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A2 adjective #1,800 پرکاربردترین 9 دقیقه مطالعه

暇 (な)

hima (na) رتبه 1,800

At the A1 level, 'hima' is introduced as a simple way to express that you are not busy. Students learn it alongside 'isogashii' (busy) as a basic pair of opposites. The focus is on the predicative use: 'Hima desu' (I am free) and 'Hima ja nai desu' (I am not free). Learners use it to respond to basic questions about their weekend or current state. It is often taught as a noun-like word that takes 'desu'. The nuance of 'boredom' is usually secondary to the meaning of 'having free time'. Examples are kept simple, focusing on daily routines and immediate availability for play or study.

At the A2 level, learners begin to use 'hima' as a na-adjective to modify nouns, such as 'hima na toki' (when I am free). They also learn the 'hima ga aru' construction, treating it as a noun meaning 'free time'. This level introduces the use of 'hima' in invitations: 'Hima na toki, asobi ni kite kudasai' (Please come visit when you are free). The dual meaning of 'free' and 'bored' becomes more apparent through context. Learners are also taught to be careful with 'hima' when talking to teachers or superiors, beginning to understand the social hierarchy involved in 'having nothing to do'.

At the B1 level, the focus shifts to idiomatic expressions and more complex sentence structures. Phrases like 'hima o tsubusu' (to kill time) and 'hima o moteamasu' (to have too much time on one's hands) are introduced. Learners understand that 'hima' can describe a business being slow. They start to use 'hima' in conditional sentences ('hima dattara...') and understand the difference between 'hima' and more professional terms like 'te ga aite iru'. The cultural aspect of 'hima' as a potentially negative state (idleness) versus a positive one (leisure) is explored in reading passages.

At the B2 level, students use 'hima' with a high degree of naturalness, including its use in compound words like 'hima-jin' (a person with too much time). They can discuss the societal implications of 'hima' in an aging society or the 'leisure industry' (yoka sangyou). The use of 'hima' in formal resignation contexts ('o-hima o itadaku') is understood, even if not frequently used by the learner. They can distinguish between 'hima', 'yoyuu', and 'aki' in nuanced business scenarios, such as explaining why a project is delayed (lack of 'yoyuu') versus why they can take on a new task (having 'hima' or 'tesuki').

At the C1 level, the learner appreciates the literary and philosophical nuances of 'hima'. They might encounter the word in essays discussing the 'philosophy of boredom' or the historical concept of 'leisure' in the Edo period. They understand the use of 'hima' in classical or semi-formal literature where it might represent a character's existential state. The learner can use 'hima' sarcastically or with deep irony in social commentary. They are fully aware of the register shifts required, never using 'hima' in a context where 'go-tsugou' or 'o-te-aki' is expected, but understanding the choice if a native speaker uses it for effect.

At the C2 level, the mastery of 'hima' is complete. The speaker can navigate the most subtle linguistic environments, such as using the word in legal or highly technical discussions regarding 'leave of absence' or 'downtime' in industrial processes (though 'teishi' or 'kyuushi' might be more common, 'hima' might appear in colloquial explanations). They can interpret the word's meaning in ancient texts or poetry where the kanji might have had slightly different connotations. The C2 learner uses 'hima' with the same flexibility as a native, including regional dialects (like Osaka-ben nuances) and highly specific slang derived from the term.

تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

暇 (な) در ۳۰ ثانیه

Hima means 'free time' or 'bored'.
It is a na-adjective (hima na) or a noun (hima ga aru).
It can describe a person's state or a business's lack of customers.
Use it carefully with superiors to avoid sounding rude.

The Japanese word 暇 (hima) is a versatile na-adjective that primarily describes a state of having no urgent tasks, being free from obligations, or experiencing a lack of activity that leads to boredom. At its core, it represents a 'gap' or 'space' in one's schedule. In a positive light, it signifies leisure and the luxury of time; in a negative light, it signifies a tedious lack of stimulation or a business suffering from a lack of customers. Understanding hima requires navigating the thin line between 'rest' and 'idleness'.

