C1 · Avancé Chapitre 10

Complex Sentence Architecture

5 Règles totales
52 exemples
7 min
Règles dans ce chapitre Pratique rapide

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the architecture of sophisticated Hindi thought through elegant relative structures and seamless narrative flow.

  • Construct multi-layered relative clauses using the 'Jo... Vo' framework.
  • Eliminate redundancy using advanced pronoun chains and the reflexive 'apna'.
  • Report complex dialogues and thoughts with native-level precision.
Build bridges between thoughts, not just words.

Ce que tu vas apprendre

Ready to truly master Hindi? This chapter is your gateway to building sophisticated, nuanced sentences that will make you sound incredibly natural and articulate, truly showcasing your C1 proficiency. We'll start by demystifying 'Jo... Vo' relative clauses, learning how this powerful pairing (the 'J-word' introduces, the 'V-word' connects) helps you effortlessly link ideas like 'the one who... that one'. Then, we'll dive into Hindi Pronoun Chains, a crucial technique to avoid repetition and ensure your complex thoughts flow seamlessly. Imagine narrating a complex story to a group of Hindi speakers, smoothly weaving in details about who did what, and why; this technique will make your narrative much more engaging. Get ready for the exciting challenge of Nested Relative Clauses – describing intricate relationships like 'the person who saw the thing that was broken.' This is the peak of precision in describing complex connections between people and objects. You'll also master 'Relative-Correlative' pairs like 'Jo... Vo' and 'Jab... Tab', turning choppy statements into elegant, interconnected narratives. For example, you’ll easily be able to say, “When this happened, that occurred.” Finally, we'll tackle Reported Speech, showing you how to accurately convey what someone said, adjusting pronouns and time references with native-like precision. Picture yourself recounting a Hindi movie to a friend, wanting to quote exactly what one character said about another. By the end, you won't just understand complex Hindi sentences; you'll effortlessly construct them. You'll grasp the subtleties that separate advanced speakers, express intricate ideas with complete fluency, and elevate your comprehension of sophisticated texts and conversations. Are you ready for this significant leap?

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to identify and use 'Jo... Vo' pairs to describe specific subjects with high precision.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to nest multiple relative clauses to describe complex interactions between three or more entities.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to transform direct speech into indirect speech while correctly shifting time and reflexive pronouns.

Guide du chapitre

Overview

Ready to truly master Hindi? This chapter is your gateway to building sophisticated, nuanced sentences that will make you sound incredibly natural and articulate, truly showcasing your C1 Hindi proficiency. Moving beyond basic sentence structures, we'll delve into the intricate world of complex Hindi sentences, equipping you with the tools to express elaborate thoughts and connect ideas seamlessly.
This is where your Hindi grammar C1 journey takes a significant leap, transforming your communication from functional to truly fluent.
This chapter is designed to unlock advanced expression. We'll start by demystifying 'Jo... Vo' relative clauses, a powerful pairing that helps you effortlessly link ideas like 'the one who...
that one'. You'll then master Hindi Pronoun Chains, a crucial technique to avoid repetition and ensure your complex thoughts flow seamlessly, making your narratives engaging and clear.
Prepare for the exciting challenge of Nested Relative Clauses, allowing you to describe intricate relationships like 'the person who saw the thing that was broken.' This is the peak of precision in describing complex connections between people and objects. You'll also learn to use Relative-Correlative pairs like 'Jab... Tab' as Hindi sentence glue, turning choppy statements into elegant, interconnected narratives.
Finally, we'll tackle Hindi Reported Speech, showing you how to accurately convey what someone said, adjusting pronouns and time references with native-like precision. By the end, you won't just understand complex Hindi sentences; you'll effortlessly construct them, expressing intricate ideas with complete fluency and elevating your comprehension of sophisticated texts and conversations.

