〜以下
When you see 〜以下 (いか) it means "less than" or "below." Think of it as indicating a maximum point or that something is inferior to a certain standard.
For example, if a sign says 「10歳以下」 (じゅっさい いか), it means "10 years old and below." So, if you are 10 or younger, you fit the criteria.
It's often used for age limits, measurements, or rankings to show that something does not exceed a particular value.
This term is quite practical, and you'll come across it frequently in daily Japanese, from train station signs to product labels.
When you see 〜以下 (いか) in Japanese, it means "less than" or "below." It's used to set a maximum limit or to describe something as being inferior. Think of it like saying "X and anything less" or "not exceeding X."
This phrase often appears in rules, age restrictions, or when comparing quantities. For example, if a sign says 「18歳以下」 (じゅうはっさい いか), it means "18 years old and under."
It's a really practical term to know for everyday situations, from understanding prices to following instructions. Mastering 〜以下 helps you grasp nuanced meanings in Japanese sentences.
When you see 〜以下 (いか) in Japanese, think of it as meaning "less than" or "below." It sets a maximum limit or indicates inferiority compared to something else. For instance, if a sign says 「10歳以下お断り」 (じゅっさい いか おことわり), it means "No one under 10 years old allowed." This implies that 10-year-olds are the maximum age to be denied, or anyone below that age. You might also hear it in phrases like 「平均以下」 (へいきん いか) meaning "below average." It's a very practical phrase for defining boundaries or relative positions.
When you want to express that something is "less than" a certain amount or "below" a certain standard in Japanese, you'll use the phrase 〜以下 (ika). This is a very practical term that sets a clear limit or indicates inferiority.
For instance, if a rule states that children "under 12" can enter for free, you would hear something like 12歳以下 (juuni-sai ika). It implies that 12 is the upper boundary, and anyone equal to or below that age qualifies.
Similarly, in discussions about quality or rank, if something is rated "below average," you might encounter 平均以下 (heikin ika). This clearly positions it in the lower tier.
Remember, 〜以下 always includes the stated number or level as the maximum or the point of reference for being inferior.
〜以下 en 30 secondes
- less than or equal to
- below
- at most
§ What does 〜以下 mean and when do people use it?
The Japanese word 〜以下 (ika) is a versatile term that broadly means 'less than' or 'below'. It's often used to indicate a maximum limit or a standard that something falls short of. When you see 〜以下, think of it as setting a boundary, and whatever is being described is at or beneath that boundary. It's a common phrase in everyday Japanese, popping up in everything from news reports to casual conversations.
- DEFINITION
- 〜以下 (ika): Less than / Below; indicates a maximum or inferiority.
One of the most frequent uses of 〜以下 is when talking about numbers, particularly age, quantity, or rankings. For example, if a sign says 「18歳以下」 (juuhassai ika), it means "18 years old and below." This implies that anyone who is 18 years old or younger can do something, like enter a certain area or receive a discount. It's important to note that the number preceding 〜以下 *is* included in the range. So, "18歳以下" includes 18-year-olds.
入場料は12歳以下無料です。
Translation hint: "Admission is free for children 12 years old and below."
You'll also hear 〜以下 when discussing temperatures. If the weather forecast says 「気温が0度以下になります」 (kion ga reido ika ni narimasu), it means "The temperature will be 0 degrees and below," indicating freezing temperatures. This is a practical use of the phrase that directly impacts daily life, especially during colder seasons.
今夜は氷点以下になるでしょう。
Translation hint: "It will be below freezing tonight."
Beyond numerical contexts, 〜以下 can also describe quality or rank. For instance, if someone says 「彼の日本語は平均以下だ」 (kare no nihongo wa heikin ika da), it means "His Japanese is below average." Here, it signifies a level of inferiority when compared to a standard. It's not just about numbers; it's about falling short of an expectation or a benchmark. This usage can be a bit more subjective, as "average" can be interpreted differently, but the core meaning of "below" remains.
この店のサービスは期待以下だった。
Translation hint: "The service at this shop was below expectations."
Consider another example: when you're looking at product specifications or job requirements. If a product description says 「重さ1kg以下」 (omosa ichi kiroguramu ika), it means "weight 1kg and below." This tells you the maximum weight allowed or expected for that item. In job listings, you might see 「経験5年以下」 (keiken gonen ika), meaning "5 years of experience and below," indicating that candidates with up to five years of experience are suitable.
In more formal or written contexts, especially in legal documents or official announcements, 〜以下 is used with precision to define boundaries. For example, if a regulation states 「罰金は1万円以下とする」 (bakkin wa ichimanen ika to suru), it means "The fine shall be 10,000 yen or less." The clarity of 〜以下 ensures that there's no ambiguity about the upper limit.
To summarize, 〜以下 is a practical and widely used term in Japanese. It's essential for understanding limits, whether they are numerical, age-related, or refer to a standard of quality. Always remember that the item or number preceding 〜以下 is included in the range it defines. Mastering this simple phrase will significantly improve your comprehension of spoken and written Japanese.
- Use it for ages: 18歳以下 (juuhassai ika) - 18 years old and below
- Use it for quantities: 10個以下 (jukko ika) - 10 pieces and below
- Use it for temperatures: 0度以下 (reido ika) - 0 degrees and below
- Use it for quality/rank: 平均以下 (heikin ika) - below average
Alright, let's break down 「〜以下」 (いか). This little phrase is super useful for talking about things being "less than," "below," or "no more than" a certain number or standard. Think of it as setting an upper limit or describing something that falls short.
§ Basic meaning and usage
The core idea of 「〜以下」 is quite simple: it means "less than or equal to." This is important because it includes the number or level you're referring to. If something is "5以下" (go ika), it means it could be 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or even 0 (depending on context).
- Japanese
- 5以下
- Meaning
- 5 or less / 5 and below
この部屋に入れる人数は10人以下です。
This room's capacity is 10 people or less.
You'll often see 「〜以下」 used with numbers, ages, weights, temperatures, and other measurable quantities. It's about setting a boundary where anything up to and including that boundary is acceptable or relevant.
§ Common patterns with 「〜以下」
While 「〜以下」 is often attached directly to a number or quantity, you'll also see it in slightly longer constructions. Here are some common ways it pops up:
- Noun + 以下: This is the most straightforward use, as seen above.
- Noun + が + 以下: This can be used to describe a quantity being below a certain level.
- Noun + は + 以下: Similar to the above, often emphasizing the subject.
体重が50キロ以下の人は割引があります。
People whose weight is 50 kg or less get a discount.
このチケットは12歳以下のお子様が対象です。
This ticket is for children 12 years old or younger.
§ Distinguishing 「〜以下」 from similar expressions
Japanese has several ways to talk about quantities and comparisons. It's helpful to know how 「〜以下」 differs from some common ones:
- 〜未満 (miman): This means "less than" but *does not* include the number itself. If something is "5未満," it means 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, but NOT 5.
- Japanese
- 5未満
- Meaning
- Less than 5 (excludes 5)
- 〜以下 (ika) vs. 〜以上 (ijou): Just as 「〜以下」 means "less than or equal to," 「〜以上」 means "greater than or equal to." These are direct opposites.
- Japanese
- 100円以下
- Meaning
- 100 yen or less
- Japanese
- 100円以上
- Meaning
- 100 yen or more
参加者は18歳未満の方はお断りしています。
Participants under 18 years old are not permitted.
