept of 親告罪 (shinkokuzai), which are crimes that can only be prosecuted if a 告訴 is filed. Defamation and certain types of property damage between relatives are examples. If the victim does not file a 告訴, or if they withdraw it (告訴の取り消し - kokuso no torikeshi), the prosecutor cannot indict the suspect. This gives the victim significant leverage in negotiating an out-of-court settlement (示談 - jidan). Mastery of this word involves using it correctly in complex sentences regarding legal disputes, corporate fraud, and criminal investigations.
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Advanced learners at the C1 level should be able to discuss the societal and legal implications of 告訴 (kokuso). You should understand the strategic use of a 告訴 in both criminal and civil contexts. Often, a victim will file a 刑事告訴 (keiji kokuso - criminal complaint) as a pressure tactic to force a favorable settlement in a parallel civil dispute. You must be comfortable reading legal documents or high-level journalistic analyses that discuss the threshold for the police to accept a 告訴状 (kokusojou). The police are often criticized for being reluctant to accept these complaints (告訴の受理拒否) because it increases their mandatory workload and requires strict evidence. You should also be able to articulate the exact differences between 告訴, 告発 (kokuhatsu - third-party complaint), and 被害届 (higaitodoke) without hesitation. Vocabulary like 告訴権者 (kokusokensha - person with the right to complain), 告訴期間 (kokusokikan - the statute of limitations for filing a complaint, usually 6 months for shinkokuzai), and 虚偽告訴 (kyogi kokuso - false accusation) should be part of your active lexicon when discussing Japanese law.
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At the C2 level, your understanding of 告訴 (kokuso) should mirror that of a native Japanese legal professional or specialized journalist. You must comprehend the intricate details of the Criminal Procedure Code (刑事訴訟法 - Keiji Soshou Hou) pertaining to this action. This includes the legal obligations of the judicial police officer upon receiving an oral or written complaint, the specific conditions under which a complaint can be withdrawn, and the absolute prohibition on refiling a complaint once it has been withdrawn (告訴の再告訴の禁止). You should be able to debate the merits of the shinkokuzai (crimes subject to complaint) system, analyzing why certain crimes require a 告訴 to balance state intervention with the victim's privacy. Furthermore, you should understand the implications of a 告訴 against an unknown suspect (被告訴人不詳の告訴) and the rigorous requirements for drafting a legally sound 告訴状 that investigative authorities cannot easily reject. Your usage should be flawless, effortlessly integrating related terms like 起訴便宜主義 (principle of discretionary prosecution) and how a prosecutor's decision is influenced by the presence or absence of a formal 告訴.
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تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

告訴 در ۳۰ ثانیه

  • A formal criminal complaint filed strictly by the victim of a crime.
  • Demands the police and prosecutors to criminally punish the offender.
  • Different from 'kokuhatsu' (third-party report) and 'soshou' (civil lawsuit).
  • Crucial for prosecuting specific crimes known as 'shinkokuzai' (e.g., defamation).
The Japanese term 告訴 (kokuso) is a highly specific and formal legal noun that translates to a criminal complaint or legal accusation. To fully grasp what this word means, we must delve deeply into the Japanese legal system and understand the precise mechanisms by which crimes are reported and prosecuted in Japan. When a person becomes the victim of a crime, they have several options for how to proceed. They can simply report the damage, which is known as a higaitodoke. However, if they wish to formally request that the police and prosecutors investigate the crime with the explicit intention of punishing the offender under criminal law, they must file a 告訴. This is not merely a report; it is a formal, legally binding request for punitive action. The word is composed of two kanji characters: 告 (koku), which means to announce, inform, or reveal, and 訴 (so), which means to sue, complain, or appeal. Together, they form a word that carries significant legal weight. In the context of Japanese criminal procedure, a 告訴 triggers specific obligations for the investigative authorities. Unlike a simple damage report, which the police may or may not actively investigate depending on resources and evidence, a formal criminal complaint requires the police to forward the documents and evidence to the public prosecutor, who must then make a formal decision on whether to indict the suspect. This makes 告訴 a powerful tool for victims seeking justice. It is crucial to distinguish 告訴 from 告発 (kokuhatsu), which is a criminal complaint filed by a third party who is not the direct victim of the crime. For example, if you witness a company committing corporate fraud and report it, that is a 告発. If you are personally defrauded and report it, demanding punishment, that is a 告訴. Furthermore, certain crimes in Japan, known as shinkokuzai (crimes subject to complaint), can only be prosecuted if the victim files a formal 告訴. Examples of such crimes include defamation, statutory rape (under certain historical legal frameworks), and property damage. Without the victim's explicit formal complaint, the state cannot pursue criminal charges against the perpetrator in these specific cases. This highlights the absolute necessity of understanding this term for anyone studying Japanese law or reading Japanese news. The process of filing a 告訴 involves submitting a written document, known as a kokusojou, to the police or the public prosecutor's office. This document must detail the facts of the crime, the identity of the suspect (if known), and the explicit desire for the suspect to be punished. The authorities will carefully review the document before officially accepting it, as accepting a 告訴 initiates a formal legal process that consumes significant state resources. Therefore, the threshold for a 告訴 to be accepted is often higher than that for a simple damage report. The police may require substantial preliminary evidence before formally receiving the complaint. Understanding all these nuances is essential for achieving fluency in advanced Japanese, particularly in professional, legal, or journalistic contexts. The word is frequently encountered in news broadcasts, newspaper articles, and legal dramas, making it a vital addition to your vocabulary arsenal. By mastering the usage and implications of 告訴, you gain a deeper insight into the Japanese justice system and the societal mechanisms for addressing criminal behavior. This comprehensive understanding will allow you to comprehend complex news stories and engage in sophisticated discussions about law and order in Japan.
Legal Definition
A formal declaration made by a crime victim to an investigative authority, requesting the punishment of the offender.
Kanji Breakdown
告 (announce) + 訴 (complain/sue) = formally announcing a complaint.
Prerequisite
Must be filed by the victim or their legal representative, not a third party.