How This Grammar Works

This chapter focuses on the advanced mechanics of binding and extending Hindi sentences, crucial for C1 Hindi proficiency. We begin with Relative Clauses: Using 'Jo... Vo'.
This correlative pair is fundamental for connecting a dependent clause to a main clause. The 'J-word' (जो - jo, which/who) introduces the relative clause, and the 'V-word' (वो/वह - vo/vah, that/he/she/it) acts as its correlative in the main clause. For example: जो किताब मैंने पढ़ी, वो बहुत अच्छी थी। (Jo kitaab maine paṛhī, vo bahut acchī thī.
– The book that I read, that one was very good.) This structure is essential for clear, concise expression.
Next, we explore Hindi Pronoun Chains: Connecting Complex Thoughts. This technique involves using pronouns like अपना (apnā - one's own), उसका (uskā - his/her/its), or जिसका (jiskā - whose) to maintain subject consistency and avoid repetition across clauses. For example, instead of repeating a noun, you can say: जो लड़का आया था, उसने अपना काम कर लिया। (Jo laṛkā āyā thā, usne apnā kām kar liyā.
– The boy who had come, he did his own work.) This makes your sentences flow more naturally.
Nested Relative Clauses: The 'Who' of the 'Which' takes this a step further, allowing you to embed one relative clause within another. This is key for describing complex relationships. For instance: जो आदमी उस लड़की को जानता है, जो कल आई थी, वो मेरा दोस्त है। (Jo ādmī us laṛkī ko jāntā hai, jo kal āī thī, vo merā dost hai.
– The man who knows the girl who came yesterday, he is my friend.) This demonstrates a high level of grammatical control.
Hindi Sentence Glue: Relative Clauses & Binding expands on correlative pairs. Beyond जो... वो, we use other pairs like **जब...
तब (jab... tab – when... then), जैसा...
वैसा (jaisā... vaisā – as... so), and जितना...
उतना** (jitnā... utnā – as much as... that much).
These pairs act as powerful connectors, creating elegant, interconnected narratives. Example: जब बारिश होगी, तब हम घर जाएँगे। (Jab bārish hogī, tab ham ghar jāeṅge. – When it rains, then we will go home.)
Finally, Hindi Reported Speech: He said, She said (ki) teaches you to accurately convey what someone said. The conjunction कि (ki – that) is typically used, and you must carefully adjust pronouns, verb tenses, and time/place references to reflect the shift in perspective. For example: उसने कहा कि वह कल आएगा। (Usne kahā ki vah kal āegā.
– He said that he would come tomorrow.) (Original might have been «मैं कल आऊँगा» - I will come tomorrow). Mastering these adjustments is crucial for native-like reporting.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: जो किताब मैंने पढ़ी, यह बहुत अच्छी थी। (Jo kitaab maine paṛhī, yah bahut acchī thī.)
✓ Correct: जो किताब मैंने पढ़ी, वो बहुत अच्छी थी। (Jo kitaab maine paṛhī, vo bahut acchī thī.)
*Explanation:* When using the जो... वो relative clause structure, the correlative pronoun in the main clause should typically be वो (vo) or वह (vah), not यह (yah). यह refers to something near, while वो acts as the direct correlative for जो.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: उसने कहा कि मैं कल आऊँगा। (Usne kahā ki main kal āūṅgā.) (He said that I will come tomorrow.)
✓ Correct: उसने कहा कि वह कल आएगा। (Usne kahā ki vah kal āegā.) (He said that he would come tomorrow.)
*Explanation:* In reported speech with कि, pronouns and verb conjugations must shift to reflect the speaker's perspective. The original statement «मैं कल आऊँगा» (I will come tomorrow) needs to change to «वह कल आएगा» (he will come tomorrow) when reported by someone else.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: जब मैं आया, वह जा रहा था। (Jab main āyā, vah jā rahā thā.) (When I came, he was going.)
✓ Correct: जब मैं आया, तब वह जा रहा था। (Jab main āyā, tab vah jā rahā thā.) (When I came, then he was going.)
*Explanation:* While the first sentence is understandable, using the correlative तब (tab) with जब (jab) creates a more grammatically complete and elegant structure, which is characteristic of advanced Hindi. These correlative pairs act as sentence glue.