§ Practical examples in context
Let's look at more real-world examples to get a better feel for 「〜以下」.
この冷凍庫はマイナス18度以下に保たれています。
This freezer is kept at minus 18 degrees or below.
お酒は20歳以下の方には販売できません。
Alcohol cannot be sold to anyone 20 years old or younger.
予算は1万円以下で考えています。
I'm thinking of a budget of 10,000 yen or less.
You'll often hear 「〜以下」 in official rules, regulations, or when giving specific instructions where a maximum limit is stated. Pay attention to it in public signs or formal documents, as it precisely defines a boundary.
Mastering 「〜以下」 will help you accurately express limits and conditions in Japanese. Keep practicing with examples, and you'll get the hang of it in no time!
Alright, let's get into 「〜以下」 (ika). This isn't just about math; it's a super common word you'll hear in all sorts of situations in Japan. It basically means 'less than' or 'below,' and it's used to set limits or show something is inferior. Understanding how to use it will really help you sound more natural and understand what's going on around you.
§ The Basic Meaning of 「以下」
- Japanese Word
- 〜以下 (ika)
- Meaning
- Less than / Below; indicates a maximum or inferiority. Importantly, it includes the specified number or quantity.
Let's dive into some practical examples where you'll actually encounter 「以下」.
§ In Work and Business
You'll hear 「以下」 a lot in business settings, especially when talking about budgets, targets, or regulations.
- Budgeting and Spending: When setting financial limits, 「以下」 is common.
このプロジェクトの予算は100万円以下に抑えてください。
_Please keep the budget for this project at 1 million yen or less._
- Meeting Deadlines: You might hear it when discussing timeframes.
資料は明日の午前中以下に提出してください。
_Please submit the documents by tomorrow morning at the latest._ (Literally: 'tomorrow morning or earlier')
While 'at the latest' is a good translation hint here, understanding that it means 'including tomorrow morning' is key.
§ In School and Academics
In schools, 「以下」 is used for age limits, scores, or word counts.
- Age Restrictions: You'll see this on applications or event notices.
この奨学金は25歳以下の学生が対象です。
_This scholarship is for students aged 25 or younger._
- Test Scores: When grades are discussed.
試験で60点以下だと、追試が必要です。
_If you score 60 points or less on the exam, you'll need a retest._
§ In News and Public Information
News reports and public announcements frequently use 「以下」 to convey statistics, regulations, or conditions.
- Weather Forecasts: Describing temperature ranges.
今日の最高気温は20度以下でしょう。
_Today's maximum temperature will likely be 20 degrees Celsius or below._
- Traffic Regulations: You might see this on road signs.
この道路の制限速度は時速40km以下です。
_The speed limit on this road is 40 km/h or less._
As you can see, 「以下」 is incredibly versatile. Pay attention to the context, and always remember that it includes the specified quantity. This will help you avoid misunderstandings, especially in official or regulated situations.
Alright, so you've learned about 〜以下 (ika), which means 'less than' or 'below.' It's pretty straightforward, right? Well, not always. There are a couple of common traps that even intermediate learners fall into. Let's make sure you don't make the same mistakes.
§ Mistake 1: Confusing 〜以下 with 〜未満
This is probably the most frequent mistake. Both 〜以下 (ika) and 〜未満 (miman) refer to a quantity being 'less than' something, but there's a crucial difference. 〜以下 includes the number itself, while 〜未満 does not. Think of it like 'less than or equal to' vs. 'strictly less than' in math.
Let's look at some examples to clarify this difference:
１８歳以下の人は入場できません。
(People 18 years old or younger cannot enter.)
Here, if you are 18, you cannot enter. If you are 17, you cannot enter. The age 18 is included.
１８歳未満の人は入場できません。
(People less than 18 years old cannot enter.)
In this case, if you are 18, you *can* enter. If you are 17, you cannot. The age 18 is *not* included.
This distinction is super important for things like age restrictions, weight limits, or numerical conditions. Using the wrong one can lead to misunderstandings or even incorrect actions.
§ Mistake 2: Using 〜以下 when 'at least' is intended
Sometimes learners will use 〜以下 (ika) when they actually mean 'at least' or 'more than or equal to'. This is a direct misunderstanding of the word's meaning. 〜以下 always refers to 'less than or equal to'. If you mean 'at least', you need to use 〜以上 (ijou).
- DEFINITION
- 以上 (ijou): More than / Above; indicates a minimum or superiority. This includes the number itself.
Let's look at an example where this mistake might occur:
If you want to say, "You need to have 30 points or more to pass the exam," you *should not* say:
試験に３０点以下必要です。(Incorrect: You need 30 points or less.)
This sentence would mean you need 30 points or *less* to pass, which is the opposite of what you want to convey.
Instead, you should use 〜以上 (ijou):
試験に３０点以上必要です。(Correct: You need 30 points or more.)
§ How to avoid these mistakes
The best way to avoid these common errors is to remember the core meaning of 〜以下 (ika) and practice, practice, practice. Here are some tips:
- Visualize the number line: When you see 〜以下, think of the number and everything to its left on a number line. When you see 〜以上, think of the number and everything to its right. For 〜未満, think of everything to the left *excluding* the number itself.
- Context is key: Always consider the situation. If a sign says "体重50kg以下" (taijuu 50kg ika - weight 50kg or less), it's telling you the maximum weight allowed. It's not saying you need to be 50kg or less to get in shape!
- Look for contrasting words: Often, 〜以下 will be used in contrast to 〜以上. Recognizing these pairs can help reinforce their individual meanings.
By being mindful of these points, you'll use 〜以下 (ika) correctly and sound more natural in your Japanese. Keep up the good work!
§ Understanding 〜以下 (ika)
You've learned that 〜以下 (ika) means 'less than' or 'below.' It sets an upper limit or indicates inferiority. But Japanese has a few other words that can seem similar. Let's break them down so you know exactly when to use each one.
- Japanese Word
- 〜以下 (ika)
- Meaning
- Less than or equal to, below (inclusive)
This is our main word. Remember, it *includes* the number or item it's attached to. So, 10歳以下 (jussai ika) means '10 years old or younger' (10, 9, 8, etc.).
この映画は12歳以下は見られません。
Kono eiga wa juunisai ika wa miraremasen.
This movie cannot be watched by those 12 years old or younger.
荷物の重さは20kg以下にしてください。
Nimotsu no omosa wa nijuukiroguramu ika ni shite kudasai.
Please keep the luggage weight to 20kg or less.
§ Similar Expressions and Their Nuances
Now, let's look at words that might cause confusion.
- 〜未満 (miman)
- Meaning
- Less than (exclusive)
This is the direct opposite of 〜以下 (ika) in terms of inclusivity. 〜未満 (miman) *does not include* the number or item it's attached to. So, 10歳未満 (jussai miman) means 'younger than 10 years old' (9, 8, 7, etc.), but not 10.
このアトラクションは身長120cm未満のお子様は利用できません。
Kono atorakushon wa shinchou hyakunijuu-senchimi miman no okosama wa riyou dekimasen.
Children under 120cm cannot use this attraction.
- 〜より下 (yori shita) / 〜より低い (yori hikui)
- Meaning
- Below, lower than (can be used for physical position or rank/value)
These phrases are more general and less formal than 〜以下 (ika) or 〜未満 (miman) when talking about numbers. They often imply a comparison. 〜より下 (yori shita) can refer to physical position (e.g., 'below the table') or a lower rank/status. 〜より低い (yori hikui) specifically refers to height or a lower value/level.