被害者は警察に告訴状を提出した。

名誉毀損は親告罪であり、告訴がなければ起訴できない。

彼は詐欺の被害に遭い、告訴に踏み切った。

警察は告訴を受理し、捜査を開始した。

示談が成立したため、告訴を取り下げた。

Using the word 告訴 (kokuso) correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical function and the specific verbs it pairs with in Japanese. As a verbal noun (suru-verb), it can be used both as a standalone noun and as an action. The most common way to use it is with the verb する (suru), forming 告訴する (kokuso suru), which means 'to file a criminal complaint' or 'to accuse formally.' When you want to specify who is being accused, you use the particle を (wo) after the person's name or title, as in 犯人を告訴する (hannin wo kokuso suru - to file a complaint against the criminal). If you want to specify the crime, you can use the particle で (de), as in 詐欺罪で告訴する (sagizai de kokuso suru - to file a complaint for fraud). Another crucial verb pairing is 取り下げる (torisageru), which means to withdraw or drop. 告訴を取り下げる (kokuso wo torisageru) is a very common phrase used when a victim decides to drop the charges, often because an out-of-court settlement (示談 - jidan) has been reached. In formal legal writing and news reporting, you will frequently encounter the term 告訴状 (kokusojou), which refers to the actual written document of the complaint. You submit this document using the verb 提出する (teishutsu suru - to submit), making the phrase 告訴状を提出する (kokusojou wo teishutsu suru). From the perspective of the police or prosecutors, the action of accepting the complaint is expressed with the verb 受理する (juri suru). Therefore, 警察が告訴を受理した (keisatsu ga kokuso wo juri shita) means 'the police accepted the criminal complaint.' It is important to note that the police do not always accept a complaint immediately; they may ask for more evidence, which is why the distinction between submitting (提出) and accepting (受理) is significant in Japanese legal news. Furthermore, the decision to file a complaint is often described using the phrase 告訴に踏み切る (kokuso ni fumikiru), which translates to 'to take the decisive step of filing a complaint,' implying that it was a serious and perhaps difficult decision for the victim. You might also see the passive form, 告訴される (kokuso sareru), meaning 'to be criminally accused' or 'to have a complaint filed against oneself.' This is often used in news headlines when a public figure or company executive is accused of a crime. Because 告訴 is a highly formal word, it is almost exclusively used in formal speech, written documents, news broadcasts, and legal contexts. You would not use it in casual conversation to describe a minor disagreement or a non-criminal issue. For example, you would never say you are going to 'kokuso' your sibling for eating your dessert; that would sound absurdly dramatic and legally incorrect. Instead, you reserve this word for serious situations involving actual crimes like theft, assault, fraud, or defamation. Understanding these collocations and contexts is vital for reading Japanese newspapers or watching the news, as the specific verbs used with 告訴 tell you exactly what stage the legal process is in.
Verb Pairing 1
告訴する (kokuso suru) - To file a formal criminal complaint.
Verb Pairing 2
告訴を取り下げる (kokuso wo torisageru) - To withdraw or drop the criminal complaint.
Verb Pairing 3
告訴を受理する (kokuso wo juri suru) - For the authorities to officially accept the complaint.

