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A1 noun #2,851 پرکاربردترین 9 دقیقه مطالعه

有罪

yūzai
تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها 有罪 در ۳۰ ثانیه
توضیح 有罪 in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't need to use the word 有罪 (yuuzai) in your daily life, but you might see it in very simple contexts like anime titles or basic news headlines. Think of it as a 'character' word—something you hear a judge say in a cartoon. You should recognize that the first kanji 有 means 'to have' and the second kanji 罪 relates to 'bad things' or 'crimes.' At this stage, just knowing that it means 'guilty' in a court of law is enough. You might see it on a sign or a screen in a game. It is a 'passive' vocabulary word for you, meaning you should understand it when you see it, but you don't need to worry about using it in your own sentences yet. Focus on the fact that it is the opposite of 無罪 (muzai), which means 'not guilty.' If you see a character looking sad in a courtroom and the word 有罪 appears, you know they lost the case. This level is all about building visual recognition of the kanji and the general 'vibe' of the word as something serious and legal.
At the A2 level, you can begin to understand 有罪 (yuuzai) in the context of simple news stories or basic descriptions of right and wrong. You might learn the phrase 有罪になる (yuuzai ni naru), which means 'to be found guilty.' You should be able to distinguish it from the word 悪い (warui). While 'warui' is for general badness, 'yuuzai' is for the law. You might encounter it in a graded reader or a simple Japanese news site like 'NHK News Web Easy.' At this level, you should also be aware that Japan has a very high conviction rate, so the word 'yuuzai' is very common in any story about the police or courts. You can start to use it in very simple sentences like 'The man was guilty' (男は有罪でした). You should also learn the word 罪 (tsumi) for 'crime' and see how 'yuuzai' is the status of having that crime. This helps you build a small 'legal' vocabulary cluster. Don't worry about the complex grammar of sentencing yet; just focus on the status of being guilty vs. innocent.
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At the B1 level, you should be able to use 有罪 (yuuzai) in more detailed discussions about social issues or stories you've read. You should understand the difference between 有罪 (legal guilt) and 罪悪感 (feeling guilty). This is a crucial distinction for B1 learners to avoid 'Japanglish' mistakes. You should be comfortable with collocations like 有罪判決 (yuuzai hanketsu - guilty verdict) and 有罪を認める (yuuzai o mitomeru - to admit guilt). You might use this word when summarizing a movie plot or discussing a news event with a language partner. You should also understand how the particle 'ni' works with it (有罪になる) and how 'no' is used for modification (有罪の証拠). At this stage, you are moving beyond simple recognition and starting to integrate the word into your active vocabulary for formal topics. You should also be able to read the kanji without furigana in most contexts, as these are common characters in the N3-N2 level range.
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At the B2 level, you are expected to understand the nuances of 有罪 (yuuzai) in professional or academic settings. You should be familiar with related legal terms like 執行猶予 (shikkou yuuyo - suspended sentence), which often follows a guilty verdict. You should understand the social implications of being found 'yuuzai' in Japan, including the concept of 前科 (zenka - criminal record). You can participate in debates about the Japanese legal system and use 'yuuzai' correctly in phrases like 有罪率 (conviction rate). You should also be able to recognize the word in more abstract or metaphorical contexts, such as in literature or high-level editorials where 'guilt' might be discussed in a philosophical sense. Your ability to distinguish 'yuuzai' from 'yuuseki' (liability) or 'hanzai' (crime) should be sharp. You should be able to write a short essay about a legal case using this word and its related collocations accurately, maintaining a formal register (Desu/Masu or Da/De aru) throughout.
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At the C1 level, your understanding of 有罪 (yuuzai) should be near-native. You should understand the historical and kanji-based nuances of the word, including how the concept of 'guilt' has evolved in Japanese law. You can follow complex legal proceedings in the news, understanding the difference between 一審有罪 (guilty in the first trial) and 逆転無罪 (reversal to not guilty). You should be able to discuss the ethics of the '99% conviction rate' and use 'yuuzai' in sophisticated sentence structures involving passive, causative, and honorific forms if necessary. You can also identify when the word is being used ironically or with specific rhetorical intent in political speeches. Your vocabulary should include advanced synonyms like 有責 (yuuseki) or 咎 (toga), and you should know exactly when to choose 'yuuzai' over them. You can read legal documents or high-level social critiques where this word is used as a foundational concept for discussing justice and the state.
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At the C2 level, you possess a masterly command of 有罪 (yuuzai). You understand its place within the entire Japanese legal code (Ritsuryo system origins to modern Penal Code). You can analyze the word's use in classical literature versus modern legal Japanese. You are capable of translating complex legal texts involving 'yuuzai' into English while preserving the exact legal weight and nuance. You understand the psychological and sociological 'weight' of the word in Japanese culture—how it affects family lines and social standing (the concept of 'sekentei'). You can engage in high-level academic research or legal practice in Japanese, using 'yuuzai' and its derivatives with absolute precision. You are also sensitive to the word's use in different dialects or historical periods. For you, 'yuuzai' is not just a word for 'guilty,' but a complex symbol of the intersection between individual action, state power, and social morality in Japan.
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تمرین کن مثال‌ها نکات و راهنمایی‌ها

