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B2 adjective 11 min de lecture

पूंजीवादी

punjivadi
Exemples
Explication पूंजीवादी in your Level:
At the A1 level, the word 'पूंजीवादी' (Pūñjīvādī) is quite advanced. However, you can think of it simply as a word used to describe big businesses or a system where people can own their own shops and companies to make money. Imagine a world where you can start a small business, sell toys, and keep the profit—that is a very basic idea of a 'capitalist' way of doing things. In A1, you don't need to use this word in daily life, but you might see it in a simple news headline about money. Just remember: 'पूंजी' (Pūñjī) means money or capital, and 'वादी' (vādī) means someone who follows an idea. So, it's about the 'money-idea' system. If you see it, think of 'business-related' or 'private-ownership.' It's a big word for a simple concept of buying and selling for yourself.
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At the A2 level, you are starting to learn about different types of countries and systems. 'पूंजीवादी' (Pūñjīvādī) is an adjective used to describe countries like the USA or the UK where private companies run most of the businesses. You might use it in a simple sentence like 'America is a capitalist country' (अमेरिका एक पूंजीवादी देश है). It's important to recognize that this word describes a 'system.' It's not just about one person being rich, but about the whole way the country's money works. You can contrast it with 'socialist' (समाजवादी) if you are talking about different types of governments. At this level, focus on recognizing the word in texts about history or world news. It helps you understand that some places focus more on private business than others.
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At the B1 level, you should be able to use 'पूंजीवादी' (Pūñjīvādī) to describe economic policies or general social trends. You might encounter it in discussions about globalization or the modern world. For example, you could say, 'In a capitalist system, competition is important' (पूंजीवादी व्यवस्था में प्रतिस्पर्धा महत्वपूर्ण है). You are now moving beyond just naming countries to describing the *nature* of things—like 'capitalist thinking' (पूंजीवादी सोच) or 'capitalist policies' (पूंजीवादी नीतियां). You should also understand that this word can sometimes have a critical tone. If someone says 'The capitalist world is very competitive,' they might be pointing out a challenge. You should start to see how this word is used in Hindi newspapers to describe corporate growth and market changes.
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At the B2 level, which is the target level for this word, you should have a firm grasp of 'पूंजीवादी' (Pūñjīvādī) and its implications. You can use it in formal debates, academic essays, and detailed discussions about politics and economics. You understand that it refers specifically to the 'means of production' being privately owned. You can use it to analyze complex issues, such as 'The impact of capitalist structures on rural India' (ग्रामीण भारत पर पूंजीवादी ढांचों का प्रभाव). You should also be able to distinguish it from related words like 'पूंजीपति' (capitalist person) and 'पूंजीवाद' (capitalism). At this level, you recognize the word's role in historical contexts, such as India's 1991 economic reforms, and you can use it to provide nuanced arguments about the pros and cons of market-driven development.
At the C1 level, your use of 'पूंजीवादी' (Pūñjīvādī) should be sophisticated and precise. You can use it to discuss the nuances of different types of capitalism, such as 'crony capitalism' (साठगांठ वाला पूंजीवाद) or 'global capitalism' (वैश्विक पूंजीवाद). You are comfortable using the word in high-level intellectual discourse, such as analyzing the 'capitalist critique in post-colonial literature.' You understand the ideological weight the word carries in different political circles in India—from the Marxist critiques to the neoliberal defenses. You can use the word to describe abstract concepts like 'capitalist hegemony' or 'the commodification of culture within a capitalist framework.' Your vocabulary is rich enough to use synonyms like 'सर्मायादारी' in poetic or literary contexts to achieve a specific stylistic effect.
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At the C2 level, 'पूंजीवादी' (Pūñjīvādī) is a tool for masterful communication. You can use it to deconstruct complex socio-economic theories with the ease of a native scholar. You understand the deep etymological roots and the historical evolution of the term in Hindi discourse. You can engage in deep philosophical debates about whether a 'purely capitalist' (विशुद्ध पूंजीवादी) state can ever exist or the dialectical relationship between 'capitalist expansion' and 'social welfare.' You can read and critique dense academic texts or political manifestos that use this term extensively. Your usage is flawless, capturing the exact intended tone—whether it's clinical economic analysis, sharp political satire, or profound social commentary. You are essentially at a level where you can teach the nuances of this word to others.
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Exemples