彼の成績は平均点より下だった。
Kare no seiseki wa heikinten yori shita datta.
His grades were below the average score.
この山は富士山より低いです。
Kono yama wa Fujisan yori hikui desu.
This mountain is lower than Mt. Fuji.
§ When to Use 〜以下 (ika)
Use 〜以下 (ika) when:
- You want to include the specific number or item in your 'less than' range. This is crucial. For example, a sign that says 'Children 6 years old and under' would use 〜以下 (ika).
- You're setting a maximum limit that is acceptable. The maximum is okay, but anything above it is not.
- You're talking about a rank or level that is at or below a certain point.
このクーポンは2000円以下のお買い物には使えません。
Kono kuupon wa nisen-en ika no okaimono ni wa tsukaemasen.
This coupon cannot be used for purchases of 2000 yen or less.
Understanding the subtle differences between 〜以下 (ika) and its counterparts is key to speaking natural and precise Japanese. Always consider whether the boundary number/item should be included or excluded in your statement.
How Formal Is It?
"18歳未満の飲酒は法律で禁じられています。 (Drinking alcohol under 18 years old is prohibited by law.)"
"このエレベーターは5人以下でご利用ください。 (Please use this elevator with 5 people or less.)"
"宿題、明日まででいいよ。 (Homework is fine until tomorrow.)"
"おもちゃは3個より少ないかな？ (Are there less than 3 toys?)"
"テストの点数、30点なしだった。 (My test score was less than 30 points. / I got no more than 30 points on the test.)"
Le savais-tu ?
The character '以' (i) means 'by means of' or 'because of', and '下' (ka/shita) means 'below' or 'under'. When combined, '以下' directly translates to 'by means of below' or 'from below', which conveys the idea of 'less than' or 'below a certain point'.
Guide de prononciation
- confusing with 以上 (いじょう - more than / above)
Niveau de difficulté
short and common kanji
short and common kanji
straightforward pronunciation
clear and distinct sound
Quoi apprendre ensuite
Prérequis
Apprends ensuite
Avancé
Exemples par niveau
これは１０００円以下です。
This is less than 1000 yen.
５歳以下の子供は無料です。
Children below 5 years old are free.
このクラスには生徒が２０人以下しかいません。
There are only 20 students or less in this class.
私の身長は１７０cm以下です。
My height is less than 170cm.
この本は１００ページ以下です。
This book has 100 pages or fewer.
荷物の重さは５kg以下にしてください。
Please keep the luggage weight to 5kg or less.
私は週に３日以下しか働きません。
I work 3 days a week or less.
この部屋はとても小さいので、３人以下で使ってください。
This room is very small, so please use it with 3 people or less.
５歳以下の子供は無料です。
Children of 5 years old and below are free of charge.
このバッグは１キロ以下です。
This bag is 1 kilogram or less.
テストで８０点以下でした。
I scored 80 points or less on the test.
気温は０度以下です。
The temperature is 0 degrees Celsius or below.
３０００円以下で買えます。
You can buy it for 3000 yen or less.
彼は私以下ではありません。
He is not inferior to me.
この文章は１００文字以下で書いてください。
Please write this text in 100 characters or less.
参加者は２０人以下でした。
The participants were 20 people or fewer.
５歳以下の子供は無料です。
Children five years old and below are free.
この部屋の温度は２０度以下にしてください。
Please keep the temperature in this room at 20 degrees or below.
この本は１０００円以下で買えます。
You can buy this book for 1000 yen or less.
私の身長は１６０cm以下です。
My height is 160 cm or less.
この文章は５００字以下で書いてください。
Please write this essay in 500 characters or less.
彼は私以下の日本語レベルです。
His Japanese level is below mine.
この仕事は、経験が３年以下の人には難しいかもしれません。
This job might be difficult for people with less than three years of experience.
この製品の重さは１kg以下です。
The weight of this product is 1 kg or less.
10歳以下のお子様は入場無料です。
Children under 10 years old can enter for free.
Here, 〜以下 indicates an age limit for free entry.
この商品は5000円以下で買えます。
You can buy this product for less than 5000 yen.
〜以下 specifies a price range.
今日の気温は10度以下になるでしょう。
Today's temperature will be below 10 degrees Celsius.
Used to describe a temperature that will not exceed a certain point.
彼は私よりはるかに能力が以下だ。
His ability is far below mine.
〜以下 can also be used to express inferiority in ability or status.
このプロジェクトには3人以下のチームが最適です。
A team of 3 people or less is ideal for this project.
Indicates a maximum number of people.
インターネットで調べたが、具体的な情報は以下だった。
I searched online, but the specific information was below (i.e., not good enough/insufficient).
Can imply that something is insufficient or below expectations.
20%以下の割引率では、あまりお得感がありません。
With a discount rate of 20% or less, it doesn't feel like much of a bargain.
Used with percentages to indicate a maximum discount.
この文書の詳細は、以下のページをご覧ください。
For more details on this document, please see the page below.
Commonly used to refer to something that follows, like 'see below'.
このバッグは5キロ以下なので、機内持ち込み可能です。
This bag is less than 5 kilograms, so it can be brought onto the plane.
〜以下 (ika) is used with quantities to mean 'less than or equal to'.
12歳以下のお子様は入場無料です。
Children 12 years old and younger can enter for free.
Here, 〜以下 applies to age, indicating 'up to and including'.
体温が37度以下であれば、学校に行ってもいい。
If your body temperature is 37 degrees or below, you can go to school.
〜以下 is used with temperatures to mean '37 degrees or less'.
この文章は1000字以下で書いてください。
Please write this essay with 1000 characters or less.
With character counts, 〜以下 means '1000 characters or fewer'.
彼の成績はいつもクラスの平均以下だ。
His grades are always below the class average.
In this context, 〜以下 indicates inferiority or being 'below' a standard.
予算は1万円以下でお願いします。
Please keep the budget at 10,000 yen or less.
〜以下 sets a maximum limit for a budget.
このプロジェクトは、私の期待以下だった。
This project was below my expectations.
Here, 〜以下 expresses disappointment, meaning 'below' a certain standard or expectation.
入場者は30人以下に制限されています。
The number of entrants is limited to 30 people or fewer.
〜以下 is used to set a maximum number for entry.
このクラスは18歳以下の生徒が対象です。
This class is for students 18 and under.
〜以下 (…ika) in this context means '18 years old or younger', defining an age limit.
参加費は5000円以下です。
The participation fee is 5000 yen or less.
〜以下 (…ika) here indicates a maximum price, meaning '5000 yen or below'.
当社の製品は、業界標準以下ではありません。
Our products are not inferior to industry standards.
〜以下ではない (…ika de wa nai) emphasizes that something is 'not below' or 'not inferior to' a standard.
彼の成績は平均以下だった。
His grades were below average.
〜以下 (…ika) describes a state of being 'below average' or 'inferior to the average'.
この地域の冬の気温は氷点下5度以下になることがあります。
Winter temperatures in this region can drop to -5 degrees Celsius or below.
〜以下 (…ika) specifies a temperature range, meaning 'minus 5 degrees Celsius or colder'.
彼女の語学力はネイティブレベル以下ではありません。
Her language proficiency is not inferior to a native speaker's.
〜以下ではない (…ika de wa nai) is used to state that something is 'not less than' or 'not inferior to' a high standard.
