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A2 conjunction #300 le plus courant 9 min de lecture

إذن

idhan Top 300

Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces إذن en 30 secondes

Explication إذن in your Level:

At the A1 level, think of 'إذن' (idhan) as the word for 'so' when you are answering someone. If your friend says, 'I have a ball,' you can say, 'إذن، لنلعب!' (So, let's play!). It is a simple way to connect two ideas. You use it at the start of your sentence to show that your idea comes from what was just said. It's like a logical 'jump' from one thought to the next. Don't worry about complex grammar yet; just use it to mean 'in that case.'

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At the A2 level, 'إذن' is used to show a clear result. You are now building slightly longer sentences. You might say, 'The weather is beautiful, so (إذن) we will go to the park.' It helps you sound more organized in your speaking. It is very common in dialogues. When you hear someone give you information, you use 'إذن' to show you understood and have a conclusion. It's a step up from just saying 'and' (wa) or 'but' (lakin).

At the B1 level, you should start using 'إذن' to structure your arguments. It is no longer just for simple responses; it's for 'therefore.' In a short paragraph about why you like a certain city, you might use it to conclude your points. You should also be aware that it is a formal word. In a letter or a presentation, 'إذن' makes your logic clear. You are beginning to see how it functions as a 'particle of response' (harf jawab).

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At the B2 level, you must understand the logical necessity 'إذن' implies. It is used in more complex social and professional contexts. You might use it to summarize a meeting: 'We have no budget, so (إذن) we must cancel the project.' You should also distinguish it from 'لذلك' (lidhalika). While 'لذلك' explains the reason, 'إذن' emphasizes the conclusion or the next step. Your use of the word should feel natural in debates and written essays.

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At the C1 level, you are expected to master the grammatical nuances of 'إذن'. This includes the 'Nasb' (subjunctive) rule. If 'إذن' starts a sentence and refers to a future action with no words between it and the verb, the verb takes a fatha (e.g., إذن أصدقَك - Then I shall believe you). You should also be able to use it in academic writing to link complex hypotheses to their conclusions, showing a high level of rhetorical control.

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At the C2 level, 'إذن' is a tool for stylistic precision. You understand its historical roots and the debate between writing it with 'Noon' vs. 'Tanween.' You can use it in legal, philosophical, and highly formal oratorical contexts. You recognize its use in classical poetry and the Quran, where it carries a weight of inevitability. Your usage is indistinguishable from a highly educated native speaker, employing it to create sophisticated logical structures and rhythmic prose.

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Entraîne-toi Exemples Notes et astuces

إذن en 30 secondes

A logical connector meaning 'so' or 'therefore'.
Used to show a result based on previous information.
Commonly starts a sentence in a dialogue or response.
Can affect the grammar of the following verb in formal Arabic.

The Arabic word إذن (pronounced 'idhan') is a foundational logical connector in the Arabic language, primarily functioning as a conjunction or a particle of response and reward. In its simplest English translation, it equates to 'so,' 'therefore,' 'consequently,' or 'in that case.' However, its linguistic weight in Arabic is much more significant than a mere transition; it signals a definitive conclusion drawn from preceding information. When a speaker uses idhan, they are essentially saying, 'Based on what has just been established, the following must be true or will happen.'

The Logical Bridge: It acts as a bridge between a premise and a result. If someone says they are tired, you might respond with 'إذن، يجب أن ترتاح' (So, you must rest). The 'so' here is the reward or the logical outcome of the stated tiredness.
Syntactic Function: In classical grammar, it is known as 'حرف جواب وجزاء' (a particle of response and recompense). It is unique because, under specific conditions, it can even change the grammatical case of the following verb to the subjunctive (nasb).

سأدرس بجد. إذن ستنجح في الامتحان.

Translation: I will study hard. So (in that case), you will succeed in the exam.