彼は元共同経営者を横領で告訴した。

被害者が告訴を取り下げたため、不起訴処分となった。

警察は証拠不十分を理由に告訴状の受理を拒んだ。

長年の嫌がらせに対し、ついに告訴に踏み切る決意をした。

有名タレントが名誉毀損で週刊誌を告訴する予定だ。

The word 告訴 (kokuso) is deeply embedded in the formal and professional spheres of Japanese society, meaning you are most likely to encounter it in specific, serious contexts rather than in everyday casual conversation. The primary domain where this word appears is in news media—specifically, television news broadcasts, newspaper articles, and online news portals. Whenever there is a report about a crime, especially white-collar crimes like fraud (詐欺 - sagi) or embezzlement (横領 - ouryou), or crimes involving public figures such as defamation (名誉毀損 - meiyokison), the word 告訴 is frequently used to describe the victim's response. News anchors will often read headlines stating that a victim has 'submitted a kokusojou' or that the police have 'accepted a kokuso.' Another major area where you will hear this word is in legal dramas and crime shows, which are incredibly popular in Japan. Characters playing lawyers, prosecutors, police detectives, and victims will use this term constantly to discuss the progression of a case. In these fictionalized settings, the tension often revolves around whether a victim can be persuaded to file a 告訴 or whether they will withdraw it due to intimidation or a settlement. Furthermore, you will encounter this word in actual legal settings, such as law offices, police stations, and courthouses. If you ever need to consult a Japanese lawyer (弁護士 - bengoshi) because you have been the victim of a crime, they will explain the process of filing a 告訴 to you. It also appears in official legal documents, police reports, and government publications detailing criminal procedures. In the corporate world, the term might arise during crisis management meetings or in press conferences. If a company discovers that an employee has been stealing funds, the executives might hold a press conference to announce that they have fired the employee and are preparing to file a 告訴 for embezzlement. Similarly, if a company's intellectual property is stolen, they may use this legal mechanism against the perpetrators. You might also see it in the context of internet culture and cyberbullying. With the rise of online harassment, many individuals and celebrities in Japan are taking legal action against anonymous trolls. In these cases, you will often read statements on social media or in press releases where the victim announces they have filed a 告訴 for defamation or insult against the unidentified posters. Because it is a specialized legal term, it is essential for anyone taking advanced Japanese proficiency tests (like the JLPT N1 or N2) or anyone aiming to work in Japan in fields related to law, journalism, business, or translation to be intimately familiar with it. While you may not use it when chatting with friends at an izakaya, understanding it is absolutely crucial for participating in or comprehending the adult, professional world in Japan. It is a word that signals serious consequences and the invocation of state power to address a grievance.
News Media
Frequently used in newspapers and TV news to report on criminal cases and victims' actions.
Legal Dramas
A staple vocabulary word in Japanese crime shows, police procedurals, and courtroom dramas.
Corporate Press Conferences
Used when companies announce legal action against employees for fraud or embezzlement.

ニュースキャスター：「被害者は本日、警察に告訴状を提出しました。」

弁護士：「このケースでは、直ちに告訴するべきです。」

社長：「横領した元社員に対し、刑事告訴を行う方針です。」

ネットの誹謗中傷に対し、発信者情報開示請求と告訴を行った。

ドラマのセリフ：「彼女が告訴を取り下げるよう、説得してくれ。」

When learning the word 告訴 (kokuso), Japanese learners frequently make several specific mistakes, primarily due to confusing it with other legal terms that have similar English translations but distinct legal meanings in Japanese. The most common and critical mistake is confusing 告訴 (kokuso) with 告発 (kokuhatsu). Both can be translated as 'criminal complaint' or 'accusation,' but the difference lies in who is making the complaint. 告訴 can ONLY be filed by the victim of the crime (or their legal representative, like a parent for a minor). If you are a bystander, a witness, or a third party who reports a crime and demands punishment, you must use the word 告発. Using 告訴 when referring to a whistleblower or a third-party report is legally and factually incorrect in Japanese. Another frequent error is confusing 告訴 with 被害届 (higaitodoke). A higaitodoke is simply a 'report of damage' submitted to the police. It informs the police that a crime occurred, but it does not explicitly demand the punishment of the offender. The police are not legally obligated to send a higaitodoke to the prosecutors. In contrast, a 告訴 is a formal demand for punishment that forces the police to process the case to the prosecutors. Learners often use 告訴 when they just mean 'I reported the stolen bike to the police,' which should usually be higaitodoke unless they are formally demanding prosecution. A third major mistake is confusing 告訴 with civil lawsuits. The word for a civil lawsuit is 訴訟 (soshou) or 提訴 (teiso). 告訴 is strictly for criminal law (seeking jail time or criminal fines for the offender). If someone is suing another person for monetary compensation in a civil court, using 告訴 is completely wrong. You cannot 'kokuso' someone for a breach of contract unless there is criminal fraud involved. Furthermore, learners sometimes misuse the verbs associated with 告訴. For example, saying 告訴を作る (kokuso wo tsukuru - to make a complaint) sounds unnatural; the correct phrasing is 告訴する (kokuso suru) or 告訴状を提出する (kokusojou wo teishutsu suru). Additionally, learners might use this highly formal word in casual situations where it does not belong. Saying 'My brother ate my cake, so I will kokuso him' is grammatically possible but pragmatically absurd, as it implies you are going to the police to demand criminal charges for a minor family squabble. It is vital to reserve this word for actual criminal contexts. Finally, understanding the concept of 親告罪 (shinkokuzai - crimes subject to complaint) is important to avoid mistakes. For these specific crimes, a 告訴 is an absolute legal requirement for prosecution. If a learner translates 'The police arrested him for defamation without the victim's complaint' and uses standard arrest terminology without noting the lack of a kokuso, it shows a misunderstanding of Japanese law, as that scenario is legally impossible. Mastering these distinctions ensures your Japanese sounds natural, precise, and legally accurate.
Kokuso vs. Kokuhatsu
Kokuso is by the victim. Kokuhatsu is by a third party or witness.
Kokuso vs. Higaitodoke
Kokuso demands punishment and forces police action. Higaitodoke just reports damage.
Kokuso vs. Soshou
Kokuso is for criminal charges. Soshou is for civil lawsuits (suing for money).