有罪 در ۳۰ ثانیه

  • 有罪 (yuuzai) is the formal Japanese word for 'guilty,' used specifically in legal contexts to denote a person has been convicted of a crime.
  • It is composed of kanji meaning 'to have' and 'crime,' and it serves as the direct antonym to 無罪 (muzai), which means 'innocent.'
  • Unlike the English 'guilty,' it does not refer to feelings of remorse; for that, Japanese speakers use the term 罪悪感 (zaiakukan).
  • It is a high-stakes word in Japanese society due to the legal system's extremely high conviction rate and the associated social stigma.

The Japanese term 有罪 (ゆうざい - yuuzai) is a formal noun and 'no-adjective' that translates directly to 'guilty' or 'guilt' within a legal and moral framework. Etymologically, it is composed of two kanji: 有 (yū), meaning 'to exist' or 'to possess,' and 罪 (zai), meaning 'crime,' 'sin,' or 'fault.' Together, they literally signify the state of 'possessing a crime' or 'having guilt.' In the Japanese legal system, this word is used specifically when a judge or jury determines that a defendant has committed the act they were accused of, beyond a reasonable doubt.

Legal Context
Used in courtrooms to deliver a verdict (有罪判決 - yuuzai hanketsu).
Moral Weight
Implies a breach of social or ethical codes, though usually reserved for formal law.
Grammatical Function
Often functions as a noun or combines with the verb 'naru' (to become) or 'to suru' (to judge as).

裁判官は被告人に有罪の判決を下した。(The judge handed down a guilty verdict to the defendant.)

Understanding 有罪 requires an appreciation of the Japanese judicial system's high conviction rate, which is often cited as being over 99%. Because of this, the word carries an immense social weight; once a person is declared 有罪, the social stigma can be permanent. It is not merely a legal status but a definitive mark on one's social record (前科 - zenka). In everyday conversation, it is rarely used for minor mistakes (like breaking a glass), where words like 'warui' (bad) or 'sumimasen' (sorry) are preferred. It is strictly reserved for situations involving laws, regulations, or serious moral transgressions.

彼は完全に有罪だと思われる。(He is thought to be completely guilty.)

The kanji 罪 itself is fascinating. The top part represents a 'net' (罒), and the bottom part was originally 'wrong' or 'mistake.' It visualizes the idea of being caught in the net of the law or morality due to one's wrongdoings. When you add 有 (possession), you are essentially saying that the person is 'caught' or 'held' by their crime. This differs from the English 'guilty,' which can also refer to a feeling (remorse). In Japanese, the feeling of guilt is usually expressed as 罪悪感 (zaiakukan), while 有罪 is the objective status.

Kanji Breakdown: 有
Existence, possession, to have.
Kanji Breakdown: 罪
Crime, sin, fault, penalty.

証拠が不十分で、有罪にはならなかった。(Due to insufficient evidence, he was not found guilty.)

そのニュースは、彼が有罪であることを報じた。(The news reported that he was guilty.)

