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B2 conjunction #500 پرکاربردترین 6 دقیقه مطالعه

及び

oyobi رتبه 500

At the A1 level, you don't need to use '及び' (oyobi) yourself. You will mostly use 'と' (to) to say 'and.' For example, 'ringo to mikan' (apples and oranges). However, you might see '及び' on official signs at the airport or train station. If you see it, just remember it means 'and.' It is a very polite and formal way to connect two things. You can think of it as the 'business version' of 'と.' Don't use it when talking to your teacher or friends, as it will sound too much like a robot or a lawyer! Just recognize it as a formal 'and' when you are filling out forms at a government office or looking at a museum sign. It usually connects two nouns, like 'Name and Address.'

At the A2 level, you are starting to read more formal texts, such as simple news articles or public notices. You will notice '及び' (oyobi) appearing in these contexts. While you should still use 'と' in your daily conversations and simple essays, you should be able to identify '及び' as a conjunction that links two nouns in a formal way. For example, in a notice about a school event, you might see 'Students 及び Parents' (Gakusei oyobi hogosha). It's important to know that '及び' is only for nouns. You cannot use it to connect two sentences like 'I went to the store and I bought milk.' For that, you would use 'soshite.' '及び' is like a bridge between two formal words.

At the B1 level, you should begin to use '及び' (oyobi) in your formal writing, such as business emails or academic reports. It helps you sound more professional and objective. Instead of using 'と' for everything, using '及び' shows that you understand the difference between casual and formal registers. You will encounter this word frequently in JLPT N3 and N2 reading materials. It is often used in lists of requirements or rules. For instance, 'Please bring your ID 及び your admission ticket.' Notice that '及び' doesn't change the meaning of the sentence compared to 'と,' but it significantly changes the 'feel' of the sentence, making it sound official and authoritative. You should practice replacing 'と' with '及び' in your formal compositions.

At the B2 level, you must master the nuance and specific usage patterns of '及び' (oyobi). This word is a staple of the JLPT N2 level. You should understand that '及び' is used for 'cumulative' conjunctions, meaning 'both A and B.' You also need to distinguish it from '並びに' (narabini). In a complex list, '及び' is used for the smaller, more closely related items, while '並びに' is used for the larger categories. For example: '(Apples 及び Oranges) 並びに (Carrots 及び Potatoes).' This level of precision is expected in business contracts and formal reports. You should also be aware that '及び' is strictly a noun-connector. If you try to connect verbs or clauses with it, it is a grammatical error. Your ability to use '及び' correctly in a formal letter or presentation is a key indicator of your advanced proficiency.

At the C1 level, your use of '及び' (oyobi) should be flawless and natural within formal contexts. You should be able to read legal statutes, high-level academic papers, and complex corporate bylaws where '及び' is used with surgical precision. You understand the historical roots of the word from the verb 'oyobu' (to reach) and how this informs its modern usage in defining the scope of a law or regulation. At this level, you are also expected to know the subtle difference between '及び' and '且つ' (katsu). While '及び' simply adds items together, '且つ' often implies that two conditions are met simultaneously or that two qualities coexist in one entity. You can navigate the most complex hierarchical lists in Japanese administrative documents, knowing exactly how '及び' and '並びに' interact to create a clear logical structure.

At the C2 level, you possess a native-like command of '及び' (oyobi) and can even identify when it is used stylistically in literature to create a sense of gravity or archaic formality. You are capable of drafting legal-grade Japanese documents where the placement of '及び' determines the entire legal scope of a clause. You understand the nuances of '及び' in various historical periods of Japanese writing and how its role has been standardized in modern legal Japanese (Hōrei-yogo). You can debate the logical implications of using '及び' versus 'または' in complex conditional statements. Your mastery extends to the rhythmic and prosodic elements of formal speech, where 'oyobi' is used to pace an announcement or a formal address for maximum clarity and authority. You are essentially a professional user of the language who can handle any document, no matter how bureaucratic or technical.

تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

及び در ۳۰ ثانیه

及び is a formal conjunction meaning 'and,' used primarily to link nouns in written Japanese, such as contracts and official signs.
It is much more formal than the common particle 'と' and should not be used in casual, everyday conversation.
In legal and administrative contexts, it is used to connect items of equal rank, often paired with '並びに' for complex lists.
It is strictly for nouns; connecting verbs or full sentences with 及び is grammatically incorrect in standard Japanese.

The Japanese conjunction 及び (oyobi) is a formal equivalent of the English word 'and.' While the common particle 'と' (to) is used in everyday conversation to link nouns, 及び is strictly reserved for formal writing, legal documents, business contracts, and official announcements. Its primary function is to connect two or more nouns or noun phrases, indicating that all items mentioned are included in the statement. Understanding 及び is essential for anyone aiming for professional proficiency in Japanese, as it appears constantly in terms of service, government regulations, and academic papers.

Grammatical Category: Conjunction (接続詞 - setsuzokushi)
Level of Formality: Very High; typically found in written 'Katai' (stiff) Japanese.
Logical Function: Cumulative conjunction (A and B).

In the hierarchy of Japanese conjunctions, 及び is often paired with '並びに' (narabini). In legal drafting, 及び is used to connect the smallest units in a list, while '並びに' is used to connect larger groups of items. For example, if you are listing 'Apples and Oranges' as one group and 'Carrots and Potatoes' as another, the structure might look like '(Apples 及び Oranges) 並びに (Carrots 及び Potatoes)'. This precision is what makes 及び a cornerstone of Japanese administrative language.

氏名及び住所を記入してください。

Translation: Please enter your name and address.

Historically, the word derives from the verb '及ぶ' (oyobu), which means 'to reach' or 'to extend to.' Thus, using 及び implies that the scope of the sentence extends from the first item to include the second. It is rarely, if ever, used in spoken conversation unless one is reading a prepared script or delivering a highly formal speech.

東京都及び近隣の県において、新しい規制が導入された。

Translation: New regulations were introduced in Tokyo and neighboring prefectures.

Comparison with 'と': 'と' is conversational and exhaustive. '及び' is formal and often used in bureaucratic lists.

本規約は、甲及び乙の合意により変更できる。

Translation: This agreement may be amended by the consent of Party A and Party B.

研究の目的及び方法について説明する。

Translation: I will explain the purpose and method of the research.

許可なく複製及び転載することを禁じます。

Translation: Reproduction and reprinting without permission are prohibited.

Using 及び correctly requires an understanding of noun-linking structures. The most basic pattern is [Noun A] + 及び + [Noun B]. Unlike the English 'and,' which can connect verbs (e.g., 'I ran and jumped'), 及び is almost exclusively used to connect nouns or noun phrases. If you need to connect actions, you would typically use the 'te-form' of verbs or formal nominalizers.

Basic Structure: [Noun A] 及び [Noun B] (A and B)
Multiple Items: [A]、[B] 及び [C] (A, B, and C)

In a list of three or more items, commas (tōten) are used between the initial items, and 及び is placed before the final item, much like the Oxford comma in English. However, in very formal Japanese legal texts, 及び might be used multiple times to ensure there is no ambiguity about which items are being paired.

憲法及び法律を遵守しなければならない。

Translation: One must comply with the Constitution and the laws.

Another important aspect is the 'scope' of the conjunction. When 及び connects two complex noun phrases, it applies to the entire phrase. For example, 'The development of technology 及び the improvement of infrastructure' treats both 'development' and 'improvement' as the primary linked concepts.

教育及び文化の振興を図る。

Translation: We aim to promote education and culture.

Common Mistake: Using '及び' to connect two sentences. Correct: 'Aです。そしてBです。' Incorrect: 'Aです。及びBです。'

原材料の調達及び製品の販売を行う。

Translation: We perform the procurement of raw materials and the sale of products.

第1条及び第2条の規定を適用する。

Translation: The provisions of Article 1 and Article 2 shall apply.

情報の収集及び分析が不可欠である。

Translation: The collection and analysis of information are essential.