このプロジェクトの予算は100万円以下に抑える必要があります。
The budget for this project needs to be kept at 1 million yen or less.
〜以下に抑える (…ika ni osaeru) means 'to keep something at or below' a certain amount.
彼の仕事の質は期待以下だった。
The quality of his work was below expectations.
〜以下 (…ika) in this context signifies 'below expectations' or 'less than what was hoped for'.
Collocations courantes
Phrases Courantes
この商品は1000円以下です。
This product is 1000 yen or less.
気温が5度以下になりました。
The temperature dropped to 5 degrees Celsius or below.
彼は平均以下の成績でした。
His grades were below average.
20歳以下の人は入場できません。
People under 20 years old cannot enter.
以下の点にご注意ください。
Please note the following points.
今回のテストは難しく、合格点は70点以下だった。
This test was difficult, and the passing score was 70 points or less.
以下の書類を提出してください。
Please submit the following documents.
水は0度以下で凍ります。
Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius or below.
彼女の絵はプロの作品以下ではなかった。
Her painting was not inferior to a professional's work.
以下の理由により、会議は中止されました。
The meeting was canceled for the following reasons.
Souvent confondu avec
「以下」 includes the number, 「未満」 does not. This is the most important distinction.
「以下」 means 'less than or equal to', while 「以上」 means 'more than or equal to'. Both include the boundary number.
「以下」 is a noun (e.g., 10以下 = 10 or less). 「以下に」 is an adverb (e.g., 以下に書く = write below). 「以下の」 is an adjectival form (e.g., 以下の文章 = the text below).
Expressions idiomatiques
"以下に示す"
as shown below / indicated below
詳細は以下に示す。 (Details are shown below.)
formal"以下同文"
the same as above / ditto
A: 彼は天才だ。B: 以下同文。 (A: He's a genius. B: Ditto.)
neutral"〜以下で"
at or below (a certain value)
3000円以下でお願いします。 (Please make it 3000 yen or less.)
neutral"以下略"
abbreviated below / hereinafter omitted
長い説明なので以下略。 (It's a long explanation, so I'll omit the rest.)
neutral"〜以下の人"
people below (a certain age/rank)
18歳以下の人は入場できません。 (People under 18 cannot enter.)
neutral"以下に示す通り"
as stated below / in the following way
結果は以下に示す通りです。 (The results are as stated below.)
formal"以下省略"
the rest omitted / from here on omitted
説明が続くが以下省略。 (The explanation continues, but the rest is omitted.)
neutral"以下に述べる"
to describe below / to mention below
問題点について以下に述べる。 (I will describe the problems below.)
formal"〜以下である"
to be less than / to be below (a certain standard)
彼の成績は平均以下である。 (His grades are below average.)
formal"〜以下に抑える"
to keep below / to limit to less than
費用を1万円以下に抑える。 (Keep the expenses under 10,000 yen.)
neutralFacile à confondre
Many learners confuse 「以下」with 「以下に」or 「以下の」. While they all relate to 'below' or 'less than', their grammatical roles differ. 「以下」is a noun, often used with numbers, while 「以下に」is an adverb and 「以下の」is an adjectival form.
「以下」means 'less than or equal to' a stated number or level. For example, 10以下 (juu ika) means '10 or less'. It includes the number itself. It's crucial not to confuse it with '未満 (miman)', which means 'less than' but *does not* include the number.
1. 18歳以下の入店はお断りします。 (Jūhachi-sai ika no nyūten wa okotowari shimasu.) - No entry for those 18 years old or younger. 2. この仕事は経験3年以下の方でも応募できます。 (Kono shigoto wa keiken san-nen ika no kata demo ōbo dekimasu.) - People with 3 years of experience or less can apply for this job. 3. 5000円以下で買えるお土産を探しています。 (Go-sen-en ika de kaeru omiyage o sagashite imasu.) - I'm looking for souvenirs I can buy for 5000 yen or less.
Similar to 「以下」, 「以上」is often confused with its adverbial (以上に) and adjectival (以上の) forms. Also, the inclusion of the number itself can be tricky.
「以上」means 'more than or equal to' a stated number or level. It includes the number. For example, 10以上 (jū ijō) means '10 or more'.
1. 20歳以上の人は投票できます。 (Hatachi ijō no hito wa tōhyō dekimasu.) - People aged 20 or over can vote. 2. この料理を作るには、30分以上かかります。 (Kono ryōri o tsukuru ni wa, san-jippun ijō kakarimasu.) - It takes 30 minutes or more to make this dish. 3. 100点以上取れば合格です。 (Hyakuten ijō toreba gōkaku desu.) - If you score 100 points or more, you pass.
This is often confused with 「以下」 because both mean 'less than'. The key difference is the inclusion of the boundary number.
「未満」 means 'less than' a stated number or level, *excluding* the number itself. For example, 10未満 (jū miman) means 'less than 10', so 9, 8, etc., but not 10. This is the opposite of 「以下」.
1. 3歳未満のお子様は無料です。 (San-sai miman no okosama wa muryō desu.) - Children under 3 years old are free. 2. この薬は、体重30kg未満の人には与えないでください。 (Kono kusuri wa, taijū sanjū-kiroguramu miman no hito ni wa ataenaide kudasai.) - Do not give this medicine to people weighing less than 30kg. 3. 今月の売上は目標の80%未満だった。 (Kongetsu no uriage wa mokuhyō no hachi-jū-pāsento miman datta.) - This month's sales were less than 80% of the target.
Learners often use 「以下」 when they should use 「以下に」, or vice versa. The grammatical function is key.
「以下に」 is an adverb, meaning 'as follows' or 'below' in a descriptive sense, often introducing a list or further explanation. It modifies a verb or an adjective. It is *not* used with numbers in the same way as 「以下」.
1. 詳細は以下に記します。 (Shōsai wa ika ni shirusu.) - Details are written below / as follows. 2. 以下に示す手順に従ってください。 (Ika ni shimesu tejun ni shitagatte kudasai.) - Please follow the steps shown below. 3. 以下に述べるとおりです。 (Ika ni noberu tōri desu.) - It is as stated below.
Similar to 「以下に」, this is often confused with the noun form 「以下」. It acts as an adjectival phrase.
「以下の」 is an adjectival form, meaning 'the following' or 'the one below'. It modifies a noun. It can also be used with numbers in the sense of 'the following X (number) items'.
1. 以下の質問に答えてください。 (Ika no shitsumon ni kotaete kudasai.) - Please answer the following questions. 2. 以下の点に注意してください。 (Ika no ten ni chūi shite kudasai.) - Please pay attention to the following points. 3. 以下のリストの中から選んでください。 (Ika no risuto no naka kara erande kudasai.) - Please choose from the list below.
Comment l'utiliser
When counting, you can think of it like this:
〜以下 (いか) includes that number.
Example: 10以下 (じゅういか) = 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2...
Many English speakers confuse 〜以下 (いか) with other words like 〜未満 (みまん) and 〜以下 (いか). The key difference is whether the number itself is included.
〜未満 (みまん) = Less than (does NOT include that number).
Example: 10未満 (じゅうみまん) = 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2...
〜以下 (いか) = Less than or equal to (DOES include that number).
Example: 10以下 (じゅういか) = 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2...
Astuces
Basic Meaning of 以下
Understand that 「〜以下」 (ika) means 'less than' or 'below'. It sets a maximum limit or denotes inferiority.