The Hindi word पूंजीवादी (Pūñjīvādī) is a sophisticated adjective used to describe anything related to capitalism—the economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. This word is fundamental for anyone looking to engage in discussions about economics, politics, history, or social structures in Hindi. It is derived from the root word 'पूंजी' (Pūñjī), which means 'capital' or 'wealth,' and the suffix '-वादी' (-vādī), which denotes an adherent of a particular ideology, theory, or system. Therefore, a पूंजीवादी व्यवस्था (pūñjīvādī vyavasthā) is a 'capitalist system,' and a पूंजीवादी विचारधारा (pūñjīvādī vichārdhārā) is a 'capitalist ideology.'

Economic Context
In economic discussions, it refers to markets driven by private investment and competition. For example, describing a country's transition from a command economy to a market-based one often involves this term.

Historically, the term gained significant prominence in Hindi literature and journalism during the mid-20th century, particularly during the Cold War era when India was navigating its path between the पूंजीवादी (capitalist) West and the समाजवादी (samājvādī - socialist) Soviet bloc. While India adopted a 'mixed economy' model, the debate between पूंजीवाद (capitalism) and its alternatives remains a central theme in Indian political discourse. You will hear it in news reports about corporate mergers, debates on income inequality, and academic lectures on globalization.

आज की दुनिया में पूंजीवादी नीतियां ही अर्थव्यवस्था को गति दे रही हैं। (In today's world, it is capitalist policies that are driving the economy.)

Political Context
Politically, it is used to categorize parties or leaders who favor privatization, deregulation, and lower corporate taxes.

विपक्ष ने सरकार पर पूंजीवादी ताकतों के साथ मिलीभगत का आरोप लगाया। (The opposition accused the government of colluding with capitalist forces.)

Understanding the nuance of this word is key. While in English, 'capitalist' can be a noun (a person) or an adjective (relating to the system), in Hindi, पूंजीवादी is primarily an adjective. For the person, the word पूंजीपति (pūñjīpati) is more common, though पूंजीवादी can occasionally refer to a person who supports the ideology. In modern urban India, the word is often used in the context of 'startup culture' and 'venture capital,' though the Sanskritized nature of the word gives it a formal, serious weight compared to the English loanword 'capitalist.'

अमेरिका एक प्रमुख पूंजीवादी देश है। (America is a major capitalist country.)

Social Context
Socially, it often describes a consumerist lifestyle or a mindset focused primarily on material gain and competition.

इस पूंजीवादी समाज में मानवीय मूल्यों की कमी होती जा रही है। (In this capitalist society, there is a growing lack of human values.)

In summary, पूंजीवादी is a versatile and essential term for discussing the mechanics of the modern world. Whether you are reading an editorial in 'Dainik Jagran' or watching a Hindi news channel like 'NDTV India,' you will encounter this word frequently. It bridges the gap between pure economic theory and everyday political reality. Learning to use it correctly will significantly elevate your formal Hindi vocabulary and allow you to participate in high-level intellectual discussions.

क्या पूंजीवादी ढांचा गरीबी मिटा सकता है? (Can a capitalist structure eradicate poverty?)

Using the word पूंजीवादी (Pūñjīvādī) requires an understanding of how adjectives function in Hindi grammar. Since it ends in 'ई' (ī), it follows the pattern of adjectives that do not change their form based on the gender or number of the noun they qualify. This makes it relatively easy to use once you have grasped its meaning. Whether you are describing a 'system' (masculine), an 'ideology' (feminine), or 'countries' (plural), the form remains पूंजीवादी.