In summary, 有罪 is a heavy, formal word. It anchors the Japanese legal vocabulary and serves as the antithesis to 無罪 (muzai). Whether you are watching a legal drama like 'Hero' or '99.9 Criminal Lawyer,' or reading the Nikkei newspaper, this word will appear whenever the concept of legal responsibility and the imposition of punishment are discussed. It is a binary state: in the eyes of the law, you are either 有罪 or you are not.

Using 有罪 (yuuzai) correctly requires an understanding of its grammatical role as a noun that often functions like an adjective or part of a verbal phrase. Unlike the English adjective 'guilty,' which can be used loosely ('I feel guilty about eating cake'), 有罪 is strictly formal. If you want to say you 'feel guilty,' you must use 罪悪感がある (zaiakukan ga aru). If you use 有罪, you are talking about a legal verdict or a definitive moral judgment.

1. Common Verb Pairings

  • 有罪になる (yuuzai ni naru): To be found guilty / To become guilty. This is the most common way to describe the outcome for a defendant.
  • 有罪を宣告する (yuuzai o senkoku suru): To pronounce/sentence someone as guilty. Used for judges.
  • 有罪を認める (yuuzai o mitomeru): To plead guilty or to admit guilt.
  • 有罪を主張する (yuuzai o shujou suru): To argue for guilt (usually by a prosecutor).

被告は自ら有罪を認めた。(The defendant admitted guilt himself.)

2. Sentence Structures

You will often see 有罪 used with the particle の (no) to modify another noun, or with だ/です (da/desu) to state a status.

Structure: [Person] + は + 有罪 + だ
Meaning: [Person] is guilty. (Example: 彼は有罪だ。)
Structure: 有罪 + の + [Noun]
Meaning: A guilty [Noun]. (Example: 有罪の判決 - A guilty verdict.)

In complex sentences, it often appears in the form 有罪が確定する (yuuzai ga kakutei suru), meaning the guilty verdict has been finalized and can no longer be appealed. This is a common phrase in news reports regarding high-profile criminal cases.

3. Formal vs. Informal

While 有罪 is formal, it can be used metaphorically in informal settings among friends, often jokingly. For example, if a friend eats the last piece of pizza that wasn't theirs, someone might point and say 'Yuuzai!' (Guilty!). However, in any writing or serious conversation, stick to the legal definition.

陪審員たちは全員一致で彼を有罪とした。(The jurors unanimously found him guilty.)

In the Japanese media, you will frequently encounter the term 有罪率 (yuuzairitsu), or conviction rate. This is a hot topic in Japanese sociology and law, often used to discuss the efficiency or the perceived harshness of the legal system. When using this word in an essay or a speech, ensure you are referencing a specific law or a specific judgment to maintain the appropriate register.

You are most likely to encounter 有罪 (yuuzai) in three primary environments: the news, legal dramas/fiction, and academic or political discussions. Because Japan's legal system is a frequent subject of public interest, the word is ubiquitous in daily media consumption.

1. News and Journalism

In NHK news or major newspapers like the Asahi Shimbun, 有罪 is used to report on court outcomes. You will hear phrases like 'Yuuzai hanketsu ga iwatareta' (A guilty verdict was delivered). It is often contrasted with 無罪 (muzai), especially in 'reversal' cases where a lower court's decision is overturned by a higher court.

今日のニュースで、その政治家に有罪判決が出た。(In today's news, a guilty verdict was issued for that politician.)

2. Legal Dramas and Anime

Japan has a massive genre of 'Courtroom Dramas' (法廷ドラマ - houtei dorama). Shows like 'Ace Attorney' (Gyakuten Saiban) or '99.9 Criminal Lawyer' revolve around the struggle to prove 無罪 in a system where 有罪 is the default expectation. In these contexts, characters will shout 'Yuuzai!' or discuss the 'Yuuzai-ritsu' (conviction rate) with great intensity.

3. Police and Crime Fiction

In detective novels (推理小説 - suiri shousetsu), the goal of the protagonist is often to find enough evidence to ensure the culprit is found 有罪. You will hear police officers discussing whether they have enough 'material' (証拠 - shouko) to make a 'Yuuzai' case stick.