Real Conversations

A

A

जो आदमी तुमसे बात कर रहा था, वो मेरा पुराना दोस्त है, जिसने मुझे यह किताब दी थी। (Jo ādmī tumse bāt kar rahā thā, vo merā purānā dost hai, jisne mujhe yah kitāb dī thī. – The man who was talking to you, he is my old friend, who gave me this book.)
B

B

अच्छा! उसने मुझसे कहा कि वह कल एक नई परियोजना पर काम शुरू करेगा। (Acchā! Usne mujhse kahā ki vah kal ek naī pariyojanā par kām shurū karegā. – Oh! He told me that he would start working on a new project tomorrow.)
A

A

जिस लड़की ने तुम्हें वो गाना सिखाया था, जो मैंने कल सुना था, वो कहाँ है आजकल? (Jis laṛkī ne tumhe vo gānā sikhāyā thā, jo maine kal sunā thā, vo kahāṁ hai ājkal? – The girl who taught you that song, which I heard yesterday, where is she nowadays?)
B

B

जब मैं उससे आख़िरी बार मिला था, तब उसने बताया कि वह विदेश जा रही है अपना संगीत सीखने। (Jab main usse ākhrī bār milā thā, tab usne batāyā ki vah videsh jā rahī hai apnā saṅgīt sīkhne. – When I met her last time, then she told me that she was going abroad to learn her music.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I use 'Jo... Vo' in Hindi complex sentences to sound more natural?

By consistently pairing जो (jo) with its correlative वो/वह (vo/vah) or an appropriate demonstrative pronoun, you create a clear, grammatically sound relative clause structure, which is essential for C1 Hindi.

Q

What are the main rules for adjusting pronouns and tenses in Hindi Reported Speech?

In Hindi reported speech using कि (ki), the speaker's original «मैं» (main) becomes «वह/वे» (vah/ve), «तुम» (tum) becomes «मैं/वह/वे» depending on context, and verb tenses often shift (e.g., present to past, future to conditional future) to reflect the reporting time.

Q

Can I use multiple 'Jo' clauses in one Hindi sentence, and how does that work?

Yes, you can use Nested Relative Clauses by embedding one जो clause within another, often with the second जो clause describing a noun in the first जो clause. The main clause's correlative वो/वह still refers to the primary subject of the outermost जो clause.

Q

What is the purpose of Hindi pronoun chains, and how do they enhance complex sentence architecture?

Hindi pronoun chains, using pronouns like अपना (apnā), उसका (uskā), or जिसका (jiskā), serve to link ideas and maintain subject reference across multiple clauses without repeating the noun. This creates smoother, more cohesive advanced Hindi sentences, avoiding choppiness and making your narrative more engaging.

Cultural Context

These complex sentence structures are the backbone of sophisticated communication in Hindi. Native speakers use relative-correlative pairs and pronoun chains constantly, not just in formal settings but also in everyday conversations to convey nuanced thoughts and tell detailed stories. Mastering reported speech is vital for recounting events, sharing gossip, or summarizing news, reflecting the dynamic way information is exchanged.
While the core structures are standard across regions, the frequency and specific choice of correlatives might subtly vary in spoken Hindi, but the underlying C1 grammatical principles remain universally understood.

Exemples clés (8)

1

जो लड़की वहां बैठी है, वो मेरी क्लास में है।

La fille qui est assise là-bas est dans ma classe.

Propositions Relatives : Utiliser 'Jo... Vo' (Celui qui... Celui-là)
2

जिस फ़ोन का कैमरा अच्छा है, वो मुझे चाहिए।

Je veux le téléphone dont l'appareil photo est bon.

Propositions Relatives : Utiliser 'Jo... Vo' (Celui qui... Celui-là)
3

जिसने भी यह फोटो पोस्ट की है, उसे अपना कैप्शन बदलना चाहिए।

Quiconque a posté cette photo devrait changer sa légende.