You will rarely hear 及び in a casual coffee shop conversation. However, you will hear it frequently in 'public' Japanese. This includes automated announcements at train stations ('Please stay behind the yellow line for your safety 及び the safety of others'), airport PA systems, and news broadcasts. In these contexts, the word signals that the information following is official and important.

Public Announcements: 'Train delays are expected due to snow 及び strong winds.'
Corporate Meetings: 'We will now present the financial results 及び the forecast for next year.'

In the world of Japanese media, news anchors use 及び to maintain a neutral, objective tone. It sounds authoritative. If a reporter used 'と', it might sound too personal or informal for a national broadcast. Furthermore, in academic lectures or professional seminars, speakers use 及び to clearly delineate different variables or concepts they are discussing.

本日の会議では、予算及び人員計画について話し合います。

Translation: In today's meeting, we will discuss the budget and the personnel plan.

手荷物の預け入れ及び検査をお願いします。

Translation: Please check in and inspect your baggage.

台風の影響により、電車及びバスが運休しています。

Translation: Due to the typhoon, trains and buses are suspended.

パスポート及び搭乗券をご提示ください。

Translation: Please present your passport and boarding pass.

健康及び安全への配慮が必要です。

Translation: Consideration for health and safety is necessary.

The most frequent mistake learners make with 及び is using it in the wrong register. Because it is a B2-level word, students often want to show off their vocabulary by using it in daily speech. However, saying 'I ate bread 及び eggs for breakfast' to a friend sounds incredibly bizarre—almost like you are reading a legal statute about your breakfast.

Register Mismatch: Mistake: '友達及び家族と遊びました。' (Too formal). Correct: '友達と家族と遊びました。'
Connecting Verbs: Mistake: '歩く及び走る。' (Connecting dictionary form verbs). Correct: '歩いたり走ったりする。'

Another mistake is confusing 及び with 'または' (matawa). 及び means 'and' (both), while 'または' means 'or' (one of them). In legal documents, mixing these up can have serious consequences. For example, 'A 及び B' means you must do both, while 'A または B' means you can choose.

誤：コーヒー及び紅茶、どっちがいい？

Translation: (Incorrect) Coffee and tea, which do you want? (Should use 'か' or 'と')

誤：彼は歌う及び踊る。

Translation: (Incorrect) He sings and dances. (Should use '歌って踊る')

正：氏名及び生年月日を記入してください。

Translation: (Correct) Please fill in your name and date of birth.

正：本製品の修理及び交換は無料です。

Translation: (Correct) Repair and replacement of this product are free of charge.

Japanese has many ways to say 'and,' each with its own nuance and register. Understanding the differences is key to mastering the language.

と (To): The standard, everyday 'and' for nouns. It is exhaustive (A and B, nothing else).
並びに (Narabini): Even more formal than '及び'. Used to connect larger groups of items that have already been connected by '及び'.
且つ (Katsu): Means 'and also' or 'at the same time.' Often used for adjectives or states (e.g., 'Cheap and delicious').

When writing a formal document, you must choose between 及び and '並びに' based on the logical structure. If you are listing items of the same 'rank,' you use 及び. If you are grouping items, 及び is the 'inner' connector and '並びに' is the 'outer' connector.

A及びB並びにC及びD

Structure: (A and B) and (C and D).

経済及び社会の発展に寄与する。

Translation: Contribute to the development of the economy and society.

この規則は、職員及び学生に適用される。

Translation: This rule applies to staff and students.

電子メール及び電話での問い合わせを受け付けています。

Translation: We accept inquiries via email and telephone.

چقدر رسمی است؟

رسمی

"氏名及び住所を記入してください。"

خنثی

"（とを使うのが一般的）"

غیر رسمی

"（とを使う）"

Child friendly

"おなまえと、じゅうしょをかいてね。"

عامیانه

"N/A"

نکته جالب

In the Meiji era, as Japanese legal language was being modernized and standardized based on Western models, '及び' was selected as the official translation for the logical 'AND' in legal codes.

راهنمای تلفظ

UK əʊ.jɒ.bi

US oʊ.joʊ.bi

Japanese is a pitch-accent language. 'Oyobi' typically has a flat (Heiban) accent pattern [o-yo-bi].