Common Media Phrase
有罪の証拠を固める (yuuzai no shouko o katameru) - To solidify the evidence for guilt.
Common Media Phrase
逆転有罪 (gyakuten yuuzai) - A reversal to a guilty verdict on appeal.

Finally, in political discourse, you might hear it regarding 'Political Responsibility' (政治的責任). While a politician might not be legally 有罪, the public might judge them as 'socially guilty,' though the word 有罪 itself is usually kept for the legal aspect to avoid libel. If you hear this word in a conversation between Japanese people, they are almost certainly discussing a specific crime or a famous court case.

While 有罪 (yuuzai) seems straightforward, learners often make several nuanced mistakes, primarily by over-applying the English concept of 'guilty' to the Japanese word.

1. Confusing 'Guilty Verdict' with 'Feeling Guilty'

This is the most frequent error. In English, you can say 'I feel guilty about not calling my mom.' In Japanese, you cannot say 有罪だと感じる (yuuzai da to kanjiru) in this context. 有罪 is a legal status. To express the feeling of remorse or a heavy conscience, you must use 罪悪感 (zaiakukan).

❌ 私は有罪を感じる。
✅ 私は罪悪感を感じる。(I feel guilty / a sense of guilt.)

2. Misusing the Kanji 罪 (tsumi) vs. 有罪 (yuuzai)

Learners often use 罪 when they mean 有罪. 罪 refers to the crime or sin itself (e.g., 'to commit a crime' - 罪を犯す). 有罪 refers to the *judgment* of having committed that crime. You don't 'commit a yuuzai'; you 'become yuuzai' through a verdict.

3. Register Mismatch

Using 有罪 for trivial social errors makes you sound like a character in a very dramatic anime or a lawyer. If you forgot to bring a book you borrowed, saying 'I am yuuzai' is too heavy. Use 悪い (warui) or 申し訳ない (moushiwakenai) instead.

Too Heavy
遅刻して有罪だ。(I am guilty for being late.)
Natural
遅刻して悪い。(I'm sorry for being late.)

4. Confusion with 'Hanzai' (Crime)

Sometimes students confuse 犯罪 (hanzai - crime) with 有罪 (yuuzai - guilty). Remember: Hanzai is the event; Yuuzai is the verdict. You can have a 'Hanzai' without anyone being found 'Yuuzai' if the culprit is never caught.

By keeping these distinctions in mind—legal vs. emotional, status vs. act, and formal vs. informal—you will avoid the most common pitfalls and sound much more like a native speaker.

To truly master 有罪 (yuuzai), it is helpful to compare it with related terms in the Japanese legal and moral lexicon. Each of these words has a specific niche.

1. 罪 (tsumi)

As mentioned, 罪 is the base word for 'sin' or 'crime.' It is broader than 有罪. It can be used in religious contexts (sin), legal contexts (crime), or social contexts (fault). While 有罪 is a binary legal state, 罪 is the concept of the wrongdoing itself.

2. 犯罪 (hanzai)

犯罪 specifically refers to a 'criminal act' that violates the law. It is a more technical term for the event. You study 'Criminal Law' (犯罪学 - hanzaigaku), but you receive a 'Guilty Verdict' (有罪判決 - yuuzai hanketsu).

彼は犯罪を犯し、結果として有罪になった。(He committed a crime and as a result was found guilty.)

3. 罪悪感 (zaiakukan)

This is the 'feeling' of guilt. It is a psychological state. If you feel bad about something, this is the word you need. It is often paired with the verbs 'kanjiru' (to feel) or 'idaku' (to harbor).

4. 犯人 (hannin)

This means 'criminal' or 'culprit.' Before a trial, a person is a 'suspect' (容疑者 - yougisha). After being found 有罪, they are definitively the 犯人 in the eyes of the law.

5. ギルティ (giruti)

In modern Japanese pop culture, the English loanword 'Guilty' is sometimes used, especially in gaming (e.g., Guilty Gear) or in social media slang to mean 'that's bad/wrong' in a lighthearted way. However, it never replaces 有罪 in a formal or legal context.

Word
咎 (toga) - An old-fashioned or poetic word for fault/blame.
Word
有責 (yuuseki) - Being responsible/liable (often used in civil law or divorce).