Core Concept: The existence of unoccupied time or a state where one is not busy.
Grammatical Category: Na-adjective (形容動詞), though it often functions as a noun in phrases like 'hima ga aru'.

今日はとても暇 (な)一日でした。 (Today was a very free/boring day.)

Etymologically, the kanji 暇 consists of the 'sun' radical (日) and a phonetic component suggesting 'borrowed' or 'leave'. Historically, it referred to the time granted to officials to take leave from their duties. In modern Japanese, this has evolved into a general term for any spare time. When someone says 'hima da', they might be complaining about being bored, or they might be inviting someone to suggest an activity. Context is key. For example, in a retail setting, if a shopkeeper says 'kyou wa hima da', it is a lament that business is slow and no customers are coming in.

暇すぎて死にそうだ。 (I'm so bored I feel like I'm dying - Hyperbole.)

Nuance: Boredom: Used when the lack of activity is unwanted or frustrating.

Furthermore, 'hima' can be used to describe a person's lifestyle. A 'hima-jin' (暇人) is a person who seemingly has nothing but free time, often used self-deprecatingly or as a mild insult toward someone who spends too much time on trivial hobbies. However, in the context of 'hima o tsubusu' (killing time), it is a neutral acknowledgment of having a gap to fill before a scheduled event. The word captures the Japanese cultural tension between the value of hard work (being 'isogashii') and the necessity of 'ma' (intervals/space).

お暇な時にご連絡ください。 (Please contact me when you are free/at your leisure.)

In summary, hima is more than just 'free'. It is the absence of pressure. Whether that absence is a relief or a burden depends entirely on the speaker's current goals and social situation. It is one of the first adjectives learners encounter because of its high frequency in casual invitations and daily complaints about school or work lulls.

Using 暇 (hima) correctly involves understanding its role as a na-adjective and its frequent transition into a noun-like role. Because it describes a state, it follows standard Japanese grammar for adjectives ending in 'na'. However, because it often refers to 'time' itself, it is frequently paired with the verb 'aru' (to have/exist).

As a Na-Adjective: Used to modify nouns: 'Hima na toki' (Free time), 'Hima na hito' (A person with free time).
As a Predicate: 'Kyou wa hima desu' (I am free today / Today is slow).

もし暇なら、手伝ってくれませんか？ (If you are free, could you help me?)

When you want to say 'I have free time', you use 'Hima ga aru'. Here, hima acts as a noun. This is perhaps the most common way to express availability. Conversely, 'Hima ga nai' means 'I have no free time'. Note that 'isogashii' (busy) is the direct antonym, but 'hima ga nai' sounds slightly more focused on the schedule rather than the feeling of being rushed.

In casual conversation, 'Hima?' is a standard way to start a text message to a friend, essentially asking 'Are you free to hang out?' or 'Are you bored?'. In response, one might say 'Hima shiteru' (I'm being free/bored right now), using the verb 'suru' to indicate a continuous state of idleness.

昨日は暇だったから、映画を三本見た。 (Since I was free yesterday, I watched three movies.)

The 'Killing Time' Phrase: 'Hima o tsubusu' (暇を潰す). This is a set phrase used when you have time to kill, like waiting for a train.

One must be careful with the politeness levels. While 'hima' is fine with friends, in business, if a project is finished and you have nothing to do, saying 'Hima desu' to your boss might imply you are lazy. Instead, use 'Te ga aite imasu' (My hands are open/free). This subtle shift maintains a professional image while conveying the same factual information about your availability.

暇 (hima) is ubiquitous in Japanese daily life, appearing in anime, office corridors, and retail shops. Its usage changes significantly depending on the environment. In a social context, it's the language of leisure; in a commercial context, it's the language of economic stagnation.