Modifying Masculine Nouns
When modifying masculine nouns like 'देश' (country) or 'ढांचा' (structure), the word adds a descriptive layer of economic identity.

वह एक पूंजीवादी देश में रहता है। (He lives in a capitalist country.)

Notice how 'देश' is masculine, but पूंजीवादी remains unchanged. This consistency is a hallmark of many Hindi adjectives ending in the long 'ī' vowel. Similarly, when describing abstract masculine concepts like 'दृष्टिकोण' (perspective), the word fits naturally to indicate a mindset centered on capital and market forces.

उनका दृष्टिकोण पूरी तरह से पूंजीवादी है। (His perspective is entirely capitalist.)

Modifying Feminine Nouns
When paired with feminine nouns like 'नीति' (policy) or 'सोच' (thinking), the word maintains its form, providing a sharp descriptor of the nature of that policy or thought.

सरकार की पूंजीवादी नीतियों की आलोचना हो रही है। (The government's capitalist policies are being criticized.)

In this example, 'नीतियों' is the plural form of the feminine noun 'नीति'. Even in the plural feminine form, पूंजीवादी remains static. This makes it a reliable tool for learners. You can also use it to describe 'अर्थव्यवस्था' (economy), which is feminine.

भारत अब एक पूंजीवादी अर्थव्यवस्था की ओर बढ़ रहा है। (India is now moving towards a capitalist economy.)

In Complex Sentences
In academic or journalistic writing, you will often see it used in complex sentences to contrast different economic models.

मार्क्स ने पूंजीवादी शोषण के विरुद्ध आवाज़ उठाई थी। (Marx had raised his voice against capitalist exploitation.)

Here, 'शोषण' (exploitation) is the noun being modified. The sentence structure becomes more formal and carries a specific ideological weight. When you want to sound more professional or academic in Hindi, using पूंजीवादी instead of more generic words like 'अमीर' (rich) or 'व्यापारिक' (commercial) is essential. It precisely targets the systemic nature of the subject.

यह फिल्म पूंजीवादी मूल्यों पर कड़ा प्रहार करती है। (This film strongly attacks capitalist values.)

Finally, consider the use of the word in passive or descriptive constructions. It helps in defining the character of an institution or a period of history. It is a word that demands attention and suggests that the speaker is well-versed in socio-economic terminology.

While पूंजीवादी (Pūñjīvādī) might not be a word you use to buy vegetables at a local market, it is ubiquitous in several key spheres of Indian life. Understanding these contexts will help you recognize the word and understand the underlying subtext of the conversation.

News and Media
The most common place to encounter this word is in Hindi news broadcasts and newspapers. Journalists use it to describe global economic trends, the stock market, and government policies.

समाचार: वैश्विक स्तर पर पूंजीवादी संकट गहराता जा रहा है। (News: The capitalist crisis is deepening at the global level.)

In news debates, especially those involving political analysts and economists, the word is used to categorize different schools of thought. A commentator might argue that India needs more पूंजीवादी सुधार (capitalist reforms) to boost growth, while another might warn against the पूंजीवादी मानसिकता (capitalist mindset) that ignores the poor. This binary is a staple of Indian televised political discourse.

Academic and Educational Settings
If you are a student in an Indian university, particularly in the humanities or social sciences, 'पूंजीवादी' will be a core part of your vocabulary. It is used in history, sociology, and political science textbooks.

प्रोफेसर: औद्योगिक क्रांति ने पूंजीवादी युग की शुरुआत की। (Professor: The Industrial Revolution marked the beginning of the capitalist era.)

Academic lectures often contrast पूंजीवादी (capitalist) models with साम्यवादी (sāmyavādī - communist) or समाजवादी (samājvādī - socialist) ones. In these settings, the word is used with high precision to discuss labor relations, capital accumulation, and market dynamics. It is also common in research papers and doctoral theses written in Hindi.