By understanding these synonyms and related terms, you can navigate Japanese conversations about justice and morality with much greater precision. 有罪 remains the 'heavy hitter' of the group, signifying the final, legal word on a person's actions.

چقدر رسمی است؟

سطح دشواری

گرامر لازم

~になる (to become/result in)

~と判断する (to judge as)

~に基づき (based on)

~にかかわらず (regardless of)

~とされる (to be considered/deemed)

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مثال‌ها بر اساس سطح

1

彼は有罪です。

He is guilty.

Simple A is B structure.

2

有罪ですか、無罪ですか？

Is it guilty or not guilty?

Question form using 'desu ka'.

3

ニュースで「有罪」を見ました。

I saw 'guilty' on the news.

Object marker 'o' with 'mimashita'.

4

その人は有罪になりました。

That person became (was found) guilty.

Verb 'naru' (to become) indicating a change in state.

5

有罪は悪いことです。

Guilty is a bad thing.

Using 'wa' to define a concept.

6

裁判官が「有罪」と言いました。

The judge said 'guilty'.

Quotation marker 'to' with 'iimashita'.

7

これは有罪のニュースです。

This is news about a guilty verdict.

Possessive 'no' linking two nouns.

8

彼は有罪じゃないです。

He is not guilty.

Negative form 'janai desu'.

1

警察は彼が有罪だと信じています。

The police believe that he is guilty.

Using 'to shinjite iru' for belief.

2

有罪判決が出たので、彼は刑務所に行きます。

Since a guilty verdict was issued, he will go to prison.

Conjunction 'node' showing cause and effect.

3

証拠がないから、有罪にはなりません。

Because there is no evidence, he won't be found guilty.

Conjunction 'kara' and negative 'narimasen'.

4

有罪の人は罰を受けます。

A guilty person receives punishment.

Noun modification 'yuuzai no hito'.

5

彼は自分の有罪を認めました。

He admitted his own guilt.

Object marker 'o' with 'mitometa'.

6

テレビで有罪のドラマを見ました。

I watched a drama about guilt/trials on TV.

Noun modification with 'no'.

7

裁判は有罪で終わりました。

The trial ended in a guilty verdict.

Particle 'de' indicating the state of ending.

8

有罪か無罪か、まだ分かりません。

Whether they are guilty or innocent, we don't know yet.

Using 'ka...ka' for 'whether...or'.

1

陪審員たちは、被告人が有罪であると結論づけた。

The jurors concluded that the defendant was guilty.

Formal verb 'ketsuronzuketa'.

2

有罪が確定するまで、彼は自由です。

Until the guilt is finalized, he is free.

Time clause 'made' with 'kakutei suru'.

3

彼は有罪になったが、執行猶予がついた。

He was found guilty, but received a suspended sentence.

Conjunction 'ga' (but) and legal term 'shikkou yuuyo'.

4

弁護士は、彼が有罪ではないと主張している。

The lawyer is arguing that he is not guilty.

Verb 'shujou shite iru' (is arguing).

5

有罪の証拠を見つけるのは難しい。

It is difficult to find evidence of guilt.

Nominalizing a verb with 'no wa'.

6

彼は有罪を認める代わりに、刑を軽くしてもらった。

In exchange for admitting guilt, he had his sentence lightened.

Grammar 'kawari ni' (instead of/in exchange for).

7

有罪判決を受けた後、彼は仕事を失った。

After receiving a guilty verdict, he lost his job.

Time sequence 'ta ato'.

8

この事件で有罪になる可能性は高い。

The possibility of being found guilty in this case is high.

Noun 'kanousei' (possibility).

1

検察側は、被告の有罪を立証するために全力を尽くした。

The prosecution did their best to prove the defendant's guilt.

Purpose 'tame ni' and verb 'risshou suru' (to prove).

2

有罪が確定すれば、彼は政治家としてのキャリアを失うだろう。

If his guilt is finalized, he will likely lose his career as a politician.

Conditional 'ba' and 'darou' for speculation.

3

その判決は、彼を有罪とするには不十分な証拠に基づいていた。

The verdict was based on evidence insufficient to find him guilty.

Grammar 'ni wa' and 'motozuite ita' (based on).