In Anime/Drama: Characters often sigh 'Aa, hima da naa...' while lying on a tatami mat, emphasizing a peaceful but boring summer afternoon.
In Retail/Service: Shop staff might whisper 'Kyaku ga inakute hima da ne' (It's slow because there are no customers).

「今、暇？」「うん、別に何もしてないよ。」 ("Are you free now?" "Yeah, I'm not doing anything in particular.")

You will also hear it in the phrase 'O-hima o itadaku' (to take leave/quit). This is a very formal, somewhat dated way of saying one is resigning or taking a long break from a position. It literally means 'to receive free time'. In modern companies, you might hear 'Hima na busho' (a slow/quiet department) to describe a section of the company where the workload is light, often envied or looked down upon depending on the corporate culture.

Social media is another place where 'hima' thrives. Hashtags like #暇人 (himajin) or #暇つぶし (himatsubushi) are used when people post random thoughts, games, or photos simply because they have nothing better to do. It serves as a social lubricant, signaling that the person is open to interaction or just passing time.

この仕事が終わったら、しばらく暇になります。 (Once this job is finished, I'll be free for a while.)

Finally, in the context of retirement, elderly people might discuss how they have 'too much hima' and need to find a hobby to stay active. Here, hima represents the vast, unstructured time that comes after a lifetime of 'isogashii' (busy) work life, highlighting a societal shift in how leisure is perceived across different age groups.

While 暇 (hima) is a basic word, its nuances lead to several common pitfalls for English speakers. The most frequent error is translating 'I am free' literally in every context without considering the social implications of 'boredom' or 'idleness'.

Mistake 1: Confusing 'Hima' with 'Jiyu': 'Jiyu' (自由) means 'freedom' or 'liberty'. 'Hima' is specifically about time. You cannot say 'I want hima' to mean 'I want political freedom'.
Mistake 2: Using 'Hima' with Superiors: Asking a boss 'Hima desu ka?' can sound like 'Are you wasting time?'. It is safer to ask about their 'jikan' (time) or 'tsugou' (convenience).

❌ 社長、今暇ですか？
✅ 社長、今お時間よろしいでしょうか？

Another mistake is the confusion between 'hima' and 'yasumi' (holiday/rest). While a holiday (yasumi) gives you free time (hima), they are not interchangeable. 'Yasumi' is the scheduled break; 'hima' is the state of having nothing to do during that break. You can have a 'yasumi' but still be 'isogashii' (busy) with chores, meaning you have no 'hima'.

Learners also often forget that 'hima' is a na-adjective. They might say 'hima toki' instead of 'hima na toki'. Remember that when modifying a noun directly, the 'na' is mandatory. Additionally, in negative sentences, 'hima ja nai' is the standard casual form, while 'hima dewa arimasen' is the polite form.

❌ 暇とき、本を読みます。
✅ 暇なとき、本を読みます。

Lastly, be careful with the intensity. 'Hima' is a neutral to negative word. If you want to say you are enjoying your leisure time, using 'yukkuri shite iru' (taking it easy) or 'nonbiri shite iru' (relaxing) is often more appropriate than just saying you are 'hima', which can sound like you are just waiting for something to happen.

Japanese has several words that overlap with 暇 (hima), each carrying a different nuance of 'freeness' or 'availability'. Distinguishing these is vital for moving from A2 to B1/B2 levels.

空き (Aki): Refers to a physical or scheduled vacancy. 'Aki jikan' is a gap in a schedule, whereas 'hima' is the state of the person.
手隙 (Tesuki): A professional term for 'between tasks'. It's the polite way to say you have a moment to help someone else.

比較：
1. 暇です (I'm bored/free - Casual)
2. 手が空いています (My hands are free - Professional)
3. 余裕があります (I have leeway/capacity - Capability focus)

Another important comparison is with 余裕 (Yoyuu). While 'hima' means you have no work, 'yoyuu' means you have the capacity (mental, financial, or time-wise) to handle more. You can be busy but still have 'yoyuu' because you are efficient. You cannot be busy and 'hima' at the same time.