Chaînes de pronoms en hindi : connecter des pensées complexes (`जो... वह... अपना`)
4

जो लड़का कल ज़ूम मीटिंग में था, वही मेरा नया बॉस है।

Le gars qui était dans la réunion Zoom hier, c'est lui-même mon nouveau patron.

Chaînes de pronoms en hindi : connecter des pensées complexes (`जो... वह... अपना`)
5

Jo phone maine kal khareeda tha, jiska camera bahut achha hai, vo aaj gir gaya.

Le téléphone que j'ai acheté hier, qui a un super appareil photo, est tombé aujourd'hui.

Propositions Relatives Imbriquées : Le 'qui' du 'lequel' (जो... जो... वो)
6

Jis ladke se tum mile the, jo mera padosi hai, usne naya startup shuru kiya hai.

Le garçon que tu as rencontré, qui est mon voisin, a lancé une nouvelle startup.

Propositions Relatives Imbriquées : Le 'qui' du 'lequel' (जो... जो... वो)
7

जो बंदा कल इंटरव्यू के लिए आया था, वो सेलेक्ट हो गया।

Le gars qui est venu pour l'entretien hier a été sélectionné.

La Colle des Phrases Hindi : Clauses Relatives (Jo, Ki, Jab-Tab)
8

जिस फ़ोन का कैमरा अच्छा है, वही खरीदना।

Achète précisément le téléphone dont l'appareil photo est bon.

La Colle des Phrases Hindi : Clauses Relatives (Jo, Ki, Jab-Tab)

Conseils et astuces (4)

🎯

La règle du miroir

Si tu commences avec un mot en 'J', il te faut presque toujours un 'V' pour équilibrer la balance. Ne laisse pas ton interlocuteur en plan ! Par exemple :
Jo dikhtā hai, vo biktā hai.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Propositions Relatives : Utiliser 'Jo... Vo' (Celui qui... Celui-là)
🎯

L'astuce du 'Vahi'

Au niveau C1, utilise «वही» au lieu de «वह» pour insister sur 'cette personne précise' que tu viens de décrire. C'est beaucoup plus naturel : «जो लड़का कल ज़ूम मीटिंग में था, वही मेरा नया बॉस है।»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Chaînes de pronoms en hindi : connecter des pensées complexes (`जो... वह... अपना`)
⚠️

Le piège du corrélatif

N'oublie jamais le 'Vo' à la fin de ta chaîne de relatives. On a tendance à l'omettre en français, mais en hindi, c'est le ciment de la phrase : «जो लड़का यहाँ रहता है, जो डॉक्टर है, वो मेरा दोस्त है.»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Propositions Relatives Imbriquées : Le 'qui' du 'lequel' (जो... जो... वो)
🎯

Le raccourci magique 'Wala'

Pas envie de t'embêter avec une subordonnée complexe ? Utilise 'wala'. Au lieu de dire 'le garçon qui porte une chemise rouge', dis simplement :
Lal shirt wala ladka.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: La Colle des Phrases Hindi : Clauses Relatives (Jo, Ki, Jab-Tab)

Vocabulaire clé (6)

जो who / which (relative) वह / वो that / he / she (correlative) अपना one's own (reflexive) कि that (reporting) जब तक as long as / until तब तक until then / so long

Real-World Preview

book-open

A Literary Critique

Review Summary

  • जो (Subject A) + [Description], वह/वो [Verb]
  • जो... अपनी... वह
  • Subject + ने कहा + कि + [Clause]

Erreurs courantes

'Apna' only refers back to the subject of its own clause. Since the speaker is the one claiming the brother, 'mera' (my) is required, not 'apna' (one's own).

Wrong: जो लड़का आ रहा है, वो अपना भाई है। (jo ladka aa raha hai, vo apna bhai hai.)
Correct: जो लड़का आ रहा है, वह मेरा भाई है। (jo ladka aa raha hai, vah mera bhai hai.)

Confusing the long 'ee' (possession) with short 'i' (conjunction). Use 'ki' (short) for 'that'.

Wrong: उसने कहा की वह आएगा। (usne kaha kee vah aayega.)
Correct: उसने कहा कि वह आएगा। (usne kaha ki vah aayega.)