4

有罪率が非常に高いことは、日本の司法制度の特徴の一つだ。

The extremely high conviction rate is one characteristic of the Japanese judicial system.

Nominalizing a clause with 'koto wa'.

5

彼は無実を訴え続けたが、結局有罪となった。

He continued to plead his innocence, but in the end, he was found guilty.

Verb 'tsuzuketa' (continued) and 'kekkyoku' (eventually).

6

有罪の宣告を受けた瞬間、法廷内は静まり返った。

The moment the guilty sentence was pronounced, the courtroom fell silent.

Noun 'shunkan' (moment) and verb 'shizumarikaeru'.

7

たとえ有罪になっても、彼は控訴するつもりだ。

Even if he is found guilty, he intends to appeal.

Grammar 'tatoe...te mo' (even if).

8

有罪と判断された理由は、指紋が一致したからだ。

The reason he was judged guilty was that the fingerprints matched.

Structure 'riyuu wa...kara da'.

1

一審の有罪判決が、控訴審で覆されることは稀である。

It is rare for a guilty verdict from the first trial to be overturned in the appellate court.

Passive verb 'kutsugaesareru' (to be overturned).

2

有罪の蓋然性が高いと判断され、勾留が延長された。

It was judged that there was a high probability of guilt, and the detention was extended.

Advanced noun 'gaizensei' (probability/likelihood).

3

被告人は、有罪を認めることで情状酌量を求めた。

The defendant sought leniency by admitting guilt.

Legal term 'joujou shakuryou' (extenuating circumstances).

4

冤罪によって有罪とされることは、司法における最大の悲劇だ。

Being found guilty due to a false accusation is the greatest tragedy in justice.

Legal term 'enzai' (false accusation/wrongful conviction).

5

有罪の立証責任は、常に検察側にある。

The burden of proof for guilt always lies with the prosecution.

Legal term 'risshou sekinin' (burden of proof).

6

その証言が決定打となり、被告の有罪が揺るぎないものとなった。

That testimony became the clincher, making the defendant's guilt indisputable.

Idiomatic 'yuruginai mono' (unshakeable thing).

7

有罪確定後の再審請求は、極めてハードルが高い。

Requesting a retrial after a guilty verdict is finalized is an extremely high hurdle.

Advanced noun 'saishin seikyuu' (request for retrial).

8

裁判長は、被告人の行為を「有罪に値する」と厳しく批判した。

The presiding judge harshly criticized the defendant's actions as 'deserving of guilt'.

Grammar 'ni atai suru' (to be worth/deserve).

1

形式的な有罪判決を下すに留まらず、裁判所は被告の更生についても言及した。

Beyond merely handing down a formal guilty verdict, the court also mentioned the defendant's rehabilitation.

Grammar 'ni todomarazu' (not limited to).

2

有罪の心証を強くした裁判官は、弁護側の主張をことごとく退けた。

The judge, having formed a strong conviction of guilt, rejected every single one of the defense's arguments.

Legal term 'shinshou' (judge's personal conviction/impression).

3

推定無罪の原則があるにもかかわらず、世論は彼を有罪と決めつけている。

Despite the principle of presumption of innocence, public opinion has already branded him as guilty.

Legal term 'suitei muzai' (presumption of innocence).

4

有罪の認定には、合理的疑いを超える証明が必要不可欠である。

For a finding of guilt, proof beyond a reasonable doubt is indispensable.

Grammar 'hitsuyu fukaketsu' (indispensable).

5

彼は自らの有罪を甘んじて受け入れ、社会への贖罪を誓った。

He resignedly accepted his guilt and vowed to make atonement to society.

Adverb 'amanjite' (resignedly/willingly).

6

その判例は、将来の有罪判決の基準を大きく変える可能性を秘めている。

That judicial precedent holds the potential to significantly change the criteria for future guilty verdicts.

Verb 'himeru' (to harbor/hide potential).

7

有罪とされた者の人権をいかに守るかは、法治国家の根幹に関わる問題だ。

How to protect the human rights of those found guilty is a matter that concerns the very foundation of a constitutional state.

Grammar 'konkan ni kakawaru' (relates to the core).