هم‌قافیه با

Asobi (play) Musubi (knot) Yorokobi (joy) Wabi (aesthetic) Sabi (patina) Tabi (journey) Kabi (mold) Hibi (cracks)

خطاهای رایج

Pronouncing 'yo' as 'yoo' (like 'you'). It should be short.
Stressing the first syllable like English 'OH-yo-bi'.
Pronouncing 'bi' with a short 'i' like 'bit'. It should be 'bee'.
Treating it as three distinct beats without a smooth flow.
Using it in speech where 'to' is expected, causing a social error.

سطح دشواری

خواندن 3/5

Easy to recognize once you know it, but common in complex sentences.

نوشتن 4/5

Requires knowing when the register is appropriate.

صحبت کردن 5/5

Difficult because you almost never use it in speech.

گوش دادن 3/5

Common in announcements; easy to hear the 'oyobi' sound.

بعداً چه یاد بگیریم؟

پیش‌نیازها

と (to) そして (soshite) また (mata) 名詞 (meishi) 接続詞 (setsuzokushi)

بعداً یاد بگیرید

並びに (narabini) または (matawa) もしくは (moshiku wa) 且つ (katsu) あるいは (aruiwa)

پیشرفته

法律用語 (hōrei yōgo) 公用文作成の要領 (kōyōbun sakusei no yōryō) 契約実務 (keiyaku jitsumu)

گرامر لازم

Noun Linking with 'と'

リンゴとバナナ。

Noun Linking with 'や' (Non-exhaustive)

リンゴやバナナ。

Formal Alternative '並びに'

A及びB並びにC。

Sentence Linking with 'また'

彼は学生だ。また、歌手だ。

Adjective Linking with '且つ'

美しく且つ力強い。

مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

氏名及び住所を書いてください。

Please write your name and address.

及び connects two nouns: Name and Address.

ペン及びノートを持ってきてください。

Please bring a pen and a notebook.

Used here in a formal instruction.

東京及び大阪に行きます。

I will go to Tokyo and Osaka.

Connecting two city names formally.

犬及び猫は入れません。

Dogs and cats are not allowed.

Formal prohibition on a sign.

父及び母が来ます。

My father and mother are coming.

Formal way to refer to parents in a document.

赤及び青のボタンがあります。

There are red and blue buttons.

Connecting colors as nouns.

朝食及び夕食が含まれます。

Breakfast and dinner are included.

Common in hotel terms and conditions.

日本語及び英語を話します。

I speak Japanese and English.

Formal statement of language ability.

学生及び教職員は無料です。

It is free for students and faculty.

Connecting two groups of people.

雨及び風が強いです。

The rain and wind are strong.

Formal weather report style.

写真及び動画の撮影は禁止です。

Taking photos and videos is prohibited.

Standard formal prohibition.

本及び雑誌を読みます。

I read books and magazines.

Formal description of habits.

土曜日及び日曜日は休みです。

Saturdays and Sundays are holidays.

Formal business hours notice.

野菜及び果物を食べましょう。

Let's eat vegetables and fruits.

Formal health advice.

駅及びバス停で待っています。

I am waiting at the station and the bus stop.

Formal location description.

右及び左を確認してください。

Please check right and left.

Formal safety instruction.

研究の目的及び方法を説明します。

I will explain the purpose and method of the research.

Standard academic presentation phrasing.

Reproduction and reprinting without permission are prohibited.

Standard legal disclaimer.

情報の収集及び分析が必要です。

The collection and analysis of information are necessary.

Formal business requirement.

環境及び資源の保護に努める。

We strive to protect the environment and resources.

Corporate social responsibility statement.

第1条及び第2条の規定に従う。

Comply with the provisions of Article 1 and Article 2.

Legal reference.

技術の向上及び普及を図る。

We aim to improve and disseminate technology.

Formal organizational goal.

心身の健康及び安全を維持する。

Maintain physical and mental health and safety.

Formal health and safety policy.

費用の負担及び支払い方法について。

Regarding the bearing of costs and the payment method.