❌ 誤り: 私はその事故の目撃者として、犯人を告訴した。(Should be 告発)

❌ 誤り: お金を返してくれないので、友人を告訴して金を取り戻す。(Should be 提訴/訴訟)

❌ 誤り: 自転車を盗まれたので、警察に告訴を出した。(Usually just 被害届)

⭕ 正しい: 詐欺の被害者として、警察に告訴状を提出した。

⭕ 正しい: 内部告発者が企業の不正を告発した。(Using kokuhatsu correctly)

To fully master the vocabulary surrounding the Japanese legal system, it is essential to understand the words that are similar to 告訴 (kokuso) and how they differ in nuance and application. As mentioned previously, the most closely related word is 告発 (kokuhatsu). While 告訴 is a criminal complaint filed by the victim, 告発 is a criminal complaint filed by anyone other than the victim. This distinction is absolute in Japanese law. For instance, a whistleblower exposing corporate corruption makes a 告発, not a 告訴. Another highly relevant term is 被害届 (higaitodoke), which translates to a 'damage report.' When you lose your wallet or have your bicycle stolen, you typically submit a higaitodoke to the local police box (koban). This document simply states that a crime occurred and you suffered a loss. It does not carry the formal legal demand for the offender's punishment that a 告訴 does, and it does not legally obligate the police to forward the case to prosecutors. Moving into the realm of civil law, we encounter the words 訴訟 (soshou) and 提訴 (teiso). 訴訟 refers to a lawsuit or litigation in general, usually a civil case where one party is suing another for damages, compensation, or an injunction. 提訴 specifically means the act of filing that lawsuit or bringing the case to court. If you are involved in a contract dispute and want financial compensation, you would use 提訴, not 告訴. Another related term is 起訴 (kiso), which means 'indictment' or 'prosecution.' This is the action taken by the public prosecutor (検察官 - kensatsukan) after they have received a 告訴 from the police and decided there is enough evidence to take the suspect to criminal court. The victim files the 告訴, and the prosecutor files the 起訴. Understanding this sequence is crucial for following Japanese legal news. We also have the word 訴え (uttae), which is a more general, slightly less formal word for a complaint, lawsuit, or appeal. It can be used in both legal and non-legal contexts, such as 'an appeal to the public' or 'complaining of pain.' In contrast, 告訴 is strictly a formal legal term. Finally, the term 示談 (jidan) is often seen alongside 告訴. 示談 means an out-of-court settlement. In many criminal cases in Japan, if the offender pays compensation to the victim and shows remorse, they reach a 示談. Once a 示談 is reached, the victim will almost always withdraw their criminal complaint (告訴を取り下げる - kokuso wo torisageru), which usually results in the prosecutor deciding not to indict (不起訴 - fukiso). By learning these related terms as a cluster, you build a comprehensive mental map of Japanese legal terminology, allowing you to read complex articles and understand the exact legal standing of the parties involved in any given situation.
告発 (Kokuhatsu)
Criminal complaint by a third party (e.g., a whistleblower).
被害届 (Higaitodoke)
A simple police report stating that you were the victim of a crime, without formally demanding prosecution.
起訴 (Kiso)
Indictment. The action taken by the prosecutor to bring the case to criminal court.

被害者は告訴し、目撃者は告発した。

警察に被害届を出したが、まだ告訴はしていない。

検察は、告訴状の内容を精査し、起訴するかどうかを決定する。

民事訴訟を起こすのと、刑事告訴をするのは全く別の手続きだ。

示談金を受け取り、告訴を取り下げた。

چقدر رسمی است؟

سطح دشواری

گرامر لازم

Noun + する (Verbal Nouns)

Passive voice (告訴される)

Causative voice (告訴させる)

Particles for legal actions (を for target, で for reason)

Formal legal phrasing (〜に踏み切る, 〜を受理する)

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

彼は警察に告訴しました。

He made a criminal complaint to the police.