Omitting the correlative 'vah'. Unlike English ('The book that is on the table is mine'), Hindi requires the 'vah' to anchor the second half of the sentence.

Wrong: जो किताब मेज़ पर है, मेरी है। (jo kitab mez par hai, meri hai.)
Correct: जो किताब मेज़ पर है, वह मेरी है। (jo kitab mez par hai, vah meri hai.)

Règles dans ce chapitre (5)

1

Propositions Relatives : Utiliser 'Jo... Vo' (Celui qui... Celui-là)

C1
En hindi, les relatives fonctionnent par paires : un mot en J (jo/jis) introduit le détail, et un mot en V (vo/us) fait le pont avec le reste de la phrase.
जो लड़की वहां बैठी है, वो मेरी क्लास में है।
11 exemples
2

Chaînes de pronoms en hindi : connecter des pensées complexes (`जो... वह... अपना`)

C1
Maîtriser ces chaînes, c'est le secret pour parler comme un pro sans répéter les noms. Utilise bien «जो», «वह» et «अपना» pour fluidifier tes phrases.
जिसने भी यह फोटो पोस्ट की है, उसे अपना कैप्शन बदलन...
10 exemples
3

Propositions Relatives Imbriquées : Le 'qui' du 'lequel' (जो... जो... वो)

C1
Maîtriser ces structures te permet de décrire des relations complexes avec une précision de pro. Retiens bien tes outils : «जो» connecte, «जिसका» montre la possession, et «वो» boucle la boucle.
Jo phone maine kal khareeda tha, jiska camera bahu...
10 exemples
4

La Colle des Phrases Hindi : Clauses Relatives (Jo, Ki, Jab-Tab)

C1
Maîtrise le système de 'boucle' avec les paires Jo...Vo et Jab...Tab pour lier tes idées comme un natif.
जो बंदा कल इंटरव्यू के लिए आया था, वो सेलेक्ट हो ग...
11 exemples
5

Discours rapporté en hindi : Il a dit, Elle a dit (कि)

C1
Pour rapporter des paroles, utilise le pont «कि» pour lier le verbe, ajuste les pronoms et les marqueurs de proximité tout en gardant la logique temporelle originale.
उसने कहा कि वह बीमार है।
10 exemples

Next Steps

You've just conquered one of the most intellectually demanding parts of Hindi grammar. Your ability to link complex ideas is what will truly set you apart in professional and academic circles. Keep building those bridges!

Read a Hindi editorial and circle all 'Jo... Vo' pairs.

Record yourself describing a complex movie plot using nested clauses.

Continue to: The Art of Emphasis and Flow

Pratique rapide (10)

Remplis le vide avec le bon pronom réflexif pour indiquer le travail propre du sujet.

राहुल ने ___ काम समय पर पूरा किया।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: अपना
En hindi, अपना est utilisé quand l'objet appartient au sujet de la phrase (Rahul).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Chaînes de pronoms en hindi : connecter des pensées complexes (`जो... वह... अपना`)

Remplis le vide avec le bon pronom relatif.

___ laṛkā lāl shirt pahanā hai, vo merā bhāī hai.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jo
Comme il n'y a pas de postposition après le vide (c'est le sujet), on utilise le cas direct 'Jo'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Propositions Relatives : Utiliser 'Jo... Vo' (Celui qui... Celui-là)

Remplis avec le bon pronom relatif pour 'dont/duquel'.

वो आदमी जो कल आया था, ___ बेटा मेरा क्लासमेट है, बहुत अमीर है।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जिसका
'Jiska' signifie 'dont/duquel' (possessif) et s'accorde avec 'beta' (fils).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Propositions Relatives Imbriquées : Le 'qui' du 'lequel' (जो... जो... वो)

Trouve l'erreur dans cette phrase concernant la possession du téléphone.