Formal business topic heading.

本規約は、甲及び乙の合意により変更できる。

This agreement can be changed by the agreement of Party A and Party B.

Standard contract terminology (Kō and Otsu).

経済及び社会の情勢を考慮する。

Consider the economic and social situation.

Formal analytical context.

原材料の調達及び製品の販売を行う。

Perform the procurement of raw materials and the sale of products.

Formal business operation description.

著作権及び肖像権の侵害に注意してください。

Please be careful about infringing on copyrights and portrait rights.

Legal warning.

教育及び文化の振興に寄与する。

Contribute to the promotion of education and culture.

Formal mission statement.

データの保存及び管理を徹底する。

Ensure thorough storage and management of data.

IT policy language.

憲法及び法律を遵守しなければならない。

One must comply with the Constitution and the laws.

Formal civic duty statement.

申請書の提出及び手数料の納付が必要だ。

Submission of the application and payment of the fee are required.

Administrative procedure.

本法案は、国民の権利及び義務を規定するものである。

This bill stipulates the rights and duties of the citizens.

High-level political/legal language.

都市計画の策定及び実施に関する基準を定める。

Establish standards for the formulation and implementation of city plans.

Administrative regulation language.

国際平和及び安全の維持に貢献する。

Contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security.

Diplomatic language.

情報の機密性、完全性及び可用性を確保する。

Ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.

Technical cybersecurity standards (CIA triad).

過去の経緯及び現状の課題を整理する。

Organize the past history and current challenges.

Formal analytical reporting.

相互の信頼及び協力に基づき提携する。

Partner based on mutual trust and cooperation.

Formal partnership agreement.

環境負荷の低減及び生物多様性の保全を図る。

Aim for the reduction of environmental impact and the conservation of biodiversity.

Environmental policy language.

適正な手続及び公正な判断が求められる。

Proper procedures and fair judgments are required.

Legal/Ethical requirement.

本規定の解釈及び運用については、疑義が生じた場合は協議するものとする。

Regarding the interpretation and operation of these provisions, any doubts shall be resolved through consultation.

Standard legal 'dispute resolution' clause.

学問の自由及び表現の自由は、これを保障する。

Academic freedom and freedom of expression shall be guaranteed.

Constitutional level language.

条約の締結及び批准に関する権限を有する。

Have the authority regarding the conclusion and ratification of treaties.

Constitutional/International law.

事態の推移及び影響を注視する必要がある。

It is necessary to closely monitor the progression and impact of the situation.

High-level governmental briefing.

既存の枠組みの再構築及び機能の強化を推進する。

Promote the restructuring of existing frameworks and the strengthening of functions.

Organizational reform language.

歴史的背景及び文化的文脈を深く洞察する。

Gain deep insight into the historical background and cultural context.

Advanced academic/literary analysis.

資源の有効活用及び廃棄物の削減を徹底する。

Ensure the effective utilization of resources and the reduction of waste.

Sustainability policy at a high level.

法の支配及び民主主義の基本原則を堅持する。

Adhere to the rule of law and the basic principles of democracy.

Political philosophy/Statecraft.

ترکیب‌های رایج

氏名及び住所

目的及び方法

権利及び義務

許可及び承認

健康及び安全

複製及び転載

収集及び分析

維持及び管理

経済及び社会

第1条及び第2条

عبارات رایج

及びその家族

及びこれに準ずる

及びその他の

及び関連する

及びそれに伴う

及びこれに関する

及びその周辺

及びそれに類する

及びその後の

及びその理由

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

及び vs 並びに (narabini)

Narabini is used for larger groups, while oyobi is for smaller groups.

及び vs または (matawa)

Matawa means 'or', while oyobi means 'and'.

及び vs 且つ (katsu)

Katsu often links adjectives or conditions, while oyobi links nouns.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"及びもつかない"

Beyond imagination or reach. Derived from the verb 'oyobu'.

想像も及びもつかない世界。

Literary

"及び腰になる"

To be hesitant or take a weak-kneed stance. (Note: Uses the verb root).