余暇 (Yoka) is a more formal/academic word for 'leisure time'. You see this in statistics or textbooks (e.g., 'How do Japanese people spend their yoka?'). You would never say 'Yoka da' to a friend when you're bored. Similarly, 閑散 (Kansan) is used specifically for places that are quiet or deserted, like a 'kansan to shita shoutengai' (a deserted shopping street), which is the 'hima' state of a location.

お手隙の際で構いませんので、ご確認ください。 (Please check this when you have a moment/are free - Business.)

Understanding these synonyms allows you to tailor your speech to the setting. Use 'hima' for your feelings and friends, 'aki' for your calendar, 'tesuki' for your coworkers, and 'yoyuu' for your mental state.

چقدر رسمی است؟

رسمی

سطح دشواری

گرامر لازم

مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

今日は暇です。

Today I am free.

Basic 'Noun/Na-adj + desu' structure.

明日は暇じゃありません。

I am not free tomorrow.

Negative form of a na-adjective.

暇ですか？

Are you free?

Question form.

とても暇です。

I am very free/bored.

Adverb 'totemo' modifying 'hima'.

週末は暇でした。

I was free on the weekend.

Past tense 'deshita'.

暇な日、何をしますか？

What do you do on free days?

Modifying a noun with 'na'.

父は今、暇です。

My father is free now.

Subject + wa + state.

暇だから、テレビを見ます。

Since I'm free, I'll watch TV.

Using 'kara' for reason.

暇な時に、本を読みます。

I read books when I have free time.

Hima na toki = free time.

もし暇なら、映画に行きませんか？

If you are free, why don't we go to a movie?

Conditional 'nara'.

仕事が暇になりました。

Work has become slow/I have become free from work.

Ni naru = to become.

暇な人は手を挙げてください。

People who are free, please raise your hands.

Hima na hito = free people.

あまり暇がありません。

I don't have much free time.

Hima as a noun with 'ga nai'.

暇すぎて、ずっと寝ていました。

I was so bored that I slept the whole time.

Sugiru = too much.

お暇な時に電話してください。

Please call me when you are free.

Polite 'o' prefix.

今日は店が暇ですね。

The shop is slow today, isn't it?

Hima used for business activity.

駅で一時間も暇を潰さなければならなかった。

I had to kill time for as long as an hour at the station.

Hima o tsubusu = to kill time.

彼は暇さえあればスマホを見ている。

He is looking at his smartphone whenever he has free time.

Sae areba = if only there is.

定年退職して、暇を持て余している。

Having retired, I have more time than I know what to do with.

Hima o moteamasu = to have too much time.

暇を見つけて、ジムに通っています。

I find time to go to the gym.

Hima o mitsukeru = to find time.

そんなに暇なら、掃除でもしたら？

If you're that bored, why don't you do some cleaning or something?

Demo shitara = why not do X.

最近、暇がないほど忙しいです。

Lately, I'm so busy I have no free time.

Hodo = to the extent of.

暇つぶしにゲームを始めたら、はまってしまった。

I started a game to kill time and got hooked.

Hima-tsubushi = time-killing.

彼女は暇を見ては実家に帰っている。

She goes back to her parents' home whenever she finds a spare moment.

Hima o mite wa = whenever one finds time.

不況のせいで、どの工場も暇そうだ。

Due to the recession, every factory seems to be idle.

Sou da = seems like.

暇に任せて、長編小説を書き上げた。

Taking advantage of my free time, I finished writing a long novel.

Hima ni makasete = leaving it to the time / using the time.

あの人は本当に暇人だね、毎日散歩しているよ。

That person really has too much time; they go for a walk every day.

Himajin = person with too much time.

忙しい合間の、束の間の暇を楽しむ。

Enjoying a brief moment of leisure in the midst of a busy schedule.

Tsukanoma = brief/fleeting.

暇を持て余すくらいなら、ボランティアでもすればいい。

If you have so much time you don't know what to do, you should just do some volunteering.