शोध पत्र: भारतीय कृषि पर पूंजीवादी दबाव का विश्लेषण। (Research Paper: Analysis of capitalist pressure on Indian agriculture.)

Literature and Cinema
Hindi literature, especially the works of the 'Pragativad' (Progressive) movement, is rich with critiques of capitalism. Writers like Premchand and Muktibodh often explored the impact of पूंजीवादी structures on the common man.

In modern Hindi cinema (Bollywood) and parallel cinema, you will hear this word in films that deal with social justice, corporate greed, or the struggle of the working class. Characters who are activists or intellectuals often use the word to frame their struggle against a system they perceive as unjust.

फिल्म संवाद: हम इस पूंजीवादी लूट को और बर्दाश्त नहीं करेंगे! (Film Dialogue: We will no longer tolerate this capitalist loot!)

Lastly, you will hear it in political rallies. India has a vibrant tradition of left-wing and socialist politics, and leaders of these movements frequently use पूंजीवादी as a rallying cry against privatization and corporate power. Even in casual political discussions at a 'Chai Tapri' (tea stall) among politically active citizens, the word serves as a shorthand for the modern market-driven world order.

नेता: सरकार पूंजीवादी मित्रों को फायदा पहुँचा रही है। (Leader: The government is benefiting its capitalist friends.)

While पूंजीवादी (Pūñjīvādī) is a relatively straightforward adjective, learners often make specific errors regarding its usage, connotation, and grammatical application. Avoiding these mistakes will make your Hindi sound more natural and precise.

Mistake 1: Confusing Adjective and Noun Forms
A common error is using 'पूंजीवादी' when you actually mean 'पूंजीपति' (Pūñjīpati). While 'पूंजीवादी' means 'capitalist' as an adjective (relating to the system), 'पूंजीपति' is the noun for a 'capitalist' (a person who owns capital).

गलत (Wrong): वह एक अमीर पूंजीवादी है। (He is a rich capitalist [systemic adjective used as a person]).
सही (Right): वह एक अमीर पूंजीपति है। (He is a rich capitalist [person]).

In English, 'capitalist' works for both, but in Hindi, the distinction is important. Use पूंजीवादी to describe ideas, systems, or policies, and पूंजीपति to describe wealthy individuals or industrial owners.

Mistake 2: Unnecessary Gender Agreement
Learners often try to change the ending of 'पूंजीवादी' to match the gender of the noun. Adjectives ending in 'ई' (ī) in Hindi are generally 'invariable' (they don't change).

गलत (Wrong): पूंजीवादा देश (Pūñjīvādā desh - trying to make it masculine 'ā').
सही (Right): पूंजीवादी देश। (Capitalist country).

Remember, whether it is देश (masculine), सोच (feminine), or विचार (masculine), the word remains पूंजीवादी. Do not try to apply the '-ā/-ī/-ē' rule that applies to words like 'acchā'.

Mistake 3: Overuse in Casual Contexts
Using 'पूंजीवादी' in a very casual or lightweight conversation can sound overly dramatic or academic. It is a formal word.

Overly Formal: क्या तुम्हारे पास पूंजीवादी पैसे हैं? (Do you have capitalist money? - sounds weird).
Natural: क्या तुम्हारे पास पैसे हैं? (Do you have money?).

Use it when discussing the nature of wealth or the system, not just when talking about money in general. It refers to the 'ism' (capitalism), not just the 'capital' itself.

Mistake 4: Mispronouncing the Nasal 'ñ'
The first syllable 'पूं' (pūñ) has a bindu (nasal dot). Many learners pronounce it as a hard 'n' or omit the nasalization entirely. It should be a soft, nasalized 'oo' sound.