Inclusive Nature of 以下
Remember that 「以下」 includes the number or item it refers to. For example, '5以下' means '5 or less'.
Opposite of 以上
Think of 「以下」 as the opposite of 「〜以上」 (ijou), which means 'more than' or 'above' and is also inclusive.
Contextual Clues for Usage
Pay attention to the context. Is it describing a quantity, a rank, a temperature, or a level? This will help you choose the best English translation.
Practice with Numbers
Practice using 「以下」 with numbers. For example, '10歳以下' (jissai ika) means '10 years old or younger'.
Common Phrases with 以下
Learn common phrases like '平均以下' (heikin ika - 'below average') or '水準以下' (suijun ika - 'below standard').
Formal vs. Informal
「以下」 is a fairly neutral term and can be used in both formal and informal contexts. However, the overall sentence structure might change the formality.
Don't Confuse with 未満 (miman)
Do not confuse 「以下」 with 「〜未満」 (miman), which means 'less than' but does not include the number. For example, '5未満' means 'less than 5' (so 4, 3, etc.).
Using 以下 for 'Hereinafter'
In more formal or legal documents, 「以下」 can also mean 'hereinafter' or 'the following'. This is a more advanced usage but good to be aware of.
Sentence Structure with 以下
「以下」 often follows the noun or quantity it modifies. For example, '体温が37度以下です' (taion ga sanjyuunana-do ika desu - 'My body temperature is 37 degrees or below').
Origine du mot
Japanese
Sens originel : below, beneath
JaponicContexte culturel
In Japan, using 「〜以下」 is common in official documents, contracts, and everyday conversation to clearly set limits or define categories. It's a straightforward term that avoids ambiguity when specifying a maximum threshold or a lower ranking.
Questions fréquentes
10 questionsBoth mean 'less than' or 'below,' but there's a key distinction. 〜以下 (ika) includes the specified number or amount. For example, 10歳以下 (juusai ika) means '10 years old or less.' 〜未満 (miman) excludes the specified number or amount. So, 10歳未満 (juusai miman) means 'less than 10 years old,' not including 10. Think of it like ≤ vs. < in math.
You attach it directly to a number, quantity, or noun to indicate that something is 'less than or equal to' that amount, or 'below' a certain standard.
Examples:
1. 30度以下 (sanjuudo ika) - 30 degrees Celsius or below
2. 1000円以下 (sen-en ika) - 1000 yen or less
3. 基準以下 (kijun ika) - below standard
Not always. While it's very common with numbers and quantities, it can also refer to a level, standard, or rank. For instance, 基準以下 (kijun ika) means 'below standard' or 'substandard,' and 平均以下 (heikin ika) means 'below average.' In these cases, it indicates inferiority or falling short of a benchmark.
Yes, absolutely! It's very common.
Example:
この映画は12歳以下の子供は見てはいけません。
(Kono eiga wa juuni-sai ika no kodomo wa mite wa ikemasen.)
Children 12 years old and under are not allowed to watch this movie. (lit. Children 12 years old or less...)
Yes, it's perfect for that.
Examples:
1. 水温は5度以下です。(Suion wa go-do ika desu.) - The water temperature is 5 degrees Celsius or below.
2. この箱は重さ10kg以下でなければなりません。(Kono hako wa omosa jukkiro ika de nakereba narimasen.) - This box must be 10 kg or less in weight.
The phrase 〜以下 itself isn't inherently formal or informal; its politeness depends on the surrounding sentence structure and honorifics. When used in a polite sentence (e.g., ending with です/ます), it remains polite. The key is to match the overall politeness of your speech.
The direct opposite is 〜以上 (ijou), which means 'more than' or 'above,' and includes the specified number or amount. So, if 〜以下 is 'less than or equal to,' 〜以上 is 'greater than or equal to.' For example, 10歳以上 (juusai ijou) means '10 years old or older.'
It's less common and often sounds a bit unnatural with specific dates or times unless you're talking about a duration or a numerical representation of time. For example, 3時間以下 (san-jikan ika) - '3 hours or less' is fine. For 'before a date,' you'd typically use 〜前 (mae) or 〜までに (made ni).
In formal or written contexts, especially in documents or academic papers, you might see 以下 (ika) used to mean 'the following' or 'as follows' when introducing a list or explanation.
Example: 詳細は以下の通りです。(Shousai wa ika no toori desu.) - The details are as follows.
However, when used with a number or quantity, it consistently means 'less than or equal to' or 'below.'
Yes, but usually in specific contexts where the preceding noun or number is implied or has just been stated. For example, if someone asks '何個までですか？' (Nan-ko made desu ka? - How many are allowed?), you could reply '5個以下です。' (Go-ko ika desu. - 5 or less.) Or, in a more formal context, '以下参照' (ika sanshou) means 'see below'.
Teste-toi 150 questions
このクラスは１８歳___の学生が入れます。
「〜以下」は、ある基準よりも少ない、またはその基準を含むことを示します。ここでは「18歳まで」という意味になります。
この本は１０００円___で買えます。
「〜以下」は、「〜またはそれより少ない」という意味です。ここでは「1000円、またはそれより安い」という意味になります。
今日の気温は２０度___です。
「〜以下」は、「〜またはそれより低い」という意味です。ここでは「20度、またはそれより低い」という意味になります。
私はリンゴが３つ___しかありません。
「〜以下」は、「〜またはそれより少ない」という意味です。ここでは「3つ、またはそれより少ない」という意味になります。
このお店では、５００円___のものがたくさんあります。
「〜以下」は、「〜またはそれより安い」という意味です。ここでは「500円、またはそれより安い」という意味になります。
彼の身長は１７０センチ___です。
「〜以下」は、「〜またはそれより低い」という意味です。ここでは「170センチ、またはそれより低い」という意味になります。
Choose the correct option: このりんごは500円___です。
「以下」means 'less than or equal to'. So, 'This apple is 500 yen or less.' is the correct meaning here.
Which one means 'less than 10 people'?
「以下」means 'less than or equal to'. So, 10人以下 correctly translates to '10 people or less'.
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: 彼の身長は170cm___です。
If his height is 170cm or less, 「以下」is the correct word to use. For example, to describe someone who is short, you would say 'His height is 170cm or less'.
If something is 「5ドル以下」, it means it can be 5 dollars.
「以下」includes the number itself, so '5 dollars or less' means it can be 5 dollars.
「10歳以下」means 'strictly less than 10 years old'.
「以下」means 'less than or equal to', so '10歳以下' means '10 years old or younger', including 10.
If a rule says 「30分以下」, it means you must finish in less than 30 minutes, not including 30 minutes.
「以下」means 'less than or equal to'. So, 「30分以下」means '30 minutes or less', which includes 30 minutes.
This is less than 1000 yen.
Children are 12 years old and younger.
My height is 160cm or less.
Read this aloud:
5000円以下で、何かいいプレゼントはありますか？
Focus: ごせんえんいかで、なにかいいプレゼントはありますか？
Tu as dit :
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Read this aloud:
この電車は定員が50人以下です。
Focus: このでんしゃはていいんがごじゅうにんいかです。
Tu as dit :
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Read this aloud:
私は毎日、3時間以下しか勉強しません。
Focus: わたしはまいにち、さんじかんいかしかべんきょうしません。
Tu as dit :
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You are at a store. Write a short sentence saying you want to buy 'less than 10 apples'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
りんごを10個以下ください。
You are making a rule for a game. Write a sentence saying 'Children aged 5 and below can play for free'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
5歳以下の子供は無料で遊べます。
You are checking a temperature. Write a sentence saying 'The temperature is 20 degrees Celsius or below'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
気温は20度以下です。
何歳までの子供が無料で公園に入れますか？
Read this passage:
この公園は、3歳以下の子供は無料です。大人と一緒に入ってください。
何歳までの子供が無料で公園に入れますか？
The passage states '3歳以下の子供は無料です' (Children 3 years old and below are free).