告訴する (kokuso suru) is the verb form.

2

告訴とは何ですか？

What is a criminal complaint?

とは (towa) is used for asking definitions.

3

私は告訴しません。

I will not file a complaint.

Negative form of suru is shimasen.

4

告訴状を書きます。

I will write a complaint document.

状 (jou) means document or letter.

5

ニュースで告訴という言葉を聞きました。

I heard the word 'kokuso' on the news.

という (to iu) means 'called' or 'named'.

6

告訴は難しいです。

Filing a complaint is difficult.

Adjective describing the noun.

7

被害者が告訴しました。

The victim filed a complaint.

被害者 (higaisha) means victim.

8

明日、告訴します。

I will file a complaint tomorrow.

Future tense indicated by time word.

1

詐欺の被害に遭ったので、告訴するつもりです。

I was a victim of fraud, so I plan to file a complaint.

つもり (tsumori) indicates intention.

2

警察は彼の告訴を受理しました。

The police accepted his complaint.

受理する (juri suru) means to accept officially.

3

お金を返してくれたら、告訴を取り下げます。

If you return the money, I will drop the complaint.

たら (tara) is a conditional 'if'.

4

告訴状を提出するために警察署へ行きました。

I went to the police station to submit the written complaint.

ために (tame ni) means 'in order to'.

5

告訴するには証拠が必要です。

You need evidence to file a complaint.

には (ni wa) indicates purpose/requirement here.

6

彼は名誉毀損で告訴されました。

He was criminally accused of defamation.

Passive voice: 告訴される (kokuso sareru).

7

告訴と被害届は違います。

A criminal complaint and a damage report are different.

と (to) connects nouns; 違います (chigaimasu) means different.

8

弁護士に告訴の相談をしました。

I consulted a lawyer about filing a complaint.

相談 (soudan) means consultation.

1

示談が成立したため、被害者は告訴を取り消した。

Because an out-of-court settlement was reached, the victim withdrew the complaint.

ため (tame) indicates reason/cause.

2

親告罪の場合、告訴がなければ起訴できません。

In the case of crimes subject to complaint, prosecution is impossible without a complaint.

なければ (nakereba) is a negative conditional 'if not'.

3

警察が告訴状の受理を渋っているようです。

It seems the police are reluctant to accept the written complaint.

渋る (shiburu) means to hesitate or be reluctant.

4

ネット上の誹謗中傷に対し、刑事告訴に踏み切った。

I took the decisive step of filing a criminal complaint against the online slander.

踏み切る (fumikiru) means to take a decisive step.

5

告訴権者は原則として犯罪の被害者本人です。

As a general rule, the person with the right to complain is the victim of the crime themselves.

原則として (gensoku to shite) means 'as a general rule'.

6

虚偽の告訴をすると、逆に罪に問われる可能性があります。

If you make a false complaint, you may be charged with a crime instead.

可能性 (kanousei) means possibility.

7

会社は横領した元社員を告訴する方針を固めた。

The company solidified its policy to file a complaint against the former employee who embezzled.

方針を固める (houshin wo katameru) means to solidify a policy.

8

告訴期間は、犯人を知った日から6ヶ月以内です。

The period for filing a complaint is within 6 months from the day the offender is known.

以内 (inai) means within.

1

捜査機関は告訴を受理した場合、速やかに書類を検察官に送付しなければならない。

When investigative authorities accept a complaint, they must promptly send the documents to the public prosecutor.

しなければならない (shinakereba naranai) indicates strong obligation.

2

民事訴訟と並行して、相手方にプレッシャーをかけるために刑事告訴を行うケースも多い。

There are many cases where a criminal complaint is filed in parallel with a civil lawsuit to put pressure on the other party.

並行して (heikou shite) means in parallel with.

3

告訴が取り下げられたことで、検察は不起訴処分を決定した。

Due to the complaint being withdrawn, the prosecutors decided on a non-indictment disposition.

ことで (koto de) indicates cause or reason.

4

第三者による告発とは異なり、告訴は被害者の処罰感情を強く反映する手続きである。

Unlike an accusation by a third party, a complaint is a procedure that strongly reflects the victim's desire for punishment.

とは異なり (towa kotonari) means 'unlike' or 'differing from'.

5

警察が民事不介入を理由に告訴状を受理しないことは、しばしば問題となる。

It often becomes a problem that the police do not accept written complaints citing the principle of non-intervention in civil matters.

を理由に (wo riyuu ni) means 'on the grounds of'.

6

被告訴人が特定されていなくても、告訴自体は可能である。

Even if the accused is not identified, the complaint itself is possible.

ていなくても (te inakutemo) means 'even if not'.

7

告訴の要件を満たすためには、犯罪事実を具体的に特定する必要がある。

In order to meet the requirements of a complaint, it is necessary to specifically identify the facts of the crime.