Finally, be careful with the suffix. Sometimes learners confuse -vādī (adherent/related to an ideology) with -vād (the ideology itself). पूंजीवाद (Pūñjīvād) is 'Capitalism' (the noun), while पूंजीवादी (Pūñjīvādī) is 'Capitalist' (the adjective). Mixing these up can change the grammatical correctness of your sentence.

गलत (Wrong): वह पूंजीवादी में विश्वास करता है। (He believes in capitalist [adjective]).
सही (Right): वह पूंजीवाद में विश्वास करता है। (He believes in capitalism [noun]).

In Hindi, as in English, there are several ways to discuss economic systems and wealth. While पूंजीवादी (Pūñjīvādī) is the most precise term for 'capitalist,' depending on the context, you might want to use a synonym or a related term to vary your speech or hit a different register.

1. सर्मायादारी (Sarmāyādārī)
This is an Urdu-influenced term for capitalism. It is often used in literature, poetry, and by speakers who prefer a Hindustani/Urdu register. 'Sarmāyā' means capital.

उर्दू साहित्य में अक्सर सर्मायादारी निज़ाम की बात होती है। (In Urdu literature, there is often talk of the capitalist [sarmāyādārī] system.)

2. बाज़ार-आधारित (Bāzār-ādhārit)
Literally meaning 'market-based,' this is a more neutral, technical term. It is frequently used in modern economic reports to avoid the ideological baggage that 'pūñjīvādī' might carry.

हमें एक बाज़ार-आधारित अर्थव्यवस्था की आवश्यकता है। (We need a market-based economy.)

3. मुक्त बाज़ार (Mukt Bāzār)
Meaning 'Free Market.' This is used when the focus is specifically on the lack of government intervention. It is a subset of capitalist thought.

वह मुक्त बाज़ार के समर्थक हैं। (He is a supporter of the free market.)

If you are looking for antonyms, the most common ones are:

समाजवादी (Samājvādī)
Socialist. This is the primary ideological opposite. It refers to a system where the community or state owns and regulates the means of production.
साम्यवादी (Sāmyavādī)
Communist. A more extreme version of socialism, often implying a classless society and state control.

Using these alternatives correctly allows you to navigate the nuances of political and economic debate in Hindi. For instance, if you want to sound like a neutral economist, बाज़ार-आधारित is your best bet. If you want to sound like a political philosopher, पूंजीवादी is the standard. If you are reading classic 20th-century poetry, look out for सर्मायादारी.

दोनों प्रणालियों, पूंजीवादी और समाजवादी, के अपने लाभ और हानियाँ हैं। (Both systems, capitalist and socialist, have their own pros and cons.)

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Exemples par niveau

1

यह एक पूंजीवादी देश है।

This is a capitalist country.

Simple subject-predicate structure.

2

पूंजीवादी लोग व्यापार करते हैं।

Capitalist people do business.

Adjective modifying a plural noun.

3

वह पूंजीवादी सोच रखता है।

He has a capitalist mindset.

Adjective modifying a feminine noun 'सोच'.

4

क्या यह पूंजीवादी शहर है?

Is this a capitalist city?

Interrogative sentence.

5

पूंजीवादी दुनिया बड़ी है।

The capitalist world is big.

Simple adjective use.

6

मेरे पास पूंजीवादी विचार हैं।

I have capitalist ideas.

Possessive construction.

7

पूंजीवादी व्यवस्था में बाज़ार होता है।

In a capitalist system, there is a market.

Use of locative case 'में'.

8

वह एक पूंजीवादी कंपनी है।

That is a capitalist company.

Adjective modifying a feminine noun 'कंपनी'.

1

पूंजीवादी देशों में प्रतिस्पर्धा अधिक होती है।

Competition is higher in capitalist countries.

Use of 'में' with plural 'देशों'.

2

पूंजीवादी अर्थव्यवस्था लाभ पर चलती है।

A capitalist economy runs on profit.

Subject-verb agreement with feminine 'अर्थव्यवस्था'.

3

उसने पूंजीवादी नीतियों का समर्थन किया।

He supported capitalist policies.