The passage states '3歳以下の子供は無料です' (Children 3 years old and below are free).
何名の宿泊者まで朝食が無料ですか？
Read this passage:
このホテルは、宿泊者が20名以下の場合、朝食が無料です。21名以上の場合は有料です。
何名の宿泊者まで朝食が無料ですか？
The passage says '宿泊者が20名以下の場合、朝食が無料です' (If the number of guests is 20 or below, breakfast is free).
The passage says '宿泊者が20名以下の場合、朝食が無料です' (If the number of guests is 20 or below, breakfast is free).
このアパートの家賃は月にいくらですか？
Read this passage:
このアパートの家賃は、月に5万円以下です。とても安いです。
このアパートの家賃は月にいくらですか？
The passage states '月に5万円以下です' (It is 50,000 yen or less per month).
The passage states '月に5万円以下です' (It is 50,000 yen or less per month).
This sentence means 'It is five years old or younger.'
This sentence means 'It is three kilograms or less.'
This sentence means 'It is one hundred yen or less.'
この部屋には大人___入れません。(This room can only fit adults ___.)
〜以下 (ika) means 'less than or equal to'. In this context, it means 'adults and below' or 'up to and including adults'. The other options don't fit the meaning of limiting capacity.
体重が50キロ___です。(My weight is ___ 50 kg.)
〜以下 (ika) means 'less than or equal to'. So, '50キロ以下' means '50 kg or less'.
この商品は1000円___で買えます。(You can buy this product for ___ 1000 yen.)
〜以下 (ika) means 'less than or equal to'. Here, it means the price is 1000 yen or less.
その仕事は週に20時間___です。(That job is ___ 20 hours a week.)
〜以下 (ika) means 'less than or equal to'. So, '20時間以下' means '20 hours or less'.
このテストで70点___の人は不合格です。(People who score ___ 70 points on this test fail.)
〜以下 (ika) means 'less than or equal to'. '70点以下' means '70 points or less', indicating a failing score.
彼は私___の英語力です。(His English ability is ___ mine.)
〜以下 (ika) means 'less than' or 'inferior to'. In this case, it means his English ability is inferior to yours.
Choose the correct option: この仕事は18歳___の人ができません。
The sentence means 'People under 18 cannot do this job.' '以下' (ika) means 'less than or equal to' or 'below'.
Which word correctly completes the sentence? このお店は1000円___で買えるものがたくさんあります。
The sentence means 'This store has many things you can buy for 1000 yen or less.' '以下' (ika) indicates 'less than or equal to'.
Select the appropriate word: テストの点数が70点___でした。
The sentence means 'My test score was 70 points or less.' '以下' (ika) is used to express 'less than or equal to'.
「このエレベーターは5人以下で乗ってください。」 means 'Please ride this elevator with 5 people or more.'
「以下」 (ika) means 'less than or equal to'. So, it means 'Please ride this elevator with 5 people or less.'
「子ども料金は12歳以下です。」 means 'Children's fare is for those 12 years old and under.'
「以下」 (ika) means 'less than or equal to', so '12歳以下' (juunana-sai ika) accurately translates to '12 years old and under'.
「この部屋の温度は20度以下です。」 means 'The temperature in this room is below 20 degrees Celsius.'
「以下」 (ika) means 'less than or equal to' or 'below'. So, '20度以下' (nijuu-do ika) means '20 degrees Celsius or below'.
部屋 (heya) means room, 利用 (riyou) means use. What's the maximum number of people allowed?
合格点 (gōkakuten) means passing score. What score do you need to pass?
エレベーター (erebētā) means elevator, 乗る (noru) means ride. What is the limit for people?
Read this aloud:
この公園は12歳以下は無料です。
Focus: いか (ika)
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Read this aloud:
送料は2000円以下です。
Focus: いか (ika)
Tu as dit :
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Read this aloud:
この仕事は経験3年以下でも応募できます。
Focus: いか (ika)
Tu as dit :
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You are at a store and see a sign that says, 'Children under 12 get a discount.' How would you write this in Japanese using 〜以下 (children below 12 years old)?
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
12歳以下の子供は割引があります。
You want to say that the temperature today is 20 degrees Celsius or below. How would you write this in Japanese using 〜以下?
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
今日の気温は20度以下です。
You need to explain that you need to submit your homework by Friday (Friday and before). How would you write this in Japanese using 〜以下?
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
宿題は金曜日までに提出してください。
この本はいくらですか？
Read this passage:
この本は1000円以下で買えます。とても安いです。
この本はいくらですか？
「1000円以下」は1000円を含んでそれよりも低い値段を指します。文章の「とても安いです」から、1000円より安いことが適切です。
「1000円以下」は1000円を含んでそれよりも低い値段を指します。文章の「とても安いです」から、1000円より安いことが適切です。
何歳までの子供がこの公園で遊べますか？
Read this passage:
この公園は、5歳以下の子供だけが遊べます。
何歳までの子供がこの公園で遊べますか？
「5歳以下」は5歳を含んでそれよりも若い年齢を指します。
「5歳以下」は5歳を含んでそれよりも若い年齢を指します。
体重が60kgの人は、この乗り物に乗れますか？
Read this passage:
体重が60kg以下の人は、この乗り物に乗ることができます。
体重が60kgの人は、この乗り物に乗れますか？
「60kg以下」は60kgを含んでそれよりも軽い体重を指します。
「60kg以下」は60kgを含んでそれよりも軽い体重を指します。
This phrase means 'children five years old or younger.' '五歳' (go-sai) is five years old, '以下' (ika) means 'or less/below', and 'の子供' (no kodomo) means 'children.'
This sentence means 'This room is for three people or less.' 'この部屋' (kono heya) means 'this room,' '三人' (san-nin) means 'three people,' and '以下です' (ika desu) means 'is or less/below.'
This sentence means 'The temperature became ten degrees or less.' '温度' (ondo) means 'temperature,' '十度' (jū-do) means 'ten degrees,' and '以下になった' (ika ni natta) means 'became or less/below.'
この映画は12歳___は見られません。 (This movie cannot be watched by those ___ 12 years old.)
「以下」は「〜より少ない」や「〜を含んでそれより少ない」を意味します。
この部屋の利用は5人___です。 (The use of this room is for 5 people ___.)
「以下」は、ある数や基準を含んでそれより少ない範囲を示します。
彼の体重は60kg___です。 (His weight is ___ 60kg.)
「以下」は、ある基準を含んでそれより低いことを表します。
このレポートは10ページ___で提出してください。 (Please submit this report ___ 10 pages.)
「以下」は、上限を示すときに使われます。
テストの平均点は70点___でした。 (The average test score was ___ 70 points.)
「以下」は、ある数値を含んでそれより低いことを示します。
この地域では、気温が0度___になることは珍しくありません。 (In this area, it is not uncommon for temperatures to be ___ 0 degrees.)