Historically, there has been a debate among Arabic grammarians regarding its spelling—whether it should be written with a 'Noon' (إذن) or with an 'Alif' and Tanween (إذًا). While both are seen in classical texts, modern standard Arabic (MSA) predominantly uses the 'Noon' version in almost all formal contexts. This word is indispensable in academic writing, legal documents, and daily conversation when one wants to show that their next statement is a direct consequence of the previous one. It provides a sense of closure and logical flow that helps the listener follow the speaker's train of thought without ambiguity.

Furthermore, إذن is often used in mathematical and scientific proofs. When a mathematician reaches the final step of a proof, they will start the concluding sentence with this word to signify that the proof is complete. In the Quran and classical poetry, it is used to emphasize the inevitability of a consequence, often following a conditional 'if' statement or a clear observation of reality. Its versatility allows it to appear at the beginning of a sentence or slightly nested, though its primary power is felt when it initiates the 'result' clause of a conversation.

Using إذن correctly requires an understanding of its position and the relationship between the two ideas it connects. It is not just a filler word; it is a functional tool for argumentation. Most commonly, it appears at the very start of a sentence that responds to a previous statement. For example, if a friend says, 'The restaurant is closed,' you would respond, 'إذن، لنذهب إلى مكان آخر' (So, let's go to another place). Notice how the word sets the stage for the decision-making process.

Condition 1: Direct Response: The most frequent use is in a dialogue where Speaker B concludes something from Speaker A's premise. 'I am not coming.' -> 'إذن، سأذهب وحدي' (So, I will go alone).
Condition 2: Formal Deduction: In writing, it links two independent clauses where the second is a result of the first. 'The sun has set; therefore, it is time for prayer.'

أنت لا تحب القهوة، إذن سأحضر لك شاياً.

Translation: You don't like coffee, so I will bring you tea.

Grammatically, idhan is fascinating because of its potential effect on the present tense verb (al-fi'l al-mudari'). For the verb to become mansub (ending in a fatha), three conditions must be met: 1. It must be at the start of the sentence. 2. The verb must refer to the future. 3. There must be no separation between idhan and the verb (except for a few exceptions like an oath). For example: 'إذن أكرمَك' (Then I shall honor you). If these conditions aren't met, the verb remains in its default marfu' state (ending in a damma).

When writing, it is often followed by a comma in Modern Standard Arabic to separate the conjunction from the main clause, though this is a modern stylistic choice influenced by Western punctuation. In classical Arabic, the flow was continuous. You will also find it used in 'if-then' logical structures, even if the word 'if' (in/idha) isn't explicitly stated. It implies a conditional reality that has been satisfied. For instance, 'You have the key? So (إذن) open the door.'

While إذن is a staple of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), its presence in daily life varies by region and formality. You will hear it most frequently in news broadcasts, documentaries, and formal debates. When a news anchor summarizes a political situation, they might say, 'إذن، الأزمة مستمرة' (So, the crisis continues). It provides a authoritative tone that suggests the conclusion is based on facts.

In the Classroom: Teachers use it constantly to transition from an explanation to a conclusion. 'The square root of nine is three, so (إذن) the answer is...'
In Courtrooms and Law: Lawyers use it to build their case. 'The witness was not there; therefore (إذن), the testimony is invalid.'

هل انتهيت من العمل؟ إذن هيا بنا نخرج.

Translation: Are you finished with work? So, let's go out.

In colloquial dialects (Ammiya), idhan is sometimes replaced by regional variations. In the Levant, you might hear 'لَكان' (lakan) or 'إي' (ee) in a conclusive sense. In Egypt, 'بقى' (ba'a) often serves a similar logical function at the end of a sentence. However, even in dialect, educated speakers will switch to idhan when they want to sound more serious or when they are discussing a topic of intellectual depth. It is a 'prestige' word that signals logical clarity.

In literature, idhan is used to pace the narrative. It allows the author to show a character's internal realization. A character might discover a clue and think, 'إذن، هو القاتل' (So, he is the killer). This usage highlights the 'Aha!' moment. Whether in a high-stakes legal battle or a simple classroom setting, the word functions as a linguistic anchor, grounding the conversation in cause and effect.