Kurainara = if it's to the extent of.

「お暇をいただけますか」「急にどうしたんだ」

"May I take my leave (resign)?" "What happened all of a sudden?"

O-hima o itadaku = formal resignation idiom.

ネット掲示板は暇人の集まりだと言われることもある。

Internet forums are sometimes said to be gatherings of people with too much time.

Passive voice 'iwareru'.

暇があれば、もっと海外旅行に行きたいのだが。

If I had the time, I'd like to travel abroad more, but...

Conditional 'ba' + 'no da ga' (regret/explanation).

現代人は暇を恐れているかのように、常に何かに追われている。

Modern people are always chased by something, as if they fear idleness.

Ka no you ni = as if.

彼は暇に飽かして、古文書の解読に没頭した。

Having an abundance of time, he immersed himself in deciphering ancient documents.

Hima ni akashite = having time to spare/waste.

有閑階級の人々は、いかにして暇を消費するかに腐心した。

The leisure class took great pains in how to consume their free time.

Yuukan kaikyuu = leisure class.

この静寂は、忙殺される日常では決して味わえない贅沢な暇だ。

This silence is a luxurious leisure that can never be tasted in a life busy to death.

Bousatsu sareru = to be worked to death.

暇が人を腐らせることもあれば、新たな創造の源泉になることもある。

While idleness can rot a person, it can also become a source of new creation.

Koto mo areba... koto mo aru.

「暇乞い」に来ました、と彼は静かに告げた。

He quietly announced that he had come to say farewell.

Himagoi = farewell/saying goodbye (archaic/formal).

仕事が一段落し、ようやく一息つける暇ができた。

The work reached a stage, and finally, there was time to take a breath.

Ichidanraku = reaching a stage/conclusion.

余暇の過ごし方が、その人の人格を如実に物語る。

How one spends their leisure time clearly tells the story of their character.

Nyojitsu ni = vividly/clearly.

閑暇を愛する文人たちは、世俗の喧騒を離れて山にこもった。

Literati who loved leisure left the bustle of the world to seclude themselves in the mountains.

Kanka = leisure/quiet time (literary).

パスカルは、人間の不幸などというものは、どれも人間が部屋にじっとしていられない、つまり暇に耐えられないことから起こると説いた。

Pascal argued that all human unhappiness stems from the fact that humans cannot stay still in a room—that is, they cannot endure idleness.

Tairarenai = cannot endure.

職を辞し、無限とも思える暇を手に入れた時、彼はかえって不安に襲われた。

When he quit his job and gained what seemed like infinite free time, he was instead attacked by anxiety.

Kaette = on the contrary.

暇という空白を何で埋めるかという問いは、人生そのものの意味を問うことに等しい。

The question of what to fill the void called 'leisure' with is equivalent to asking the meaning of life itself.

Hitoshii = equivalent to.

江戸時代の職人たちは、暇を見つけては粋な遊びに興じたという。

It is said that craftsmen in the Edo period indulged in stylish pastimes whenever they found a spare moment.

Kyoujita = indulged in/enjoyed.

忙中閑ありとは言うが、現代において真の暇を見出すのは至難の業だ。

They say there is leisure even in the midst of busyness, but finding true idleness in modern times is a Herculean task.

Bouchuukan ari = leisure in busyness (idiom).

暇潰しのための娯楽が溢れる社会で、我々は「何もしない」という能力を失いつつある。

In a society overflowing with entertainment for killing time, we are losing the ability to 'do nothing'.

Tsutsu aru = in the process of.

彼は暇に任せて、庭の雑草を一本一本、執拗なまでに抜き続けた。

Left with nothing but time, he continued to pull the weeds in the garden one by one, with obsessive persistence.

Shitsuyou = persistent/obsessive.