新しい企画に及び腰になる。

Neutral

"言及する"

To mention or refer to something. (Uses the 'oyobi' kanji).

その件については言及しなかった。

Formal

"普及する"

To spread or become popular. (Uses the 'oyobi' kanji).

スマートフォンが急速に普及した。

Neutral

"追及する"

To press a question or pursue a responsibility.

責任を追及する。

Formal

"波及する"

To spread (like a wave) or have an influence on.

不況の影響が地方に波及する。

Formal

"及第点"

A passing mark or a satisfactory level.

彼の演技は及第点だ。

Neutral

"力及ばず"

Being unable to achieve something despite effort.

力及ばず、負けてしまった。

Humble

"論を俟たない"

Goes without saying (related to the scope of 'oyobu').

彼の功績は論を俟たない。

Formal

"手が及ぶ"

To be within one's reach or control.

警察の手が及ぶ。

Neutral

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

及び vs および (及び)

Meaning 'and'

Formal, used for nouns in writing.

氏名及び住所。

及び vs および (及ぶ)

Same root verb

This is the verb 'to reach' or 'to extend'.

被害が全国に及ぶ。

及び vs および (及び腰)

Contains the word

An idiom meaning hesitant or weak-kneed.

及び腰で対応する。

及び vs および (お呼び)

Sounds identical

This is the polite form of 'yobu' (to call).

お呼びでしょうか？ (Did you call me?)

及び vs および (追及)

Same kanji '及'

Means to investigate or press for responsibility.

犯人を追及する。

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

[Noun 1] 及び [Noun 2]

ペン及びノート。

[Noun 1]、[Noun 2] 及び [Noun 3]

東京、名古屋及び大阪。

[Phrase 1] 及び [Phrase 2]

情報の収集及びその分析。

[A] 及び [B] 並びに [C]

氏名及び住所並びに電話番号。

[A] 及び [B] の規定

第1条及び第2条の規定。

[A] 及び [B] に関する疑義

解釈及び運用に関する疑義。

[A] 及び [B] を禁ずる

[A] 及び [B] が必要だ

許可及び承認が必要だ。

خانواده کلمه

اسم‌ها

فعل‌ها

مرتبط

نحوه استفاده

frequency

Common in written Japanese; rare in spoken Japanese.

اشتباهات رایج

Using '及び' in casual speech. → Use 'と' instead.
It sounds like you are reading a law book out loud.
Connecting verbs directly (e.g., 走る及び跳ぶ). → 走ること及び跳ぶこと (Nominalized).
'及び' only connects nouns or noun phrases.
Confusing '及び' (and) with 'または' (or). → Use '及び' for both, 'または' for one.
This is a critical logical error in formal writing.
Starting a sentence with '及び'. → Use 'また' or 'さらに'.
'及び' is a coordinating conjunction, not a sentence-starting adverb.
Using '及び' for adjectives (e.g., 高い及び安い). → 高く且つ安い (Using 且つ).
'且つ' is better suited for linking qualities or states.

نکات

Noun Only Rule

Always remember that '及び' is for nouns. If you try to link 'taberu' (eat) and 'nomu' (drink) with it, it will be wrong.

Business Email Tip

When listing attachments in a business email, use '及び'. For example: '見積書及び請求書を添付いたします。'

Legal Precision

In law, '及び' is the 'small and'. If you have a nested list, '及び' goes inside the parentheses.

Oxford Comma Style

Japanese doesn't have an Oxford comma, but '及び' acts like the 'and' that comes after the final comma in a list.

Spotting in the Wild

Look at the bottom of Japanese websites for 'プライバシーポリシー及び利用規約' (Privacy Policy and Terms of Use).

Flat Pitch

Keep your voice level when saying 'oyobi'. Don't let the pitch jump up or down.

Vs. 且つ

Use '及び' for separate things (Apple and Orange). Use '且つ' for two qualities of one thing (Cheap and Good).

Root Verb

Knowing the verb '及ぶ' (to reach) helps you understand why '及び' defines the 'reach' of a sentence.