Learning to use إذن involves navigating a few common pitfalls, ranging from spelling errors to grammatical misapplications. Because Arabic has several words that sound similar or have related meanings, students often confuse them, leading to sentences that sound 'off' to a native speaker.

Confusing with 'Idha' (إذا): 'Idha' means 'if' or 'when.' Students often mix up the 'n' sound at the end. Remember: 'Idha' sets a condition, while 'Idhan' provides the result.
Confusing with 'Idhn' (إذن): This is the most common spelling mistake. 'Idhn' (with a sukun on the dhal) means 'permission.' While they look identical in unvocalized text, the context usually makes it clear. 'أخذتُ إذناً' (I took permission) vs 'إذن، سأذهب' (So, I will go).

Incorrect: إذا سأذهب (If I will go - when meaning 'So')
Correct: إذن سأذهب (So I will go)

Mistaking 'If' for 'So' is a frequent error for beginners.

Another mistake is the placement of the word. While in English 'therefore' can often be placed in the middle of a sentence (e.g., 'I, therefore, decided...'), in Arabic, idhan almost always wants to be at the beginning of the clause it introduces. Placing it at the very end of a sentence is very rare and usually grammatically incorrect in MSA, unlike the English 'so' which can sometimes trail off.

Lastly, students often forget the 'Nasb' rule mentioned earlier. If you are aiming for C1 or C2 level proficiency, you must remember that if idhan is followed immediately by a future-oriented present tense verb, that verb should end in a 'fatha'. Forgetting this doesn't make you unintelligible, but it does mark you as a learner rather than a master of the language. Always check: Is it the start of the sentence? Is it future? Is there no gap? If yes, use the fatha!

While إذن is a powerful word, using it repeatedly can make your writing feel repetitive. Arabic is a rich language with many ways to express causality and logical progression. Depending on the context—whether it's scientific, conversational, or literary—you might choose a different 'logical connector.'

لذلك (Lidhalika): Meaning 'for that reason' or 'therefore.' This is the most common alternative. It is slightly more 'grounded' than 'idhan' and is used to link two sentences within the same paragraph very smoothly.
وبالتالي (Wa bittali): Meaning 'consequently' or 'and thus.' This is very common in academic and scientific writing to show a sequence of events or logical steps.
بناءً عليه (Bina'an 'alayhi): Meaning 'based upon which' or 'accordingly.' This is a formal, often legalistic way to say 'therefore.'

Comparison:
1. إذن، سنخرج (So, we will go out) - Response.
2. لذلك، سنخرج (Therefore, we will go out) - Reason-based.
3. وبالتالي، سنخرج (Consequently, we will go out) - Sequence-based.

Another alternative is the prefix 'فـ' (fa-), which can mean 'so' or 'and then.' It is much shorter and is attached directly to the following word. For example, 'فَسأذهب' (So I will go). While 'idhan' is an independent word that provides a pause for emphasis, 'fa-' is a quick connector that keeps the pace of the sentence moving fast. Use 'idhan' when you want the listener to stop and realize the conclusion you've reached.

In very formal or classical contexts, you might also encounter 'من ثَمَّ' (min thamma), which means 'hence' or 'from there.' It is more sophisticated and often used in philosophical texts. Understanding these nuances allows you to paint a more precise picture with your words. Instead of just saying 'so' every time, you can indicate whether the 'so' is a sudden realization, a logical necessity, or a formal consequence of a legal ruling.

How Formal Is It?

Le savais-tu ?

There is a centuries-old debate among Arabic linguists (like the schools of Basra and Kufa) on whether to write it with a Noon or an Alif-Tanween. The Noon won in modern times!

Guide de prononciation

UK /ˈɪð.æn/

US /ˈɪð.æn/

The stress is on the first syllable: ID-han.

Rime avec

إذن (idhan) شجن (shajan) وطن (watan) زمن (zaman) ثمن (thaman) علن (alan) لبن (laban) سكن (sakan)

Erreurs fréquentes

Pronouncing the 'dh' as a 'z' (izan) - common in some dialects but incorrect in MSA.
Pronouncing the 'dh' as a 'd' (idan) - incorrect.
Making the 'i' sound too long like 'ee' (eedhan).
Dropping the 'n' sound at the end.
Confusing the 'dh' (ذ) with 'd' (د).