満たす (mitasu) means to satisfy or fulfill (requirements).

8

彼は告訴をチラつかせて、不当な要求を繰り返していた。

He repeatedly made unreasonable demands by hinting at filing a criminal complaint.

チラつかせる (chiratsukaseru) means to hint at or dangle (a threat).

1

刑事訴訟法第230条に基づき、犯罪により害を被った者は、告訴をすることができる。

Based on Article 230 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, a person who has suffered injury from a crime may file a complaint.

に基づき (ni motoduki) means 'based on'.

2

告訴の取り消しは、第一審の判決言渡前までに行わなければ効力を生じない。

The withdrawal of a complaint does not take effect unless it is done before the pronouncement of judgment in the first instance.

までに行わなければ (made ni okonawanakereba) sets a strict deadline.

3

一度告訴を取り消した者は、同一の事件について再度告訴することは法的に禁じられている。

A person who has once withdrawn a complaint is legally prohibited from filing a complaint again regarding the same case.

禁じられている (kinjirarete iru) means 'is prohibited'.

4

告訴状の作成においては、構成要件該当性を的確に立証する証拠の添付が不可欠である。

In drafting a written complaint, it is essential to attach evidence that accurately proves the fulfillment of the constituent elements of the crime.

不可欠 (fukaketsu) means indispensable or essential.

5

警察の告訴受理義務を巡る判例は、実務において極めて重要な指針となる。

Judicial precedents concerning the police's obligation to accept complaints serve as extremely important guidelines in practice.

を巡る (wo meguru) means 'concerning' or 'surrounding (an issue)'.

6

親告罪における告訴期間の徒過は、検察官にとって致命的な訴訟条件の欠缺を意味する。

The expiration of the complaint period in crimes subject to complaint means a fatal lack of litigation conditions for the prosecutor.

徒過 (toka) is a highly formal legal term for expiration/passing of time.

7

被疑者側は、告訴を阻止するために、水面下で高額な示談交渉を進めていた。

The suspect's side was proceeding with high-priced settlement negotiations behind the scenes to prevent the complaint.

水面下で (suimenka de) means 'behind the scenes' or 'under the surface'.

8

告訴事実が客観的証拠と矛盾する場合、虚偽告訴罪の嫌疑をかけられるリスクを伴う。

If the facts of the complaint contradict objective evidence, it entails the risk of being suspected of the crime of false accusation.

伴う (tomonau) means to entail or accompany.

1

告訴不可分の原則により、共犯者の一人に対する告訴は、他の共犯者に対しても効力を有する。

Due to the principle of indivisibility of complaint, a complaint against one accomplice is also effective against other accomplices.

不可分の原則 (fukabun no gensoku) is a specific legal doctrine.

2

告訴状が単なる被害申告にとどまらず、処罰を求める意思表示として明確に機能しているかが争点となった。

The point of contention was whether the written complaint functioned clearly as an expression of intent seeking punishment, rather than merely stopping at a declaration of damage.

にとどまらず (ni todomarazu) means 'not limited to' or 'not stopping at'.

3

検察官の不起訴処分に対し、告訴人は検察審査会に審査を申し立てる権利を留保している。

Against the prosecutor's non-indictment disposition, the complainant reserves the right to file a motion for review with the Committee for the Inquest of Prosecution.

留保している (ryuuho shite iru) means 'reserves (a right)'.

4

告訴の代行を無資格者が業として行うことは、弁護士法違反（非弁行為）を構成する。

For an unqualified person to act as an agent for filing a complaint as a business constitutes a violation of the Attorney Act (unauthorized practice of law).

業として行う (gyou to shite okonau) means to do something as a business/profession.

5

被害者の真意に基づく告訴の取り消しであるか否か、捜査機関は慎重に見極める義務を負う。

Investigative authorities bear the obligation to carefully ascertain whether or not the withdrawal of the complaint is based on the true intent of the victim.

見極める (mikiwameru) means to ascertain or make sure of.

6

告訴権の濫用と認められる事案においては、受理を拒否する警察の裁量が適法と解される余地がある。

In cases recognized as an abuse of the right to complain, there is room to interpret the police's discretion to refuse acceptance as lawful.

余地がある (yochi ga aru) means 'there is room for'.

7

法定代理人による独立の告訴権は、被害者本人の意思に反してでも行使し得る強力な権限である。

The independent right of complaint by a statutory agent is a powerful authority that can be exercised even against the will of the victim themselves.

に反してでも (ni hanshite demo) means 'even against'.

8

告訴事実の特定は、防禦権の行使を可能ならしめる程度に、日時、場所、方法が明示されていなければならない。

The specification of the facts of the complaint must clearly state the date, time, place, and method to the extent that it makes the exercise of the right of defense possible.