Use of 'का' with plural feminine 'नीतियों'.

4

पूंजीवादी समाज में अमीर और गरीब होते हैं।

In a capitalist society, there are rich and poor.

Describing social structure.

5

यह एक पुरानी पूंजीवादी विचारधारा है।

This is an old capitalist ideology.

Adjective sequence.

6

पूंजीवादी सुधारों से बदलाव आया।

Capitalist reforms brought change.

Instrumental case 'से'.

7

वे पूंजीवादी ढांचे को पसंद करते हैं।

They like the capitalist structure.

Direct object with 'को'.

8

पूंजीवादी विकास तेज़ी से होता है।

Capitalist development happens quickly.

Adverbial phrase 'तेज़ी से'.

1

पूंजीवादी व्यवस्था में निजी संपत्ति का महत्व होता है।

Private property is important in a capitalist system.

Abstract noun 'महत्व'.

2

कई लोग पूंजीवादी शोषण की शिकायत करते हैं।

Many people complain about capitalist exploitation.

Genitive construction 'की शिकायत'.

3

पूंजीवादी देशों ने तकनीक में बहुत प्रगति की है।

Capitalist countries have made much progress in technology.

Perfect tense 'प्रगति की है'.

4

क्या पूंजीवादी मॉडल भारत के लिए सही है?

Is the capitalist model right for India?

Interrogative with 'के लिए'.

5

पूंजीवादी मानसिकता अक्सर केवल मुनाफे के बारे में सोचती है।

The capitalist mindset often thinks only about profit.

Adverb 'अक्सर'.

6

उसने पूंजीवादी व्यवस्था के दोषों पर एक लेख लिखा।

He wrote an article on the flaws of the capitalist system.

Postposition 'पर'.

7

पूंजीवादी प्रतिस्पर्धा के कारण कीमतें कम हो सकती हैं।

Prices can decrease due to capitalist competition.

Reasoning with 'के कारण'.

8

यह फिल्म पूंजीवादी समाज की कड़वी सच्चाई दिखाती है।

This film shows the bitter truth of capitalist society.

Descriptive phrase 'कड़वी सच्चाई'.

1

पूंजीवादी आर्थिक ढांचे में बाज़ार की शक्तियां मूल्य निर्धारित करती हैं।

In a capitalist economic structure, market forces determine prices.

Complex noun phrase 'बाज़ार की शक्तियां'.

2

मार्क्सवादी आलोचकों ने पूंजीवादी उत्पादन के तरीकों की निंदा की।

Marxist critics condemned capitalist methods of production.

Compound verb 'निंदा की'.

3

भूमंडलीकरण ने पूंजीवादी विचारधारा को दुनिया भर में फैला दिया है।

Globalization has spread capitalist ideology throughout the world.

Causative sense 'फैला दिया है'.

4

पूंजीवादी देशों के बीच अक्सर व्यापारिक युद्ध छिड़ जाते हैं।

Trade wars often break out between capitalist countries.

Idiomatic 'युद्ध छिड़ जाना'.

5

पूंजीवादी व्यवस्था में आय की असमानता एक बड़ी चुनौती है।

Income inequality is a major challenge in a capitalist system.

Abstract concept 'असमानता'.

6

सरकार ने पूंजीवादी सुधारों को लागू करने का निर्णय लिया है।

The government has decided to implement capitalist reforms.

Infinitive 'लागू करने का'.

7

पूंजीवादी संस्कृति उपभोक्तावाद को बढ़ावा देती है।

Capitalist culture promotes consumerism.

Verbal phrase 'बढ़ावा देना'.

8

उसने पूंजीवादी और समाजवादी प्रणालियों का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन किया।

He conducted a comparative study of capitalist and socialist systems.

Compound adjective 'तुलनात्मक'.

1

पूंजीवादी आधिपत्य ने स्थानीय उद्योगों को हाशिए पर धकेल दिया है।

Capitalist hegemony has pushed local industries to the margins.