No Sentence Starting

Never start a sentence with '及び'. It's like starting an English sentence with 'And' in a very formal essay—it's usually avoided.

Public Safety

Train station announcements use '及び' to link safety warnings. Hearing it should trigger a 'pay attention' response.

حفظ کنید

روش یادسپاری

Think of 'Oyobi' as 'Oh, you be' (included too!). It links the first person to the second person in a formal way.

تداعی تصویری

Imagine a bridge connecting two tall office buildings labeled 'A' and 'B'. The bridge is named 'OYOBI'.

شبکه واژگان

及び (And) 法律 (Law) 契約 (Contract) 氏名 (Name) 住所 (Address) 並びに (Furthermore) 公式 (Official) 書き言葉 (Written language)

چالش

Try to find '及び' on three different Japanese websites (like a privacy policy or terms of service) today.

ریشه کلمه

The word '及び' (oyobi) is the continuative form (ren'youkei) of the verb '及ぶ' (oyobu). In classical Japanese, this form was used to link nouns or phrases together, implying that the action or state 'reaches' or 'extends to' the next item.

معنای اصلی: To reach; to extend to; to be equal to.

Japonic (Yamato Kotoba origin).

بافت فرهنگی

There are no specific sensitivities, but using it in casual speech can make you sound arrogant or mockingly formal.

English speakers often use 'and' for everything. Learning '及び' requires shifting to a mindset where the 'and' changes based on how formal the paper is.

The Constitution of Japan (Nihonkoku Kenpō) uses '及び' extensively to define rights. Japanese Civil Code (Minpō) relies on '及び' for defining property and family relations. Standard Terms of Service for companies like Sony or Nintendo.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

Legal Documents

第1条及び第2条
甲及び乙
権利及び義務
複製及び転載

Business Emails

予算及びスケジュール
資料及びサンプル
担当者及び連絡先
検討及び回答

Public Announcements

駅及び車内
安全及び安心
パスポート及び搭乗券
手荷物及び貴重品

Academic Writing

目的及び背景
結果及び考察
先行研究及び文献
理論及び実践

Official Forms

氏名及び年齢
職業及び年収
理由及び詳細
日付及び署名

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"この契約書の『及び』と『並びに』の使い分けについて教えていただけますか？"

"ビジネスメールで『と』の代わりに『及び』を使うべき場面はどこですか？"

"法律の文章で『及び』が何度も出てくるのはなぜですか？"

"駅のアナウンスで『及び』が使われているのに気づきましたか？"

"『及び』と『且つ』の違いは何だと思いますか？"

موضوعات نگارش

今日読んだニュースの中で『及び』が使われていた文章を書き写してみましょう。

自分の仕事や勉強の『目的及び方法』について、フォーマルな日本語で書いてみましょう。

あなたが守らなければならない『権利及び義務』について、3つ考えて書いてください。

『及び』を使って、自分の国の有名な観光地を2つ紹介する正式な紹介文を書いてください。

『及び』と『並びに』を両方使った、複雑なリストを含む文章を作ってみましょう。

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

Generally, no. '及び' is used to connect nouns. To connect verbs, you should use the 'te-form' (e.g., 読んで書く) or nominalize them (e.g., 読むこと及び書くこと).

In formal legal writing, '及び' is the primary connector for items of the same level. '並びに' is used to connect larger groups. For example: (A 及び B) 並びに C.

Only in very formal situations, like public announcements, news reports, or reading from a script. It is almost never used in natural conversation.

No, '及び' is a conjunction that must sit between two nouns. If you want to start a sentence with 'And,' use 'また' or 'さらに'.

No, it means 'A and B.' If you want to say 'or,' use 'または' or 'あるいは'.

Yes, it is written as '及び'. The 'び' is okurigana (hiragana that follows the kanji).

Use 'と' in all casual and standard polite conversations. Only use '及び' in formal documents, business emails, or academic papers.

Yes, like 'と,' it usually implies that only the listed items are included, unless followed by '等' (nado/etc).

The pattern is 'A、B及びC'. Use a comma after the first item.

Yes, it is typically associated with the N2 level, though it appears in N3 reading as well.