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A2 noun #1,500 よく出る 6分で読める

جَبَل

jabal 上位1,500

練習する例文メモとヒント جَبَل 30秒で

解説 جَبَل in your Level:

At the A1 level, 'Jabal' is introduced as a basic noun for 'mountain'. Students learn to identify it in simple sentences like 'This is a mountain' (هذا جبل). The focus is on basic recognition, the 'j-b-l' sound, and the fact that it is a masculine noun. Learners at this stage should be able to point to a picture of a mountain and say the word correctly, and perhaps use a simple adjective like 'big' (كبير) or 'beautiful' (جميل) with it. It's one of the first 500 words usually taught because of its frequency in basic descriptions of nature and geography.

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At the A2 level, students expand their use of 'Jabal'. They learn the plural 'Jibal' and the rule that non-human plurals take feminine singular adjectives (جبال عالية). They start using the word in sentences about travel, weather, and locations. For example, 'I went to the mountain' (ذهبت إلى الجبل). They also begin to learn common prepositions used with it, such as 'on the mountain' (على الجبل) or 'under the mountain' (تحت الجبل). The concept of 'Qimma' (peak) might be introduced as a related term. This level focuses on using the word in the context of daily life and simple descriptions of trips.

At the B1 level, 'Jabal' is used in more complex narrative contexts. Students can describe a hiking trip in detail, using verbs like 'Tasallaqa' (to climb) and 'Sa'ada' (to ascend). They understand the word in the context of environmental discussions and more nuanced geographical descriptions. Metaphorical uses might start to appear in reading passages, such as a person being 'as firm as a mountain'. Learners should be comfortable with the word in various grammatical cases (I'rab) and be able to use it in 'Idafa' constructions (e.g., 'The mountains of the city').

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At the B2 level, the word 'Jabal' is used in abstract and technical ways. Students encounter it in literature, news reports about geological events, or political discussions about mountain borders. They learn more sophisticated synonyms like 'Tawd' and related technical terms like 'Silsila Jabaliyya' (mountain range). They can discuss the ecological importance of mountains or their role in historical defense. At this stage, the student should be able to use 'Jabal' in idiomatic expressions and understand its symbolic significance in Arabic poetry and national anthems.

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At the C1 level, 'Jabal' is explored through its deep etymological and cultural roots. Students analyze its use in classical Arabic poetry (Mu'allaqat) and religious exegesis (Tafsir). They understand the nuances between 'Jabal', 'Rawabi', and 'Akam'. They can write essays on the symbolism of the mountain in the works of modern Arab poets or its role in the formation of regional identities. The word is no longer just a physical object but a complex signifier of heritage, resistance, and spiritual elevation. Mastery of all derived forms from the root J-B-L is expected.

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At the C2 level, the user has a native-like grasp of 'Jabal'. They can use the word in highly specialized academic, legal, or poetic contexts. They understand obscure dialectal variations and historical shifts in the word's usage. They can engage in high-level debates about the metaphorical 'mountains' in social structures or philosophy. The word is used with complete spontaneity, incorporating all possible rhetorical devices (metaphor, metonymy, etc.) associated with it. They can appreciate the subtle difference in meaning when a poet chooses 'Jabal' over another synonym to achieve a specific meter or emotional resonance.

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練習する例文メモとヒント

جَبَل 30秒で

Jabal means mountain in Arabic, representing a high, rocky landform.
It is a masculine noun with the broken plural 'Jibal'.
Metaphorically, it signifies strength, steadfastness, and unyielding character.
Commonly used in geographical names and descriptions of nature across the Arab world.

The Arabic word جَبَل (Jabal) is a foundational noun in the Arabic language, primarily referring to a mountain—a large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level. In the linguistic landscape of the Middle East and North Africa, where geography often dictates culture and history, the 'jabal' is more than just a geological feature; it is a symbol of permanence, strength, and refuge. From the rugged peaks of the Atlas Mountains in Morocco to the historical heights of Mount Sinai in Egypt, the word resonates with a sense of awe and magnitude. It is used to describe any significant rocky elevation, typically one that is higher and steeper than a hill (تل - Tall).

Physical Magnitude: A 'jabal' is characterized by its height, rocky terrain, and often, its difficulty to traverse. It represents the ultimate physical barrier and landmark.

هذا جَبَل عالي جداً في شمال البلاد.

Beyond the physical, 'jabal' carries deep metaphorical weight. In Arabic poetry and literature, a person might be described as a 'jabal' to signify their unwavering resolve, steadfastness, or stubbornness. It is the antithesis of the shifting sands of the desert. When someone says 'He is a mountain,' they mean he is someone who cannot be moved by the winds of change or the pressures of life. This concept of 'Thabat' (stability) is central to the semantic field of the word.