8

有罪の宣告が、被告人の家族にまで及ぼす社会的制裁は計り知れない。

The social sanctions that a guilty verdict imposes even on the defendant's family are immeasurable.

Grammar 'hakari shirenai' (immeasurable).

مترادف‌ها

罪がある ギルティ 有責 実刑 犯行

متضادها

無罪 無実

ترکیب‌های رایج

有罪判決 (guilty verdict)
有罪になる (to be found guilty)
有罪を認める (to admit guilt)
有罪を宣告する (to sentence as guilty)
有罪が確定する (guilt is finalized)
有罪の証拠 (evidence of guilt)
有罪率 (conviction rate)
有罪を主張する (to argue for guilt)
有罪の可能性 (possibility of guilt)
有罪の認定 (finding of guilt)

عبارات رایج

有罪か無罪か (guilty or innocent)
全員一致で有罪 (unanimously guilty)
逆転有罪 (reversal to guilty)
有罪を免れる (to escape a guilty verdict)
有罪を裏付ける (to support a finding of guilt)
有罪の疑い (suspicion of guilt)
有罪の申し立て (plea of guilty)
有罪の重み (the weight of guilt)
有罪の烙印 (the stigma of guilt)
有罪を確信する (to be certain of guilt)

اغلب اشتباه گرفته می‌شود با

有罪 vs 罪悪感 (zaiakukan - feeling of guilt)

有罪 vs 悪い (warui - general badness)

有罪 vs 犯罪 (hanzai - the crime itself)

اصطلاحات و عبارات

"黒に近い有罪 (almost certainly guilty)"
"有罪放免 (found guilty but released - rare)"
"罪を憎んで人を憎まず (hate the crime, not the person)"
"身に覚えのない有罪 (guilty of something one didn't do)"
"法の網にかかる (to be caught in the net of the law)"
"天網恢恢疎にして漏らさず (heaven's net is wide but lets nothing through)"
"罪滅ぼし (making up for one's sins)"
"自業自得 (getting what one deserves)"
"身から出た錆 (rust from one's own body - suffering for one's own sins)"
"火のない所に煙は立たぬ (no smoke without fire - implying guilt)"

به‌راحتی اشتباه گرفته می‌شود

有罪 vs 有責

Used for civil liability or responsibility, not criminal guilt.

有罪 vs 罪

The act of sin/crime, whereas 有罪 is the verdict.

有罪 vs 犯人

The person who did it; 有罪 is the status.

有罪 vs 容疑

Suspicion; 有罪 is the confirmed result.

有罪 vs 前科

Criminal record; the result of being found 有罪.

الگوهای جمله‌سازی

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نحوه استفاده

nuance

Extremely formal and heavy.

antonym usage

Always contrast with 無罪 (muzai).

colloquialism

Can be used jokingly among friends for minor 'crimes' like eating someone's snack.

اشتباهات رایج

نکات

The 'Yuu' Rule

Remember that 'Yuu' (有) means 'Yes, I have it.' So 'Yuuzai' means 'Yes, I have the crime.'

Verb Pairing

Always use 'naru' (become) for the result of a trial. 'Yuuzai ni naru' is the standard phrase.

Social Weight

Be careful using this word about real people; it is a very serious accusation in Japan.

The Antonym

Learn 'Muzai' at the same time. The 'Mu' (無) means 'nothing/none,' so 'no crime.'

News Watching

Watch for the kanji 有罪 on the screen during news reports about court cases.

Kanji Precision

Make sure the 'net' radical in 罪 (罒) is written correctly; it's often simplified in handwriting.

Accent

Keep your voice level. 'Yuuzai' doesn't have a sharp rise or fall in standard Japanese.

Legal vs. Moral

Use 'Yuuzai' for law, 'Tsumi' for morality, and 'Zaiakukan' for feelings.

JLPT Tip

This word often appears in N2 and N1 reading sections about social issues.

Color Slang

In detective shows, 'Kuro' (black) is often used as a synonym for 'Yuuzai'.

حفظ کنید

ریشه کلمه

Sino-Japanese (Kango)

بافت فرهنگی

News reports often use 'yuuzai' as a definitive label that ends a person's public career.