可能ならしめる (kanou narashimeru) is highly formal/archaic for 'make possible'.

مترادف‌ها

告発 訴え 提訴 訴訟 告げ口

متضادها

取り下げ 和解

ترکیب‌های رایج

告訴する
告訴を取り下げる
告訴を受理する
告訴状を提出する
告訴に踏み切る
刑事告訴
虚偽告訴
告訴権者
告訴期間
告訴を検討する

عبارات رایج

告訴状を提出する
告訴を取り下げる
告訴を受理する
告訴に踏み切る
名誉毀損で告訴する
詐欺罪で告訴する
告訴を検討中である
告訴権を行使する
虚偽告訴罪に問われる
親告罪の告訴

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

告訴 vs 告発 (Kokuhatsu)

告訴 vs 被害届 (Higaitodoke)

告訴 vs 訴訟 (Soshou)

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"告訴をチラつかせる"
"告訴を盾に取る"
"告訴合戦になる"
"告訴を辞さない構え"
"告訴を取り下げる条件で"
"告訴の期限が切れる"
"告訴を受理させる壁"
"告訴状を突きつける"
"告訴の意思を固める"
"告訴のハードルが高い"

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

告訴 vs

告訴 vs

告訴 vs

告訴 vs

告訴 vs

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

برای دیدن همه مثال‌ها رایگان ثبت‌نام کنید

نحوه استفاده

nuance

Carries a heavy, punitive tone. It is a demand for state-sanctioned violence (arrest/imprisonment) against the offender.

colloquialisms

None. It is strictly formal.

اشتباهات رایج
  • Using 告訴 for civil lawsuits (suing for money).
  • Using 告訴 when a third party reports a crime (should be 告発).
  • Using 告訴 for a simple police report of a lost item (should be 被害届).
  • Using the word in casual conversation for minor arguments.
  • Translating it simply as 'complain' without the criminal legal context.

نکات

Use 'wo' and 'de'

When constructing a sentence, use the particle 'wo' (を) for the person you are accusing. Use the particle 'de' (で) for the specific crime. For example: 彼を詐欺で告訴する (I will accuse him of fraud). This is the standard grammatical pattern.

Victim Only

Burn this into your memory: Kokuso = Victim. If the person reporting the crime is not the victim, the word is wrong. Use Kokuhatsu for third parties. This is the most tested distinction in advanced Japanese exams.

News Headlines

In newspaper headlines, particles are often dropped to save space. You might see '社長、元社員告訴' (President, former employee kokuso). This means the president filed a complaint against the former employee. Look for the context to know who is accusing whom.

The Power of Jidan

Understand that a kokuso is often used as a bargaining chip. Victims file it to force the offender to pay settlement money (jidan). Once paid, the kokuso is withdrawn. This is a fundamental dynamic of Japanese criminal law.

Formal Documents

If you are translating a legal document, always translate kokuso as 'criminal complaint' or 'accusation'. Never translate it as 'lawsuit' or 'litigation'. Accuracy here is paramount for legal translation.

Catch the Verbs

When listening to the news, don't just listen for 'kokuso'. Listen for the verb that follows it. 'Teishutsu shita' means submitted. 'Juri shita' means accepted. 'Torisageta' means withdrawn. The verb tells the whole story.

Avoid Casual Use

Never use this word to describe minor, non-criminal disputes with friends or family. It makes you sound unnatural and overly dramatic. Stick to words like 'monku wo iu' (to complain) for everyday situations.

Kanji Meaning

Look at the kanji. 告 means to announce. 訴 means to sue or complain. You are announcing your complaint to the authorities. Remembering the kanji meanings helps cement the formal nature of the word.

Police Reluctance

Be aware of the cultural context that Japanese police are notoriously reluctant to accept a kokusojou. If a news article says the police accepted it, it means the victim's lawyer prepared an ironclad case with undeniable evidence.

JLPT N1 Trap

In the JLPT N1 vocabulary section, they will often try to trick you by offering 'kokuso' and 'kokuhatsu' as options for a sentence about a whistleblower. Always choose 'kokuhatsu' for whistleblowers and 'kokuso' for victims.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Imagine a COCK (koku) crowing to SO (so) the police about a crime. It's loudly announcing a complaint!

ریشه کلمه

Chinese legal terminology adapted into Japanese.

بافت فرهنگی

Do not use jokingly for minor offenses. It sounds overly dramatic and legally ignorant.

Highly formal and legal.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"最近のニュースで、あの政治家が告訴されたのを見ましたか？"

"ネットの誹謗中傷に対して告訴する人が増えていますね。"

"告訴と被害届の違いって知っていますか？"

"もし詐欺に遭ったら、告訴に踏み切りますか？"

"日本の警察は告訴を受理しにくいと聞きましたが、本当ですか？"

موضوعات نگارش

Write about a news story where someone filed a kokuso.