Spiritual Significance: In religious texts, mountains are described as 'Awtad' (pegs) that stabilize the earth, emphasizing their role in the cosmic balance.

سكن الناس قديماً في كهوف الـجَبَل.

Using the word جَبَل effectively requires understanding its grammatical behavior and its common pairings. As a triliteral noun derived from the root J-B-L (ج-ب-ل), it follows standard noun rules. You will most frequently encounter it in the singular form when referring to a specific peak, such as 'Jabal al-Sheikh' (Mount Hermon). When describing a range, the plural 'Jibal' is used. It is often the 'Mudaf' (the first part of a possessive construction) in geographical names.

Descriptive Adjectives: Common adjectives used with جبل include شاهق (towering), عالي (high), صخري (rocky), and وعر (rugged).

تسلق المغامرون جَبَلاً شاهقاً في الشتاء.

In daily conversation, 'jabal' can be used to describe difficulty. A task that is 'like a mountain' is one that feels insurmountable. Conversely, to be 'behind the mountain' can be a literal geographical description or a metaphorical way of saying someone is isolated or far from the city center. In Levantine dialects, 'Jabal' is often used as a proper name for neighborhoods built on hills, such as Jabal Amman or Jabal al-Weibdeh.

Verbal Associations: Verbs like تسلق (to climb), صعد (to ascend), and انهار (to collapse) are frequently used in context with mountains.

رأيت الثلج يغطي قمة الـجَبَل.

You will encounter the word جَبَل in a variety of contexts, ranging from the highly formal to the very casual. In news broadcasts, it is common in weather reports ('Snow on the mountains') or in reports on border regions and military movements. In literature and poetry, it is a staple image for endurance. In religious contexts, it appears frequently in the Quran, where mountains are mentioned as signs of God's creation and power.

Media & News: 'سلسلة جبال الأنديز' (The Andes mountain range) or 'جبل طارق' (Gibraltar) are terms you will hear in geography and news.

هل سمعت عن تاريخ جَبَل طارق؟

In popular culture and music, 'Jabal' often appears in songs about the homeland. Fairuz, the legendary Lebanese singer, frequently mentions the mountains of Lebanon, portraying them as a place of purity, heritage, and nostalgia. In the Levant, 'Ibn al-Jabal' (Son of the Mountain) is a term used to describe someone from the mountainous regions, often implying they are tough, traditional, and hospitable. You'll also hear it in proverbs, such as 'The mountain didn't move for the wind,' meaning a person of character isn't affected by rumors.

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make with جَبَل is confusing it with other geographical terms like 'Tall' (hill) or 'Hadaba' (plateau). While a 'Tall' is a small elevation, a 'Jabal' is significantly larger. Using 'Tall' for Mount Everest would be a major lexical error. Another common mistake is in the pluralization. Learners often try to pluralize it as 'Jabals' (جبلات), which is incorrect; the broken plural is 'Jibal' (جبال).

Gender Agreement: The singular 'Jabal' is masculine, but the plural 'Jibal' is treated as feminine singular for adjectives. Saying 'Jibal Aliyyeen' is wrong; it should be 'Jibal Aliyah'.

الخطأ: هذه جبال كبيرون. الصح: هذه جبال كبيرة.

Pronunciation is another area where mistakes occur. The 'J' (ج) should be a firm 'j' sound (like 'jam'), though in some dialects like Egyptian, it becomes a hard 'g' (Gabal). While both are understood, Modern Standard Arabic requires the 'j' sound. Additionally, ensure the 'b' (ب) is a clear 'b' and not confused with 'p', which doesn't exist in Arabic. Finally, don't confuse 'Jabal' with 'Jubn' (cheese) or 'Jabin' (forehead), which sound vaguely similar to a beginner's ear but have entirely different roots and meanings.

Understanding جَبَل involves distinguishing it from its synonyms and related terms. While 'Jabal' is the general term for mountain, Arabic has a rich vocabulary for specific types of elevations. 'Tall' (تل) refers to a hill, usually smaller and more rounded. 'Hadaba' (هضبة) is a plateau or highland. 'Qimma' (قمة) specifically refers to the peak or summit of the mountain, not the whole structure itself.

Jabal vs. Tall: A 'Jabal' is a massive mountain, while a 'Tall' is a small hill. You climb a Jabal for a challenge, but you walk up a Tall for a view.
Jabal vs. Qimma: 'Jabal' is the entity; 'Qimma' is the highest point. You live on a mountain, but you reach the summit.

