C1 · پیشرفته فصل 58

General Truths: Impersonal Constructions

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Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of objective expression by removing the subject from your sentences.

  • Construct objective statements using the standard (သည်) particle.
  • Employ passive structures to report general truths without naming actors.
  • Utilize (လူတိုင်း) and (ကြသည်) to generalize actions across populations.
Speak with authority, think with clarity.

چی یاد می‌گیری

Understand how to form impersonal sentences that express general truths or actions without a specific subject. This chapter is useful for formal and academic contexts.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Formulate formal, subjectless sentences that sound natural to native Burmese speakers.

نکات و ترفندها (4)

🎯

The 'News Anchor' Test

If you can imagine a news anchor saying it with a serious face, use သည်. If it sounds like something you'd say while eating mohinga with a friend, use တယ်.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: General Statements with (သည်)
🎯

Verb Choice Matters

Use 'ယူဆ' (yu sa) for opinions and 'သတ်မှတ်' (that hmat) for official definitions.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Impersonal Passive Constructions for Generalities
🎯

Emphasize with repetition

Repeat the word twice (လူတိုင်း လူတိုင်း) to sound more poetic or emphatic in speeches.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Using (လူတိုင်း) for 'Everyone'
🎯

The 'Let's' Secret

Whenever you want to say 'Let's...', you MUST use 'kya'. 'Thwa zo' (Let's go) is wrong; it must be 'Thwa gya zo'.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: The Particle (ကြသည်) for Plural/General Subjects

واژگان کلیدی (5)

အမှန်တရား truth ယုံကြည်သည် to believe လူတိုင်း everyone သတ်မှတ်သည် to define/set ဆောင်ရွက်ကြသည် to carry out (plural)

Real-World Preview

graduation-cap

Academic Debate

Review Summary

  • [Fact] + သည်
  • [Object] + ကို + [Verb] + ကြသည်
  • လူတိုင်း + [Verb] + ကြသည်
  • [Subject] + [Verb] + ကြသည်

اشتباهات رایج

When using (လူတိုင်း), you must pluralize the verb with (ကြသည်။) because it refers to multiple people.

Wrong: လူတိုင်းက သွားသည်။
صحیح: လူတိုင်းက သွားကြသည်။

Avoid active voice when stating impersonal truths; use the passive construction.

Wrong: အမှန်တရား ပြောနေသည်။
صحیح: အမှန်တရားကို ပြောသည်ဟု သတ်မှတ်သည်။

Even with a specific pronoun like 'they', the plural particle (ကြသည်) is required for natural flow.

Wrong: သူတို့သည် စာဖတ်သည်။
صحیح: သူတို့သည် စာဖတ်ကြသည်။

Next Steps

You have reached a high level of proficiency. Keep practicing these structures to sound more professional every day!

Write an academic summary using impersonal constructions.

Continue to: Speaking Like a Native: Idiomatic Expressions and Proverbs

تمرین سریع (8)

Choose the correct formal ending for: 'The sun rises.'

နေသည် အရှေ့ဘက်မှ ထွက်____။

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: သည်
Since the sentence uses the formal subject marker 'သည်' after 'နေ', the sentence-final particle must also be the formal 'သည်'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: General Statements with (သည်)

Correct the sentence: 'It is said that he is a hero.'

Find and fix the mistake:

သူ့ကို သူရဲကောင်းဟု ပြောခြင်းခံရသည်။

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
The 'kya' marker is needed for the impersonal 'it is said'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Impersonal Passive Constructions for Generalities

Fill in the blank with the correct word for 'everyone'.

___ ထမင်းစားပြီးပြီ။

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: လူတိုင်း
Lu-taing is the correct word for 'everyone'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Using (လူတိုင်း) for 'Everyone'

Fill in the missing particles for 'It is believed that...'

ကမ္ဘာကြီး လုံးသည် ___ ယုံကြည် ___ သည် ။

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
'Hu' is the quotative and 'kya' is the plural marker for generalities.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Impersonal Passive Constructions for Generalities

Correct the mistake in the sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

လူတိုင်းတွေ လာကြတယ်။

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: လူတိုင်း လာကြတယ်။
Remove 'tway' as it is redundant.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Using (လူတိုင်း) for 'Everyone'

Correct the register clash in this sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

ငါသည် ကျောင်းသို့ သွားသည်။

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ကျွန်တော်သည် ကျောင်းသို့ သွားသည်။
'ငါ' is informal and cannot be used with the formal 'သည်'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: General Statements with (သည်)

Find the error in the negative sentence.

Find and fix the mistake:

မကြသွားဘူး။

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: မသွားကြဘူး
In negative forms, 'kya' must follow the verb root.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: The Particle (ကြသည်) for Plural/General Subjects

Add the plural marker 'kya' in the correct position.

သူတို့ စာဖတ်___တယ်။

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ကြ
The plural marker 'kya' follows the verb root 'phat' (read).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: The Particle (ကြသည်) for Plural/General Subjects

Score: /8

سوالات رایج (6)

Yes, if the speech is very formal, such as a graduation ceremony or a political address. In most other cases, stick to တယ်.
Yes, it is very common in poetry, though poets sometimes use even more archaic forms like ပေသည် or လေသည်.
Yes, but use လို့ (lo) instead of ဟု (hu) and တယ် (te) instead of သည် (thi) to sound natural.
In formal Burmese, omitting the word 'people' (လူတွေ) and just using the verb with ကြ sounds more professional and objective.
No, လူတိုင်း is only for people. Use အရာတိုင်း for objects.
In Burmese, it functions as a collective singular, but often takes plural verb markers like ကြ.
فصل قبلی
Complex Concessions: Advanced Adversative Clauses
فصل بعدی
Speaking Like a Native: Idiomatic Expressions and Proverbs
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