Niveau de difficulté

Lecture 2/5

Easy to recognize, but can be confused with 'permission'.

Écriture 3/5

Requires knowing when to use Noon vs Tanween.

Expression orale 2/5

Very useful and easy to insert into conversation.

Écoute 2/5

Clear pronunciation, though sometimes fast.

Quoi apprendre ensuite

Prérequis

إذا (if) لأن (because) و (and) فـ (so) لكن (but)

Apprends ensuite

لذلك (therefore) وبالتالي (consequently) بناءً عليه (accordingly) حيث (where/since) بما أن (since)

Avancé

إذ (since) ألا (except) حتى (until) كي (so that) لعل (perhaps)

Grammaire à connaître

Subjunctive after Idhan

إذن أكرمَك (Then I shall honor you) - Verb ends in fatha.

Spelling: Noon vs Tanween

إذن (Modern) vs إذًا (Classical).

Positioning

Must be at the start of the response clause.

Separation by Oath

إذن واللهِ ننجحَ (Then by God we shall succeed).

Future Intent

The verb must refer to future time for nasb to occur.

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Exemples par niveau

أنا جائع. إذن، كُلْ.

I am hungry. So, eat.

Simple response usage.

السماء تمطر. إذن، سأبقى هنا.

It is raining. So, I will stay here.

Connecting a fact to a decision.

أنت تعبان. إذن، نَمْ.

You are tired. So, sleep.

Imperative after idhan.

هذا كتابي. إذن، أعطني إياه.

This is my book. So, give it to me.

Request based on ownership.

الدرس انتهى. إذن، مع السلامة.

The lesson is over. So, goodbye.

Closing a situation.

أنا أحب التفاح. إذن، خذ هذه التفاحة.

I like apples. So, take this apple.

Generosity as a result.

البيت قريب. إذن، سنمشي.

The house is near. So, we will walk.

Future tense result.

أنت صديقي. إذن، سأساعدك.

You are my friend. So, I will help you.

Commitment based on relationship.

السيارة معطلة، إذن سنأخذ الحافلة.

The car is broken, so we will take the bus.

Solving a problem.

لا يوجد خبز، إذن اذهب إلى المخبز.

There is no bread, so go to the bakery.

Instruction based on need.

أنت ذكي، إذن ستفهم الدرس بسرعة.

You are smart, so you will understand the lesson quickly.

Prediction based on a trait.

المحل مغلق، إذن سنعود غداً.

The shop is closed, so we will return tomorrow.

Planning for the future.

أنا لا أشرب القهوة، إذن سأطلب الشاي.

I don't drink coffee, so I will order tea.

Preference-based result.

الامتحان سهل، إذن الجميع سينجح.

The exam is easy, so everyone will pass.

General conclusion.

أنت هنا، إذن يمكننا البدء.

You are here, so we can start.

Enabling an action.

الوقت متأخر، إذن يجب أن نذهب.

It is late, so we must go.

Necessity based on time.

لقد عملت بجد طوال الأسبوع، إذن أنت تستحق مكافأة.

You worked hard all week, so you deserve a reward.

Deserved outcome.

إذا كانت النتائج إيجابية، إذن سنبدأ المرحلة الثانية.

If the results are positive, then we will start the second phase.

Conditional result.

لم يحضر المدير، إذن سأقوم بإدارة الاجتماع.

The manager didn't show up, so I will manage the meeting.

Assumption of responsibility.

الميزانية محدودة، إذن علينا تقليل المصاريف.

The budget is limited, so we must reduce expenses.

Financial deduction.

أنت لا تملك تذكرة، إذن لا يمكنك الدخول.

You don't have a ticket, so you cannot enter.

Negative consequence.

لقد قرأت الكتاب، إذن يمكنك مناقشته معنا.

You have read the book, so you can discuss it with us.

Capability based on past action.