ترکیب‌های رایج

暇がある (Hima ga aru)

暇がない (Hima ga nai)

暇をつぶす (Hima o tsubusu)

暇を持て余す (Hima o moteamasu)

暇を見つける (Hima o mitsukeru)

暇を出す (Hima o dasu)

暇をもらう (Hima o morau)

暇になる (Hima ni naru)

暇な時 (Hima na toki)

暇人 (Himajin)

عبارات رایج

お暇ですか？ (Are you free?)

暇つぶし (Killing time)

暇なら手伝って (If you're free, help me)

暇すぎて死ぬ (Bored to death)

暇を見て (When you find time)

暇の種 (Something to kill time)

暇を持て余す (Too much time)

暇な店 (A slow shop)

暇乞い (Farewell)

暇を盗む (To snatch a moment of leisure)

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

暇 (な) vs 自由 (Jiyu)

Jiyu is freedom/liberty; Hima is just spare time.

暇 (な) vs 休み (Yasumi)

Yasumi is a scheduled break; Hima is the state of having nothing to do.

暇 (な) vs 空き (Aki)

Aki is a vacancy; Hima is a person's availability.

اصطلاحات و عبارات

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

暇 (な) vs

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

نحوه استفاده

nuance

Can be positive (leisure) or negative (boredom/slow business).

formality

Casual. Use 'o-te-aki' or 'o-jikan' for formal settings.

اشتباهات رایج

Saying 'hima toki' instead of 'hima na toki'.
Asking a teacher 'Hima desu ka?'.
Using 'hima' to mean 'freedom' (use jiyu instead).
Confusing 'hima' with 'yasumi' (holiday).
Using 'hima' for a physical gap (use sukima instead).

نکات

Na-Adjective Rule

Always use 'na' before a noun: 'hima na gogo' (a free afternoon).

Invitations

Start an invitation with 'Ima hima?' to check availability casually.

Professionalism

Avoid 'hima' in emails; use 'o-te-aki' or 'go-tsugou'.

Killing Time

Memorize 'hima o tsubusu' as a set phrase.

Boredom

If you are bored, say 'hima daaa' with a long vowel.

Radical

The 'sun' radical 日 reminds you of a sunny day with nothing to do.

Pitch

The pitch is flat, so don't stress either syllable.

Self-Talk

Muttering 'hima da na' is a very common Japanese habit.

Kanji vs Kana

Both 暇 and ひま are common, but the kanji is easy to read.

Retail

In a shop, 'hima' is a bad thing, meaning no sales.

حفظ کنید

ریشه کلمه

The kanji 暇 consists of 日 (sun/day) and 叚 (borrow/false). It originally meant 'leave' or 'time off' granted to workers.

بافت فرهنگی

Summer holidays are the peak 'hima' time for students.

Never tell a client you are 'hima'. Use 'yoyuu ga gozaimasu'.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"週末、暇ですか？"

"暇な時、いつも何をしていますか？"

"最近、仕事は暇ですか、忙しいですか？"

"暇つぶしにいいアプリ、知っていますか？"

"もし一ヶ月暇だったら、どこに行きたいですか？"

موضوعات نگارش

今日は暇でしたか？何をしましたか？

暇な時間が増えたら、何をしたいですか？

「暇」と「自由」の違いは何だと思いますか？

最近、暇つぶしにしたことを書いてください。

忙しすぎるのと暇すぎるの、どちらがいいですか？

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

No, it can mean 'leisure time' which is positive, but often it implies boredom if you have nothing to do.

No, use 'yasumi' or 'kyuuka' for vacation. 'Hima' is the time you have during that vacation.

It is a na-adjective, but it often functions as a noun in phrases like 'hima ga aru'.

Use 'Ima, o-jikan yoroshii desu ka?' instead of 'Hima desu ka?'.

It refers to a person who has too much free time, often used jokingly or slightly insultingly.

It means 'killing time' or an activity done just to pass the time.

Yes, it can describe a shop or restaurant that has no customers.

The most common opposite is 'isogashii' (busy).

No, it is a standard 'h' sound like in 'home'.

It's more natural to say 'hima da' or 'hima shiteru'.