وصلنا إلى قمة الـجَبَل بعد ساعات.

Other related words include 'Silsila' (سلسلة), meaning chain or range, as in 'Silsilat Jibal' (Mountain range). 'Wadi' (وادي) is the valley between mountains, often acting as its antonym in geographical descriptions. 'Kuhf' (كهف) is a cave found within a mountain. In poetic contexts, you might see the word 'Tawd' (طود), which is a more archaic and grandiose word for a massive mountain, often used to describe someone's immense character or a literal giant cliff.

How Formal Is It?

難易度

知っておくべき文法

Broken Plurals

Non-human plural agreement

Idafa (Possessive construction)

Nisba Adjectives

Prepositions of place

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レベル別の例文

هذا جبل كبير.

This is a big mountain.

Masculine singular noun + masculine singular adjective.

أنا أحب الجبل.

I love the mountain.

Definite noun as a direct object.

الجبل جميل في الصيف.

The mountain is beautiful in the summer.

Subject-predicate sentence.

هل هذا جبل؟

Is this a mountain?

Simple question with 'hal'.

الجبل بعيد.

The mountain is far.

Basic adjective 'ba'eed'.

رأيت جبلاً.

I saw a mountain.

Indefinite accusative case (Tanween Fath).

هذا جبل أخضر.

This is a green mountain.

Color adjective following the noun.

البيت عند الجبل.

The house is by the mountain.

Preposition 'inda' (at/by).

سكن الناس في الجبال قديماً.

People lived in the mountains in the past.

Plural 'Jibal' with preposition 'fi'.

هذه الجبال عالية جداً.

These mountains are very high.

Non-human plural + feminine singular adjective.

ذهبنا إلى الجبل يوم السبت.

We went to the mountain on Saturday.

Past tense verb + prepositional phrase.

هل تريد تسلق الجبل؟

Do you want to climb the mountain?

Infinitive construction with 'tasallaqa'.

الجو بارد فوق الجبل.

The weather is cold on top of the mountain.

Preposition 'fawqa' (above/on top).

هناك ثلج على قمة الجبل.

There is snow on the mountain peak.

Idafa construction: Qimmat al-Jabal.

الجبل قريب من المدينة.

The mountain is near the city.

Prepositional phrase 'qareeb min'.

رأينا حيوانات في الجبل.

We saw animals in the mountain.

Plural noun 'hayawanat'.

تعتبر الجبال مصدراً هاماً للمياه.

Mountains are considered an important source of water.

Passive verb 'tu'tabar'.

كانت الرحلة إلى الجبل متعبة ولكن ممتعة.

The trip to the mountain was tiring but enjoyable.

Kana and its sisters (Ism Kana and Khabar Kana).

يختبئ القمر خلف الجبل.

The moon hides behind the mountain.

Present tense verb 'yakhtabi' (to hide).

سلسلة الجبال تمتد على طول الساحل.

The mountain range extends along the coast.

Idafa: Silsilat al-Jibal.

علينا حماية البيئة في المناطق الجبلية.

We must protect the environment in mountainous areas.

Nisba adjective 'Jabaliyya'.

بنى القرويون بيوتهم من حجارة الجبل.

The villagers built their houses from mountain stones.

Preposition 'min' + Idafa.

لا يمكننا عبور الجبل بسبب العواصف.

We cannot cross the mountain because of the storms.

Negative 'la' + modal 'yumkinuna'.

منظر الغروب من فوق الجبل رائع.

The view of the sunset from atop the mountain is wonderful.

Complex Idafa construction.

يشكل الجبل حاجزاً طبيعياً بين الدولتين.

The mountain forms a natural barrier between the two countries.

Verb 'yushakkil' (to form/constitute).

تتميز المنطقة بتضاريسها الجبلية الوعرة.

The region is characterized by its rugged mountainous terrain.

Verb 'tatamayyaz' (to be characterized by).

لجأ الثوار إلى الجبال للاحتماء من العدو.

The rebels took refuge in the mountains to hide from the enemy.

Verb 'laja'a' (to take refuge).

تؤثر الجبال بشكل كبير على المناخ المحلي.

Mountains significantly affect the local climate.

Adverbial phrase 'bi-shakl kabeer'.

تعتبر رياضة تسلق الجبال من الهوايات الخطرة.

Mountain climbing is considered a dangerous hobby.

Masdar 'tasalluq' in Idafa.

انفجر البركان في الجبل الخامد.

The volcano erupted in the dormant mountain.

Adjective 'khamid' (dormant).

توجد العديد من المعادن الثمينة في باطن الجبل.

Many precious minerals are found inside the mountain.