الطريق مزدحم جداً، إذن سنتأخر عن الموعد.

The road is very crowded, so we will be late for the appointment.

Inevitable delay.

لقد وافقت على الشروط، إذن وقع هنا.

You agreed to the terms, so sign here.

Formal instruction.

لم يقدموا أي دليل، إذن المتهم بريء حتى الآن.

They provided no evidence, so the accused is innocent for now.

Legal deduction.

البيانات تشير إلى انخفاض المبيعات، إذن نحتاج لاستراتيجية جديدة.

The data indicates a drop in sales, so we need a new strategy.

Business analysis.

أنت ترفض التعاون، إذن سأضطر لاتخاذ إجراءات قانونية.

You refuse to cooperate, so I will have to take legal action.

Warning of consequence.

لقد نفدت جميع الخيارات، إذن ليس أمامنا إلا الصبر.

All options have run out, so we have nothing but patience.

Philosophical conclusion.

بما أنك اعترفت بخطئك، إذن سنحاول إصلاح الأمر.

Since you admitted your mistake, so we will try to fix the matter.

Mitigating action.

التكنولوجيا تتطور بسرعة، إذن يجب علينا مواكبتها.

Technology evolves fast, so we must keep up with it.

Societal necessity.

لقد أثبتت التجربة فشلها، إذن لنكررها بطريقة مختلفة.

The experiment proved its failure, so let's repeat it differently.

Scientific methodology.

أنت لم تلتزم بالوعد، إذن فقدت ثقتي بك.

You didn't keep the promise, so you lost my trust.

Emotional consequence.

إذن أُكرمَك إن زرتني غداً.

Then I shall honor you if you visit me tomorrow.

Subjunctive (nasb) usage.

الفلسفة تبحث في الوجود، إذن فهي جوهر الفكر البشري.

Philosophy searches into existence, so it is the essence of human thought.

Abstract logical link.

لقد استوفى البحث كافة الشروط، إذن يُقبل للنشر.

The research met all conditions, so it is accepted for publication.

Formal administrative result.

إذن واللهِ ننجحَ في مسعانا.

Then, by God, we shall succeed in our endeavor.

Nasb with an oath separator.

العدالة أساس الملك، إذن غيابها يؤدي إلى الفوضى.

Justice is the foundation of rule, so its absence leads to chaos.

Political theory.

لقد تغيرت المعطيات السياسية، إذن لا بد من إعادة قراءة المشهد.

The political data has changed, so the scene must be re-read.

Complex analytical transition.

إذن لا يضيعَ حق وراءه مطالب.

Then no right shall be lost as long as there is a seeker.

Rhetorical nasb.

بما أن الفرضية خاطئة، إذن الاستنتاج بالضرورة باطل.

Since the hypothesis is false, so the conclusion is necessarily void.

Formal logic.

إذن لَعَمْرِي لَيُحَقَّقَنَّ النصرُ المبين.

Then, by my life, the clear victory shall surely be achieved.

Classical rhetorical emphasis.

تضافرت الجهود الدولية، إذن فالحل الدبلوماسي بات وشيكاً.

International efforts combined, so the diplomatic solution has become imminent.

High-level diplomatic prose.

إذن نبلغَ المجدَ بفضلِ كفاحنا.

Then we shall reach glory thanks to our struggle.

Poetic subjunctive.

إن كان هذا هو المنطق، إذن فعلى الدنيا السلام.

If this is the logic, then peace be upon the world (sarcastic).

Idiomatic rhetorical use.

إذن واللهِ لا نخذلَ من استنجد بنا.

Then, by God, we shall not fail whoever sought our help.

Subjunctive with negative and oath.

لقد تجلى الحق وزهق الباطل، إذن فقد استقام الأمر.

The truth has manifested and falsehood has vanished, so the matter has been rectified.

Classical literary style.

إذن يسودَ الوئامُ بين الشعوب.

Then harmony shall prevail among peoples.

Aspirational subjunctive.

بما أن العقد شريعة المتعاقدين، إذن فالالتزام به واجب شرعي.