「以下」は、ある基準を含んでそれよりも低いことを表します。
Choose the correct option: この荷物は10キロ____です。
「〜以下」は「〜より少ない」や「〜を含んでそれより少ない」という意味です。この文では、荷物が10キログラムより少ないことを示しています。
Choose the correct option: 20歳____はお酒を飲めません。
「20歳以下」は「20歳を含んでそれより若い」という意味で、日本では飲酒が禁止されています。
Choose the correct option: テストで80点____の人は再試験です。
「80点以下」は「80点を含んでそれより低い点数」という意味です。テストで80点未満の人は再試験を受ける必要があります。
「100円以下」は100円を含むことができます。
「〜以下」は指定された数や量を含みます。
「この部屋の温度は20度以下です」は、部屋の温度が25度であることを意味します。
「20度以下」は20度を含んでそれより低い温度を意味します。25度は20度より高いので誤りです。
この映画は15歳以下は見ることができません。これは、16歳以上が見られるという意味です。
「15歳以下は見ることができません」ということは、15歳までとそれより若い人は見られないため、16歳以上の人が見ることができます。
What age group is this class for?
What is the acceptable range for being late?
What has become less frequent regarding the temperature?
Read this aloud:
この荷物は5キロ以下ですか？
Focus: いか (ika)
Tu as dit :
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Read this aloud:
料金は2000円以下です。
Focus: りょうきん (ryoukin), いか (ika)
Tu as dit :
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Read this aloud:
私は身長が160センチ以下です。
Focus: しんちょう (shinchou), いか (ika)
Tu as dit :
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This means 'Persons under 18 years of age are not permitted to enter.' '未満' (miman) is a more formal way to say 'less than' when referring to age or a specific number.
This means 'The temperature in this room is 20 degrees or below.' '以下' (ika) means 'less than or equal to' or 'below'.
This translates to 'People weighing 50kg or less can ride.' Here '以下' specifies a maximum weight.
この映画は12歳___の方におすすめです。
「〜以下」は「〜より少ない」や「〜を含んでそれより少ない」という意味です。ここでは12歳より下の年齢層に推奨するという意味になります。
試験の結果は平均点___だった。
「平均点以下」で、平均点よりも低い、または平均点と同じくらい低いという意味になります。
この部屋の定員は5名___です。
「定員5名以下」は、5人まで、または5人より少ないという意味で、最大人数を示します。
彼女の語学力は期待___だった。
「期待以下」は、期待していたよりも悪かったという意味です。
体重が70キロ___になった。
「70キロ以下」は、70キロ、または70キロより少ないという意味です。
この商品は1000円___で買えます。
「1000円以下」は、1000円、または1000円より安いという意味で、価格の上限を示します。
Choose the correct particle to complete the sentence: 彼女は20歳___に見えます。
「20歳以下」 means 'under 20 years old'. The sentence translates to 'She looks under 20 years old.'
Which option correctly uses 「以下」? このチケットは1000円___です。
「以下です」 is the correct way to say 'is 1000 yen or less'. The sentence means 'This ticket is 1000 yen or less.'
Select the sentence where 「以下」 is used to indicate a maximum limit.
This sentence means 'This movie cannot be viewed by those 12 years old or younger,' indicating an age limit. The other sentences use '以下' in different contexts: 'The park usage time is before 5 PM,' 'He holds a position below section chief,' and 'My height is 170cm or less.'
「この荷物は5キロ以下です」 means 'This luggage is exactly 5 kilograms.'
「以下」 means '5 kilograms or less,' not 'exactly 5 kilograms.'
When ordering a meal, if the restaurant says 「お一人様につき、ドリンクは一杯以下です」, it means you can order one drink or less.
「一杯以下」 means 'one cup or less,' implying a maximum of one drink per person.
If your test score is 「70点以下」, it means you scored higher than 70 points.
「70点以下」 means '70 points or less,' indicating you scored 70 or below.
This room is limited to 3 people or less.
The participation fee is 5000 yen or less.
His grades were below average.
Read this aloud:
このエレベーターの定員は10名以下です。
Focus: いか
Tu as dit :
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Read this aloud:
テストの合格点は70点以下ではありません。
Focus: いかではありません
Tu as dit :
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Read this aloud:
私の身長は170cm以下です。
Focus: しんちょうは
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Choose the correct particle to complete the sentence: 彼は20歳___です。 (He is under 20 years old.)
「以下」is used to indicate 'less than or equal to'. In this context, it means 'under or including 20 years old'.
Which option correctly uses 〜以下 in the sentence: そのレストランは5000円___で食事ができます。 (You can eat at that restaurant for 5000 yen or less.)
「以下」means 'or less', which fits the context of eating for 5000 yen or less.
Select the sentence that correctly uses 〜以下 to mean 'below average'.
「平均以下」is a common phrase meaning 'below average'.
The phrase 「10個以下」 (juukko ika) means 'exactly 10 items'.
「以下」 (ika) means '10 items or less', including 10. It does not mean 'exactly 10'.
You can use 〜以下 when talking about a person's age to mean 'under or including that age'.
For example, 「20歳以下」 (hatachi ika) means '20 years old or younger'.
「これ以下はできません」 (Kore ika wa dekimasen) means 'I can do more than this'.
「これ以下はできません」 means 'I cannot do less than this' or 'This is the minimum I can do'.
This software won't work on Windows 10 or older.
Participants must be 20 years old or younger.
When the temperature drops below 5 degrees, this plant dies.
Read this aloud:
この本は1000円以下で購入できます。
Focus: いか (ika)
Tu as dit :
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Read this aloud:
この地域の降水量は例年以下です。
Focus: いか (ika)
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Read this aloud:
彼の作品は期待以下だった。
Focus: いか (ika)
Tu as dit :
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You are organizing a community event. Write a short announcement (3-4 sentences) stating that participants must be 18 years old or older. Use「〜以上」.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
このイベントへのご参加、ありがとうございます。参加者は18歳以上の方に限らせていただきます。ご理解とご協力をお願いいたします。
You are writing a short email to your colleague about a task. The task must be completed by 5 PM today. Use「〜まで」or「〜までに」.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
〇〇さん、お疲れ様です。今日のタスクですが、午後5時までに完了をお願いできますでしょうか。お忙しいところ恐縮ですが、よろしくお願いいたします。
You are leaving a note for your housemate about using the last of a shared item. Write a short note (2-3 sentences) saying that there is only one left. Use「〜しか」.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
〇〇へ。牛乳が残り一つしかありませんでした。ごめんね。新しいのを買っておくね。
Aさんのスピーチは、予定よりどのくらい長かったですか？
Read this passage:
Aさんのスピーチは、予想以上に長かった。予定では20分程度だったが、実際には30分以上話していた。聴衆は少し疲れた様子だった。
Aさんのスピーチは、予定よりどのくらい長かったですか？
予定では20分程度で、実際は30分以上話していたので、少なくとも10分以上長かったことがわかります。
予定では20分程度で、実際は30分以上話していたので、少なくとも10分以上長かったことがわかります。
この図書館の蔵書数について、正しいものはどれですか？
Read this passage:
この図書館の蔵書数は10万冊以下だ。しかし、最新の書籍や人気のある本はほとんど揃っているため、利用者からの評判は非常に良い。
この図書館の蔵書数について、正しいものはどれですか？
「10万冊以下」なので、10万冊かそれ未満であることを意味します。
「10万冊以下」なので、10万冊かそれ未満であることを意味します。
今日の会議の参加者数について、本文からわかることは何ですか？
Read this passage:
今日の会議は、参加者が5人以下でした。いつもはもっと多いのですが、急な出張や体調不良で欠席者が続出したためです。
今日の会議の参加者数について、本文からわかることは何ですか？
「参加者が5人以下でした」と明記されているため、5人またはそれより少なかったことがわかります。
「参加者が5人以下でした」と明記されているため、5人またはそれより少なかったことがわかります。
This sentence means 'They are 20 years old or younger.'