Phrase 'baatin al-jabal' (inside/depths).

صمد الجندي كالجبل أمام الهجوم.

The soldier stood firm like a mountain before the attack.

Simile using 'ka-' (like).

تتجلى عظمة الخالق في شموخ الجبال.

The Creator's greatness is manifested in the loftiness of the mountains.

Abstract noun 'shumookh' (loftiness/pride).

كان الجبل شاهداً على أحداث تاريخية جسيمة.

The mountain was a witness to grave historical events.

Metaphorical use of 'shahid' (witness).

تتنوع النظم البيئية في المرتفعات الجبلية.

Ecosystems vary in the mountain highlands.

Technical term 'murtafa'at' (highlands).

تعد الجبال أوتاداً تثبت القشرة الأرضية.

Mountains are considered pegs that stabilize the Earth's crust.

Scientific/Religious metaphor 'awtad'.

تغنى الشعراء بالجبل كرمز للثبات والأنفة.

Poets sang of the mountain as a symbol of steadfastness and pride.

Verb 'taghanna' (to sing/praise).

أدت التعرية إلى تغيير ملامح الجبل عبر العصور.

Erosion led to changing the mountain's features across the ages.

Technical term 'ta'riya' (erosion).

يعاني سكان الجبل من عزلة جغرافية خانقة.

Mountain dwellers suffer from a suffocating geographical isolation.

Adjective 'khaniqa' (suffocating/intense).

انزاحت الغيوم لتكشف عن مارد جبال الألب.

The clouds cleared to reveal the giant of the Alps.

Personification 'marid' (giant/demon).

يقف الجبل شامخاً بإباء يتحدى عوادي الزمن.

The mountain stands loftily with defiance, challenging the calamities of time.

Highly rhetorical style with 'awaadi al-zaman'.

في فلسفته، يمثل الجبل العقبة الوجودية الكبرى.

In his philosophy, the mountain represents the great existential obstacle.

Philosophical context.

تضاربت الروايات حول الكنوز المخبأة في غياهب الجبل.

Accounts conflicted regarding the treasures hidden in the depths of the mountain.

Literary term 'ghayahib' (depths/darkness).

إن صموده أمام المحن يضاهي رسوخ الجبال الرواسي.

His steadfastness in the face of adversity matches the stability of the anchored mountains.

Classical term 'rawasi' (firmly anchored).

استحال الجبل إلى ركام إثر الزلزال المدمر.

The mountain turned into rubble following the devastating earthquake.

Verb 'istahala' (to transform/become).

تعتبر الأساطير القديمة الجبل مسكناً للآلهة.

Ancient myths consider the mountain a dwelling for the gods.

Cultural/Mythological context.

أضحت القمة مطمحاً لكل من رام المجد.

The summit became an aspiration for everyone who sought glory.

Archaic verb 'rama' (to seek/aim for).

تجذر في وجدانه حب الجبل وهواءه العليل.

The love for the mountain and its cool breeze became rooted in his soul.

Metaphorical verb 'tajadhara' (to take root).

よく使う組み合わせ

جبل شاهق

سلسلة جبال

قمة الجبل

سفح الجبل

تسلق الجبال

جبل بركاني

جبل جليدي

طريق جبلي

ماعز الجبل

هواء الجبل

よく使うフレーズ

ابن الجبل

خلف الجبل

راس الجبل

تحت الجبل

في قلب الجبل

من الجبل إلى البحر

جبل من الجليد

صامد كالجبل

جبل من الهموم

طلوع الجبل

よく混同される語

جَبَل vs تل (Hill)

جَبَل vs هضبة (Plateau)

جَبَل vs جبن (Cheese)

慣用句と表現

"الجبل تمخض فولد فأراً"

"يا جبل ما يهزك ريح"

"بينهما جبال وبحار"

"جبل على كتفيه"

"هدّ الجبال"

"مثل الجبل الأشم"

"التقى الجبلان"

"لا تنقل الجبال إلا بالصبر"

"أثقل من جبل أحد"

"جبل من الثلج (المخفي أعظم)"

間違えやすい

جَبَل vs جَبين

جَبَل vs جُبن

جَبَل vs حبل

جَبَل vs جمل

文型パターン

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使い方

dialectal

In the Levant, 'Jabal' can mean a specific district.

metaphorical

Used to describe a heavy burden or a strong person.

よくある間違い

Using 'Tall' for a high mountain.
Pluralizing as 'Jabalat' instead of 'Jibal'.
Using masculine adjectives with 'Jibal'.
Confusing 'Jabal' with 'Habl' (rope).
Pronouncing the 'J' as a 'Y'.