Since the contract is the law of the contractors, so adhering to it is a legal duty.

Jurisprudential logic.

Collocations courantes

إذن، ما العمل؟

إذن، اتفقنا.

إذن، هيا بنا.

إذن، لا بأس.

إذن، ماذا بعد؟

إذن، هذا صحيح.

إذن، أنت موافق؟

إذن، لنبدأ.

إذن، الأمر واضح.

إذن، نلتقي غداً.

Phrases Courantes

إذن فليكن

— So be it. Used to express acceptance of a situation.

إذا كان هذا قرارك، إذن فليكن.

إذن وأين المشكلة؟

— So, where is the problem? Used to challenge a complaint.

إذن وأين المشكلة في ذلك؟

إذن نحن على حق

— So we are right. Used to confirm a position.

إذن نحن على حق في شكوكنا.

إذن هي الحرب

— So it is war. A dramatic phrase for conflict.

إذن هي الحرب إن لم تتراجعوا.

إذن لا مفر

— So there is no escape. Used for inevitable situations.

إذن لا مفر من مواجهة الحقيقة.

إذن ماذا تنتظر؟

— So what are you waiting for? Used to encourage action.

إذن ماذا تنتظر؟ اذهب الآن.

إذن الأمر كذلك

— So that's how it is. Used for realization.

إذن الأمر كذلك، كنت أعرف!

إذن فلتتفضل

— So please, go ahead. A polite invitation.

إذن فلتتفضل بالدخول.

إذن هذا كل شيء

— So that is everything. Used to conclude.

إذن هذا كل شيء لليوم.

إذن على بركة الله

— So, with God's blessing. Used to start something.

إذن على بركة الله نبدأ المشروع.

Souvent confondu avec

إذن vs إذا

Means 'if' or 'when'. Sets a condition, whereas 'idhan' gives the result.

إذن vs إذن

Means 'permission'. Spelled the same but pronounced differently (idhn).

إذن vs إذ

Means 'since' or 'as'. Used to give a reason, not a result.

Expressions idiomatiques

"إذن طاب اللقاء"

— So the meeting was pleasant. Used at the end of a good visit.

إذن طاب اللقاء بكم يا أصدقاء.

Formal

"إذن فالخيرة فيما اختاره الله"

— So the best is what God has chosen. Used for consolation.

لم تنجح الخطة، إذن فالخيرة فيما اختاره الله.

Religious/Neutral

"إذن انقطع حبل الوصل"

— So the connection has been severed. Used for broken relationships.

إذن انقطع حبل الوصل بيننا.

Literary

"إذن حصحص الحق"

— So the truth has become manifest. Used when a secret is revealed.

إذن حصحص الحق وظهر السارق.

Classical

"إذن رفعت الأقلام"

— So the pens have been lifted. Meaning the matter is settled and unchangeable.

صدر القرار، إذن رفعت الأقلام.

Formal/Religious

"إذن لا حياة لمن تنادي"

— So there is no life in whom you call. Used when someone is ignored.

نصحته كثيراً ولكن إذن لا حياة لمن تنادي.

Informal

"إذن بلغ السيل الزبى"

— So the flood has reached the hills. Meaning things have gone too far.

إذن بلغ السيل الزبى ولا يمكن السكوت.

Literary

"إذن وضعت الحرب أوزارها"

— So the war has laid down its burdens. Meaning the conflict is over.

إذن وضعت الحرب أوزارها وعاد السلام.

Classical

"إذن هي القاضية"

— So it is the final blow. Used for a decisive end.

خسرنا كل شيء، إذن هي القاضية.

Neutral

"إذن لكل حادث حديث"

— So for every event there is a discussion. Meaning we will deal with it when it happens.

لا تقلق الآن، إذن لكل حادث حديث.

Informal

Facile à confondre

إذن vs إذن (Idhn)

Identical spelling in unvocalized text.

Idhan is a conjunction (so); Idhn is a noun (permission).

أخذتُ إذناً (I took permission) vs إذن سأذهب (So I will go).