Sophisticated vocabulary 'आधिपत्य' and 'हाशिए पर'.

2

उत्तर-औपनिवेशिक काल में भारत ने पूंजीवादी और समाजवादी तत्वों का मिश्रण अपनाया।

In the post-colonial era, India adopted a mix of capitalist and socialist elements.

Compound word 'उत्तर-औपनिवेशिक'.

3

पूंजीवादी संचय की प्रक्रिया अक्सर प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के दोहन पर आधारित होती है।

The process of capitalist accumulation is often based on the exploitation of natural resources.

Technical term 'संचय' (accumulation).

4

आलोचकों का तर्क है कि पूंजीवादी लोकतंत्र केवल अमीरों के हितों की रक्षा करता है।

Critics argue that capitalist democracy only protects the interests of the rich.

Subordinate clause starting with 'कि'.

5

पूंजीवादी वैश्वीकरण ने सांस्कृतिक पहचान के संकट को जन्म दिया है।

Capitalist globalization has given rise to a crisis of cultural identity.

Abstract phrase 'संकट को जन्म देना'.

6

विशुद्ध पूंजीवादी अर्थव्यवस्था में राज्य का हस्तक्षेप न्यूनतम होता है।

In a purely capitalist economy, state intervention is minimal.

Adjective 'विशुद्ध' (pure/absolute).

7

पूंजीवादी तर्क के अनुसार, लाभ ही नवाचार का मुख्य चालक है।

According to capitalist logic, profit is the main driver of innovation.

Phrase 'के अनुसार'.

8

पूंजीवादी विस्तारवाद ने ऐतिहासिक रूप से साम्राज्यवाद को बढ़ावा दिया।

Capitalist expansionism historically promoted imperialism.

Adverbial 'ऐतिहासिक रूप से'.

1

पूंजीवादी संरचनाओं के भीतर अंतर्निहित विरोधाभास अक्सर संकटों को जन्म देते हैं।

Inherent contradictions within capitalist structures often give rise to crises.

Advanced term 'अंतर्निहित विरोधाभास'.

2

पूंजीवादी विमर्श ने सफलता की परिभाषा को केवल भौतिक उपलब्धियों तक सीमित कर दिया है।

Capitalist discourse has limited the definition of success only to material achievements.

Academic term 'विमर्श' (discourse).

3

देरिदा और फूको जैसे विचारकों ने पूंजीवादी सत्ता के सूक्ष्म रूपों का विश्लेषण किया।

Thinkers like Derrida and Foucault analyzed the subtle forms of capitalist power.

Reference to complex theory.

4

पूंजीवादी अर्थव्यवस्था की गतिशीलता उसकी निरंतर सृजनात्मक विनाश की क्षमता में निहित है।

The dynamism of a capitalist economy lies in its capacity for continuous creative destruction.

Schumpeterian concept 'सृजनात्मक विनाश'.

5

पूंजीवादी वैश्विक व्यवस्था ने श्रम के विभाजन को एक नए स्तर पर पहुँचा दिया है।

The capitalist global system has taken the division of labor to a new level.

Complex noun phrase 'श्रम के विभाजन'.

6

क्या पूंजीवादी ढांचा पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता के साथ सामंजस्य बिठा सकता है?

Can the capitalist framework harmonize with environmental stability?

Formal verb 'सामंजस्य बिठाना'.

7

पूंजीवादी नैतिकता अक्सर उपयोगितावाद के सिद्धांतों पर टिकी होती है।

Capitalist ethics are often based on the principles of utilitarianism.

Philosophical term 'उपयोगितावाद'.

8

पूंजीवादी अधिशेष का पुनर्वितरण सामाजिक न्याय की दिशा में एक महत्वपूर्ण कदम है।

The redistribution of capitalist surplus is a vital step toward social justice.

Economic term 'अधिशेष' (surplus).

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