Explain the difference between kokuso and kokuhatsu in your own words.

Do you think the process of filing a kokuso should be made easier in Japan?

Describe a scenario in a TV drama where a character withdraws their kokuso.

Why do you think out-of-court settlements (jidan) are preferred over kokuso in Japan?

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

No. Only the direct victim of the crime, or their legal representative (like a parent for a minor), can file a kokuso. If you are just a witness, you must file a kokuhatsu instead. This is a strict legal distinction in Japan. The police will reject a kokuso from a non-victim. Understanding this is key to Japanese legal vocabulary.

No, absolutely not. Kokuso is strictly for criminal law, meaning you want the person to be arrested, fined by the state, or put in jail. If you want to sue someone for financial compensation, that is a civil lawsuit. The word for a civil lawsuit is soshou (訴訟). Mixing these up is a very common mistake.

Legally, they are supposed to accept it if it meets the formal requirements. However, in practice, Japanese police are known to be very strict and often reluctant to accept a kokuso unless the evidence is overwhelming. This is because accepting it legally forces them to investigate and send the case to prosecutors. They often encourage victims to just file a higaitodoke (damage report) instead.

Once the police officially accept (juri) the kokusojou, they must investigate the crime. After the investigation, they are legally obligated to forward all documents and evidence to the public prosecutor's office. The prosecutor then decides whether to indict (kiso) the suspect and take them to criminal court. The police cannot just drop the case on their own once a kokuso is accepted.

Yes. A victim can withdraw their complaint. This is called kokuso wo torisageru (告訴を取り下げる). This happens very frequently in Japan when the victim and the offender reach an out-of-court settlement (jidan), where the offender pays compensation. Once withdrawn, the prosecutor usually drops the charges. However, you cannot refile a kokuso once it has been withdrawn.

Shinkokuzai (親告罪) translates to 'crimes subject to complaint.' These are specific crimes where the state cannot prosecute the offender unless the victim files a formal kokuso. Defamation and certain types of copyright infringement are examples. The law requires the victim's explicit demand for punishment to respect their privacy or personal wishes.

For most general crimes, there is no specific deadline other than the statute of limitations for the crime itself. However, for shinkokuzai (crimes subject to complaint), there is a strict time limit. The victim must file the kokuso within six months from the day they identify the offender. If they miss this window, they lose the right to file.

A kokusojou (告訴状) is the physical or digital written document that contains the formal criminal complaint. It must detail the facts of the crime, the laws violated, the identity of the suspect (if known), and a clear statement demanding punishment. Lawyers usually draft these documents because they must be legally precise for the police to accept them.

Yes, it is a serious crime. If you intentionally file a false criminal complaint against someone to get them in trouble, you can be charged with kyogi kokuso zai (虚偽告訴罪), which is the crime of false accusation. The penalties for this can be severe, including imprisonment. Therefore, a kokuso must be based on facts.

Japan has a very low crime rate, so when crimes do occur, especially fraud, embezzlement, or defamation involving public figures, they are heavily reported. The media tracks the legal process closely. Reporting whether a victim has filed a kokuso, or if the police have accepted it, is crucial information that tells the public how serious the case has become.

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خودت رو بسنج 180 سوال

/ 180 درست

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محتوای مرتبط

واژه‌های بیشتر Law

協定

A1

یک توافق یا قرار رسمی که بین دو یا چند طرف، اغلب در زمینه‌های سیاسی یا تجاری، حاصل شده است.

恩赦

A1

یک اقدام رسمی توسط دولت برای عفو افراد محکوم.

上訴

A1

عمل تجدیدنظرخواهی از حکم یک دادگاه پایین‌تر در یک دادگاه بالاتر. این یک اصطلاح کلی برای انواع مختلف اعتراضات قانونی است.

可決

A1

تصویب رسمی یک لایحه یا طرح توسط یک هیئت رای‌دهنده. مثال: 'طرح در مجلس تصویب شد.'

逮捕

A1

اقدام قانونی پلیس برای بازداشت کسی به دلیل سوءظن به ارتکاب جرم.

放火

A1

عمل آتش زدن عمدی یک ساختمان یا دارایی. در قانون ژاپن، این یک جرم جنایی بسیار جدی تلقی می شود.

暴行

A1

عمل خشونت فیزیکی یا حمله به یک شخص. در زمینه‌های قانونی و خبری استفاده می‌شود.

保釈

A1

قرار وثیقه به معنای آزادی موقت متهم تا زمان برگزاری دادگاه است. در زبان ژاپنی به آن '保釈' می‌گویند.

背任

A1

خیانت در امانت. عمل بر خلاف وظایف برای منافع شخصی.

賄賂

A1

رشوه پول یا هدیه‌ای است که به طور مخفیانه برای تأثیرگذاری بر یک تصمیم داده می‌شود. این یک عمل غیرقانونی است.

مفید بود؟

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