إذن vs إذا (Idha)

Similar sound.

Idha is conditional (if); Idhan is conclusive (therefore).

إذا جاء نصر الله (If/When God's help comes).

إذن vs إذ (Idh)

Similar sound.

Idh is often used for 'since' or 'when' in the past.

إذ قال يوسف (When Joseph said).

إذن vs أذن (Adhun)

Similar spelling.

Adhun means 'ear'.

لي أذنان (I have two ears).

إذن vs أذن (Adhana)

Similar spelling.

Adhana is a verb meaning 'to permit' or 'to call to prayer'.

أذن المؤذن (The caller called to prayer).

Structures de phrases

إذن، [Imperative]

إذن، اذهب.

[Fact]، إذن [Future Verb]

أنا هنا، إذن سأساعدك.

بما أن [Fact]، إذن [Result]

بما أنك تعبت، إذن ارتح.

إذن، لا بد من [Noun]

إذن، لا بد من التغيير.

إذن [Subjunctive Verb]

إذن ننتصرَ.

إذن والله [Subjunctive Verb]

إذن والله نفلحَ.

إذن لـ [Verb]

إذن لَيصدقَنَّ الوعد.

إن كان... إذن فـ...

إن كان هذا حقاً، إذن فالموت أولى.

Famille de mots

Noms

إذن (permission - same spelling, different root)

آذان (ears)

أذان (call to prayer)

Verbes

أذن (to permit)

تأذن (to announce)

Apparenté

إذا (if)

إذ (since/when)

لذلك (therefore)

حينئذ (at that time)

عندئذ (then/at that time)

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Comment l'utiliser

frequency

Extremely high in formal Arabic; moderate in daily speech.

Erreurs courantes

Writing 'إذًا' in a business email. → إذن
While both are correct, 'إذن' is the standard for modern professional writing.
Using 'إذا' to mean 'therefore'. → إذن
'إذا' means 'if'. You cannot use it to conclude a statement.
Putting 'إذن' at the very end of a sentence. → At the beginning.
In Arabic, logical connectors usually precede the clause they modify.
Using a damma on the verb in 'إذن أراكَ'. → إذن أراكَ (fatha).
Because it meets the conditions for nasb (start of sentence, future, no separator).
Confusing 'إذن' (so) with 'أذن' (ear). → Contextual reading.
Check if the word is a noun (ear) or a conjunction (so).

Astuces

The Nasb Rule

If you want to sound like an expert, use the fatha on the verb after 'إذن' when it starts the sentence. Example: 'إذن أساعدَك'.

Avoid Repetition

Don't use 'إذن' in every sentence. Mix it up with 'لذلك' and 'وبالتالي' to keep your writing interesting.

The Pause

When speaking, pause for a split second after 'إذن' to let the listener prepare for your conclusion.

News Keywords

In news, 'إذن' often precedes the 'bottom line' of the story. Listen for it to understand the summary.

Comma Usage

In modern writing, it's helpful to put a comma after 'إذن' if it's followed by a full sentence.

Related Particles

Learn 'حينئذ' (at that time) which combines 'hina' and 'idhan' into one useful word.

Deduction

Use 'إذن' when you have 100% certainty about the result. It's stronger than 'maybe'.

Regional Shifts

In Egypt, listen for 'ba'a' (بقى) at the end of sentences; it often does the job of 'إذن'.

Classical Texts

When reading old poetry, remember that 'إذًا' is the same as 'إذن'.

The Result Word

Just remember: Cause -> إذن -> Effect.

Mémorise-le

Moyen mnémotechnique

Think of 'ID-HAN'. 'ID' like 'Identity' and 'HAN' like 'Hand'. If you know the Identity, then (idhan) you can shake the Hand.

Association visuelle

Imagine a bridge connecting two islands. One island is 'The Fact' and the other is 'The Result'. The bridge is labeled 'إذن'.

Word Web

Conclusion So Therefore Result Logic Response Reward Conjunction

Défi

Try to use 'إذن' in three different responses today when someone tells you a fact.