ヒント

Plural Agreement

Always remember that 'Jibal' takes feminine adjectives. For example, 'Jibal kabeera' (Big mountains) not 'Jibal kabeer'. This is a common pitfall for English speakers.

Idafa Usage

When naming a mountain, use the Idafa structure: 'Jabal [Name]'. For example, 'Jabal Lubnan' (Mount Lebanon). The word 'Jabal' stays in its base form.

Regional Names

Many Arab cities are built on hills. In Amman, Jordan, the city is divided into 'Jabals' (Jabal Amman, Jabal al-Hussein). Knowing this helps in navigation.

The Jeem Sound

Practice the 'J' sound as a soft affricate. Avoid making it sound like a 'Y' or a 'Zh' unless you are aiming for a specific regional dialect like some parts of the Gulf or Levant.

Spelling the Plural

The plural 'Jibal' (جبال) has an Alif. Don't forget it! Without the Alif, the word changes meaning or becomes grammatically incorrect.

Context Clues

If you hear 'Jabal' in a news report, it's likely about borders, weather, or hiking. Use these context clues to anticipate the surrounding vocabulary.

Visual Association

Imagine the word 'Jabal' as a tall, jagged peak. The 'J' is the hook at the top, and the 'L' is the long slope down to the ground.

Idiomatic Use

Use the phrase 'Ya Jabal ma yahzak reeh' to encourage someone to stay strong. It's a very popular and powerful idiom in the Arab world.

Root Recognition

When you see the letters J-B-L together, think of 'forming' or 'mounting'. This will help you understand related words like 'Jibilla' (nature).

Level Up

Once you master 'Jabal', learn the words for 'Valley' (Wadi) and 'Plain' (Sahl) to complete your basic geographical vocabulary set.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of a 'Giant Bell' (Jabal) shaped like a mountain.

語源

Semitic

文化的な背景

Mountainous regions often have distinct dialects and traditions compared to coastal or desert areas.

Mentioned 33 times in the Quran.

The Arab world contains major ranges like the Atlas, Hijaz, and Lebanon mountains.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

会話のきっかけ

"هل تحب الذهاب إلى الجبل أم البحر؟"

"ما هو أعلى جبل في بلدك؟"

"هل سبق لك أن تسلقت جبلاً؟"

"كيف هو الجو في الجبل الآن؟"

"ماذا نأخذ معنا في رحلة إلى الجبل؟"

日記のテーマ

صف شعورك عندما تقف على قمة جبل.

اكتب عن رحلة قمت بها إلى منطقة جبلية.

لماذا يفضل بعض الناس العيش في الجبال؟

تخيل أنك جبل، ماذا ترى من حولك؟

قارن بين حياة الجبل وحياة المدينة.

よくある質問

10 問

A Jabal is a large mountain, while a Tall is a smaller hill. Jabals are usually rockier and steeper, whereas Talls are often rounded and easier to climb. In Arabic, size and prominence are the key factors in choosing between these two words.

The word Jabal is masculine. However, its plural form, Jibal, is treated as a feminine singular noun when it comes to adjective and verb agreement. This is a standard rule for non-human plurals in Arabic grammar.

You say 'Silsilat Jibal' (سلسلة جبال), which literally translates to 'a chain of mountains'. This is the standard term used in geography and news reports to describe a group of connected mountains.

While not a common first name, Jabal is sometimes used as a surname or a nickname. It is also very common as a name for places, neighborhoods, and historical figures in legends.

'Ibn al-Jabal' means 'Son of the Mountain'. It is a cultural term used to describe someone who was born and raised in mountainous regions, implying they are hardy, traditional, and possess the qualities of the mountain.

In Egypt, the letter 'Jeem' is pronounced as a hard 'G'. So, 'Jabal' becomes 'Gabal'. This is one of the most famous dialectal differences in the Arabic-speaking world.

The peak or summit is called 'Qimma' (قمة). You would say 'Qimmat al-Jabal' to refer specifically to the very top point of the mountain.

While 'Tall' is used for a hill, you might use 'Jubayl' (جبيل), which is the diminutive form of Jabal, meaning 'a little mountain'. This is also the name of a famous city in Lebanon and Saudi Arabia.

You can say 'Jabal mukallal bi-thalj' (a mountain crowned with snow) or simply 'Jabal thalji' (a snowy mountain). Both are common in literature and descriptions.

The Quran mentions mountains like Jabal al-Tur (Mount Sinai) and refers to mountains in general as 'Awtad' (pegs) and 'Rawasi' (firmly fixed) to emphasize their role in stabilizing the earth.

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