This sentence means 'This box must be 5kg or less in weight.'
This sentence means 'The participation fee is set at 1000 yen or less.'
この映画は15歳___の方はご覧になれません。
「〜以下」は「〜よりも少ない、〜より劣る」という意味を表します。この文脈では「15歳未満の方」という意味になります。
この地域では、標高500メートル___に住む人々が多い。
「〜以下」は「〜よりも低い」という意味を表します。この文脈では「500メートルよりも低い標高の場所」という意味になります。
合格ラインは70点___です。
「〜以下」は「〜よりも低い」という意味を表します。この文脈では「70点未満」という意味になります。
今日の最高気温は20度___になるでしょう。
「〜以下」は「〜よりも低い」という意味を表します。この文脈では「20度未満」という意味になります。
この書類はA4サイズ___で提出してください。
「〜以下」は「〜よりも小さい」という意味を表します。この文脈では「A4サイズまで」という意味になります。
参加費用は一人1000円___です。
「〜以下」は「〜よりも少ない」という意味を表します。この文脈では「1000円まで」という意味になります。
Choose the most appropriate word to complete the sentence: このプロジェクトは、予算____進める必要があります。
「予算以下」 means 'below budget' or 'within budget limit', which fits the context of needing to proceed within financial constraints.
Which sentence correctly uses 〜以下 to express inferiority or a lower standard?
「期待以下」 (kitaigai) means 'below expectations' or 'inferior to what was expected', which clearly indicates inferiority. The other options refer to 'below a certain point' or 'less than' a number.
Select the sentence where 〜以下 implies a maximum limit or a condition that must not be exceeded.
「時速60キロ以下」 clearly sets a maximum speed limit, meaning 'at 60 km/h or less'. The other sentences describe a state or measurement rather than a rule or condition.
The phrase 「これは彼の能力以下だ」 (Kore wa kare no nōryoku ika da) means 'This is below his ability' or 'He is capable of more'.
「能力以下」 (nōryoku ika) indicates that something is of a lower standard than one's capabilities, implying that they could do better.
If a sign says 「飲酒は20歳以下禁止」 (Inshu wa 20-sai ika kinshi), it means people aged 20 and over are prohibited from drinking.
「20歳以下禁止」 means 'prohibited for those aged 20 and below'. Therefore, people under 20 are prohibited, not those 20 and over.
「彼の仕事はプロの基準以下だ」 (Kare no shigoto wa puro no kijun ika da) implies his work meets professional standards.
「プロの基準以下」 (puro no kijun ika) means 'below professional standards', indicating that his work does not meet the required level of quality.
The report was evaluated as being below the expected outcomes. What was the report's evaluation?
He understood the issue even less than I had imagined. What was his level of understanding?
This software might not function properly with system requirements below the recommended. What is the potential issue with lower system requirements?
Read this aloud:
現在の状況は、私たちの期待以下である。
Focus: いか (ika)
Tu as dit :
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Read this aloud:
彼の成績は、クラス平均以下だった。
Focus: いか (ika)
Tu as dit :
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Read this aloud:
そのサービスは、顧客の期待以下だったため、改善が必要だ。
Focus: いか (ika)
Tu as dit :
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You are organizing a community event and need to clearly state that participation is limited to individuals aged 18 and below. Write a short announcement (2-3 sentences) in Japanese for this. Use 〜以下.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
このイベントへの参加は18歳以下の方に限定させていただきます。ご理解とご協力をお願いいたします。
You are a reviewer for a literary magazine. Write a sentence describing a new author whose work, despite its promise, still feels somewhat 'below' or 'inferior' to established masters. Use 〜以下.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
この若手作家の作品は、今後の可能性を感じさせつつも、まだ大御所と呼ばれる作家たちの実力には一歩以下だと感じます。
Your company is implementing a new policy where certain tasks must be completed in 30 minutes or less. Write a simple instruction (1-2 sentences) for employees about this new time limit. Use 〜以下.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
この作業は30分以下で完了するよう、時間厳守でお願いします。
この会議で、若手社員からの提案についてどのように評価されましたか？
Read this passage:
今日の会議では、提出された企画書の数が予想以上に少なかった。特に若手社員からの提案は、期待していた水準以下で、議論が深まらなかった。次回の会議までに、各自さらに検討を重ね、より質の高い企画書を作成する必要がある。
この会議で、若手社員からの提案についてどのように評価されましたか？
パッセージに「期待していた水準以下で」と明確に記載されています。
パッセージに「期待していた水準以下で」と明確に記載されています。
この研究から、6時間以下の睡眠が集中力にどのような影響を与えると考えられますか？
Read this passage:
ある研究によると、一日の睡眠時間が6時間以下の人は、それ以上の睡眠をとる人に比べて集中力が低下する傾向があるという。特に重要な決断を迫られる際には、十分な睡眠が不可欠である。
この研究から、6時間以下の睡眠が集中力にどのような影響を与えると考えられますか？
パッセージに「集中力が低下する傾向がある」と明記されています。
パッセージに「集中力が低下する傾向がある」と明記されています。
この公園で、身長120cm以下のお子様が遊ぶ際にどのようなルールがありますか？
Read this passage:
この公園では、安全上の理由から、身長120cm以下のお子様は保護者同伴が義務付けられています。ご理解とご協力をお願いいたします。また、遊具の使用方法については、係員の指示に従ってください。
この公園で、身長120cm以下のお子様が遊ぶ際にどのようなルールがありますか？
パッセージに「身長120cm以下のお子様は保護者同伴が義務付けられています」と記載されています。
パッセージに「身長120cm以下のお子様は保護者同伴が義務付けられています」と記載されています。
/ 150 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
「〜以下」 means 'less than or equal to' a certain number, amount, or level.
- less than or equal to
- below
- at most
Basic Meaning of 以下
Understand that 「〜以下」 (ika) means 'less than' or 'below'. It sets a maximum limit or denotes inferiority.
Inclusive Nature of 以下
Remember that 「以下」 includes the number or item it refers to. For example, '5以下' means '5 or less'.
Opposite of 以上
Think of 「以下」 as the opposite of 「〜以上」 (ijou), which means 'more than' or 'above' and is also inclusive.
Contextual Clues for Usage
Pay attention to the context. Is it describing a quantity, a rank, a temperature, or a level? This will help you choose the best English translation.
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くらい/ぐらい
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宿泊
B1The act of staying overnight in a place, such as a hotel or guest house. Essential for IELTS General Task 1 letters regarding travel complaints or bookings.
入場料
B1The fee paid to enter a place.
入場券
B1A ticket allowing entry to an event or place.
冒険
B1Adventure; an exciting or unusual experience.
手頃
B1Reasonable in price or size; affordable, suitable.
〜の後に
B1After (a noun or event).
〜の後で
B1After (time or place), behind.
飛行場
A2Airport.
航空会社
B1Airline company.