Origine du mot

Derived from the Proto-Semitic roots for logical particles. In Arabic, it is a non-derivative particle (harf).

Sens originel : Always functioned as a response particle indicating result or reward.

Semitic -> Afroasiatic.

Contexte culturel

No specific sensitivities; it is a neutral logical particle.

It is equivalent to 'therefore' in formal English and 'so' in casual English.

Used frequently in the Quran to show the consequences of actions. Common in the 'Muqaddimah' of Ibn Khaldun. Found in classical logic treatises.

Pratique dans la vie réelle

Contextes réels

Logical Deduction

إذن، هذا يعني...
إذن، النتيجة هي...
إذن، أنت مخطئ.
إذن، نحن متفقون.

Planning

إذن، سنلتقي غداً.
إذن، سأحضر الحقائب.
إذن، لنبدأ العمل.
إذن، هذا هو المخطط.

Conflict/Argument

إذن، ماذا تريد؟
إذن، لا فائدة من الكلام.
إذن، أنت ترفض؟
إذن، انتهى الأمر.

Education

إذن، الجواب هو...
إذن، فهمتم الدرس؟
إذن، ننتقل للفقرة التالية.
إذن، هذا هو القانون.

Socializing

إذن، نراك قريباً.
إذن، تفضل بالجلوس.
إذن، كيف حالك؟
إذن، أخبرني المزيد.

Amorces de conversation

"إذن، هل سمعت الأخبار الجديدة اليوم؟ (So, did you hear the new news today?)"

"إذن، ما هو رأيك في هذا الفيلم؟ (So, what is your opinion on this movie?)"

"إذن، متى ستبدأ رحلتك القادمة؟ (So, when will your next trip start?)"

"إذن، هل أنت مستعد للاجتماع الآن؟ (So, are you ready for the meeting now?)"

"إذن، كيف كانت عطلتك في الجبال؟ (So, how was your vacation in the mountains?)"

Sujets d'écriture

اكتب عن قرار اتخذته وقل: 'إذن، قررت أن...' (Write about a decision you made and say: 'So, I decided to...')

فكر في مشكلة وحلها باستخدام 'إذن'. (Think of a problem and solve it using 'idhan'.)

ماذا لو فزت باليانصيب؟ ابدأ جملك بـ 'إذن'. (What if you won the lottery? Start your sentences with 'idhan'.)

صف يوماً ممطراً وكيف تغيرت خططك: 'إذن، بقينا في البيت'. (Describe a rainy day and how your plans changed.)

اكتب حواراً بين شخصين يستخدمان 'إذن' بكثرة. (Write a dialogue between two people using 'idhan' frequently.)

Questions fréquentes

10 questions

Yes, they are the same word. 'إذن' is the modern spelling used in books and newspapers. 'إذًا' is the classical spelling often found in the Quran and old poetry. Both mean 'so' or 'therefore'.

It takes a fatha (subjunctive) if three conditions are met: 1. It is at the start of the sentence. 2. It refers to the future. 3. No words separate it from the verb (except an oath or 'la').

In Modern Standard Arabic, no. It should be at the beginning of the clause it introduces. In some dialects, similar words might appear later, but for MSA, keep it at the start.

Yes, it is considered a formal or semi-formal word. In very casual dialect, people use other words, but 'إذن' is perfectly fine in any educated conversation.

'لذلك' (lidhalika) focuses on the reason (because of that), while 'إذن' (idhan) focuses on the response or the logical conclusion (in that case).

Look at the context. If it's followed by a verb or starts a response, it's 'so'. If it's preceded by a verb like 'asked' or 'took', it's 'permission'.

Yes. For example: 'إذن، الخطة جاهزة' (So, the plan is ready). It doesn't always have to be followed by a verb.

Yes, but it is almost always written as 'إذًا' in the Mushaf. It appears in many verses to show logical consequences.

No, it is a particle (harf) and remains the same regardless of the number or gender of the subject.

Yes, you can add the 'fa' prefix for extra connection, meaning 'And so...' or 'Therefore...'

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