Find and fix the mistake:

सीमा ने उसकी (le propre de Sema) सहेली को अपना फोन दिया।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: सीमा ने अपनी सहेली को अपना फोन दिया।
Pour montrer que l'amie appartient à Sema (le sujet), tu dois utiliser le réflexif अपनी au lieu de उसकी.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Chaînes de pronoms en hindi : connecter des pensées complexes (`जो... वह... अपना`)

Choisis le bon connecteur pour exprimer 'Bien que'.

___ ye mehnga hai, phir bhi mujhe chahiye.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Haalaanki
'Haalaanki' (Bien que) fonctionne toujours en paire avec 'phir bhi' (pourtant).

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: La Colle des Phrases Hindi : Clauses Relatives (Jo, Ki, Jab-Tab)

Trouve l'erreur d'accord de genre.

Find and fix the mistake:

जो किताब (f) मैंने खरीदा (m), जिसकी कहानी अच्छी थी, वो खो गई।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जो किताब मैंने खरीदी, जिसकी कहानी अच्छी थी, वो खो गई।
'Kitab' est féminin, donc le verbe 'khareedi' et le possessif 'jiski' doivent être au féminin.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Propositions Relatives Imbriquées : Le 'qui' du 'lequel' (जो... जो... वो)

Quelle phrase traduit correctement 'Le livre que je lis' ?

Choisis la structure grammaticale correcte :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jo kitāb maĩne paṛhī...
'Jo' est le pronom relatif pour 'que/lequel'. 'Kaun' et 'Kis' servent à poser des questions.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Propositions Relatives : Utiliser 'Jo... Vo' (Celui qui... Celui-là)

Quelle phrase utilise correctement la chaîne relatif-corrélatif ?

Choisis la phrase grammaticalement correcte :

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: जो लड़का यहाँ आया, वही मेरा भाई है।
Une chaîne complète nécessite un corrélatif comme वह ou वही pour renvoyer au relatif जो.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Chaînes de pronoms en hindi : connecter des pensées complexes (`जो... वह... अपना`)

Remplis le vide avec la bonne conjonction.

उसने मुझसे पूछा ___ क्या मैं कॉफी पियूँगा।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: कि
En hindi, 'कि' est la conjonction standard pour introduire le discours rapporté.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Discours rapporté en hindi : Il a dit, Elle a dit (कि)

Trouve et corrige l'erreur.

Find and fix the mistake:

Jo ādmi ko tumne bulāyā, vo aa gayā.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Jis ādmī ko tumne bulāyā, vo aa gayā.
À cause de la postposition 'ko', 'Jo' doit passer à sa forme oblique 'Jis'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Propositions Relatives : Utiliser 'Jo... Vo' (Celui qui... Celui-là)

Score: /10

Questions fréquentes (6)

'Jo' est un pronom relatif pour décrire un nom (L'homme *qui* est venu). 'Ki' est une conjonction pour lier des faits (Je sais *qu'il* est venu). Si tu peux remplacer 'que' par 'lequel/qui', utilise Jo.
Absolument !
Vo laṛkā merā bhāī hai jo vahā̃ khaṛā hai
est tout à fait correct. Ça met juste l'accent sur 'ce garçon' plutôt que sur la description.
C'est courant à l'oral très décontracté ou dans les chansons, mais grammaticalement, tu as besoin du corrélatif वह ou उसे pour compléter la chaîne. Sans lui, la phrase semble inachevée.
Mera signifie simplement 'mon'. Apna signifie 'mon propre' (quand je suis le sujet). Si je dis यह मेरा घर है, les deux fonctionnent, mais अपना souligne que je suis le propriétaire dans le contexte de mes actions.
C'est une phrase où tu utilises plus d'un 'qui' ou 'que' pour décrire un seul nom. Par exemple : 'L'homme qui vit à côté, qui est médecin...'. En hindi, on les empile au début : «जो आदमी पास में रहता है, जो डॉक्टर है...».
Oui, mais fais gaffe ! Ajouter 3 ou 4 clauses rend la phrase super lourde. Il vaut mieux couper tes pensées en deux phrases distinctes : «जो कार मैंने खरीदी, जो लाल है...».
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The Art of Emphasis and Flow
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