The concept of 'sekentei' (public eye) means 'yuuzai' is a stain on one's social honor.

Japan's 99.4% conviction rate makes 'yuuzai' a near-certainty once a case goes to trial.

تمرین در زندگی واقعی

موقعیت‌های واقعی

شروع‌کننده‌های مکالمه

"最近のあの事件、有罪になると思いますか？ (Do you think that recent case will result in a guilty verdict?)"

"日本の有罪率が99%以上だということを知っていますか？ (Did you know Japan's conviction rate is over 99%?)"

"ドラマで「有罪」という言葉をよく聞きますね。 (We hear the word 'yuuzai' a lot in dramas, don't we?)"

"有罪判決が出た後の社会復帰は難しいでしょうか？ (Is it difficult to reintegrate into society after a guilty verdict?)"

"もし無実なのに有罪になったら、どうしますか？ (What would you do if you were found guilty despite being innocent?)"

موضوعات نگارش

有罪と無罪の境界線について考えてください。 (Think about the boundary between guilty and innocent.)

もしあなたが裁判官なら、どんな証拠で有罪を決めますか？ (If you were a judge, what evidence would you use to decide guilt?)

「有罪」という言葉の社会的な重みについて書いてください。 (Write about the social weight of the word 'yuuzai'.)

最近読んだニュースで有罪になった事件はありますか？ (Is there a case in the news recently where someone was found guilty?)

罪悪感と有罪の違いについて、自分の経験を交えて書いてください。 (Write about the difference between feeling guilty and being legally guilty, using your own experiences.)

سوالات متداول

10 سوال

No, 'yuuzai' is a legal term. To say you feel guilty, use 'zaiakukan ga aru' (I have a feeling of guilt).

The opposite is 'muzai' (無罪), which means innocent or not guilty.

It is a noun that can function like a 'no-adjective' (e.g., yuuzai no hanketsu).

You say 'yuuzai ni naru' or 'yuuzai hanketsu o ukeru'.

Technically, it applies to any violation of the law that results in a guilty verdict, but it sounds very heavy.

It means 'conviction rate,' referring to the percentage of trials that end in a guilty verdict.

Usually, 'tsumi' is used for sins. 'Yuuzai' is specifically for the legal judgment of those sins/crimes.

The kanji 有 (yū) is very common (JLPT N5). 罪 (zai) is intermediate (JLPT N3), but essential for reading news.

Enzai is a 'false accusation' or 'wrongful conviction,' where someone is found 'yuuzai' despite being innocent.

You say 'yuuzai o mitomeru' (to admit guilt).

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محتوای مرتبط

واژه‌های بیشتر Law

告訴

A1

شکایت کیفری رسمی که توسط قربانی ثبت می‌شود. این شکایت خواستار مجازات مجرم است.

協定

A1

یک توافق یا قرار رسمی که بین دو یا چند طرف، اغلب در زمینه‌های سیاسی یا تجاری، حاصل شده است.

恩赦

A1

یک اقدام رسمی توسط دولت برای عفو افراد محکوم.

上訴

A1

عمل تجدیدنظرخواهی از حکم یک دادگاه پایین‌تر در یک دادگاه بالاتر. این یک اصطلاح کلی برای انواع مختلف اعتراضات قانونی است.

可決

A1

تصویب رسمی یک لایحه یا طرح توسط یک هیئت رای‌دهنده. مثال: 'طرح در مجلس تصویب شد.'

逮捕

A1

اقدام قانونی پلیس برای بازداشت کسی به دلیل سوءظن به ارتکاب جرم.

放火

A1

عمل آتش زدن عمدی یک ساختمان یا دارایی. در قانون ژاپن، این یک جرم جنایی بسیار جدی تلقی می شود.

暴行

A1

عمل خشونت فیزیکی یا حمله به یک شخص. در زمینه‌های قانونی و خبری استفاده می‌شود.

保釈

A1

قرار وثیقه به معنای آزادی موقت متهم تا زمان برگزاری دادگاه است. در زبان ژاپنی به آن '保釈' می‌گویند.

背任

A1

خیانت در امانت. عمل بر خلاف وظایف برای منافع شخصی.

مفید بود؟

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