The Arabic prepositional phrase 'وفقًا لـ' (wufeqan li) is a crucial connector that signifies agreement, consistency, or adherence to a particular source, statement, or rule. It translates directly to 'according to' or 'in accordance with' in English. This phrase is extensively used in formal and semi-formal Arabic to introduce information that is based on an authority, a document, a plan, or any established guideline. It helps to attribute information correctly and to show that the statement being made is not an original thought but rather a report or a reflection of something else.
Think of it as a way to say, 'This is what someone said,' 'This is what the document states,' or 'This is how the plan is laid out.' For instance, when discussing news, legal matters, scientific findings, or even personal opinions that are based on external information, 'وفقًا لـ' is the go-to phrase. It lends credibility and precision to the discourse by clearly indicating the origin of the information. Without it, statements might appear as personal assertions, which could be misleading if the intent is to relay external facts or opinions.
The phrase is constructed from two parts: 'وفقًا' (wufeqan), which means 'accordingly' or 'in agreement,' and 'لـ' (li), a preposition meaning 'to' or 'for.' Together, they form a powerful unit that binds a statement to its source. This grammatical structure is common in Arabic, where prepositions often attach to the following noun or pronoun. Understanding this fundamental phrase is key to comprehending a wide range of Arabic texts and conversations, especially those dealing with factual reporting, official announcements, and academic discussions. It’s a building block for expressing reliance on established information, making your Arabic more nuanced and accurate.
Usage Contexts
News reporting, legal documents, academic papers, official statements, relaying opinions based on external sources, describing adherence to plans or regulations.
Core Meaning
In agreement with; based on the information provided by.
According to the latest report, the economy has grown significantly. وفقًا لـ التقرير الأخير، نما الاقتصاد بشكل كبير.
The law states that everyone has rights. وفقًا لـ القانون، لكل شخص حقوق.
Grammatical Role
Prepositional phrase used to introduce a subordinate clause or a noun phrase that specifies the source of information or a basis for a statement.
In essence, 'وفقًا لـ' acts as a bridge between a statement and its foundation. It’s a tool for academic rigor, journalistic integrity, and clear communication when relaying information that originates elsewhere. Mastering its usage will significantly enhance your ability to engage with complex Arabic texts and express yourself with greater precision and authority.
Using 'وفقًا لـ' (wufeqan li) effectively in sentences requires understanding its position and the type of information it introduces. Typically, it comes at the beginning of a clause or sentence, followed by the noun or pronoun that represents the source. This structure immediately sets the context for the information that follows, signaling to the listener or reader that what is about to be said is based on external data or authority.
Consider the following sentence patterns:
Pattern 1: Introducing a Source
وفقًا لـ + [Source (Noun/Pronoun)] + [Statement]
Example:
وفقًا لـ المنظمة العالمية للصحة، يجب غسل اليدين بانتظام.
Translation: According to the World Health Organization, hands must be washed regularly. Here, 'المنظمة العالمية للصحة' (the World Health Organization) is the source.
Pattern 2: With a Pronoun
وفقًا لـ + [Pronoun Suffix] + [Statement]
Example:
وفقًا له، فإن الاجتماع سيبدأ في الساعة العاشرة.
Translation: According to him, the meeting will start at ten o'clock. The pronoun suffix '-له' (lihi - to him/for him) attaches to 'لـ', referring back to a previously mentioned male individual.
Pattern 3: Referring to a Document
وفقًا لـ + [Document Name] + [Statement]
Example:
وفقًا لـ الدستور، يتمتع المواطنون بحرية التعبير.
Translation: According to the constitution, citizens enjoy freedom of expression. Here, 'الدستور' (the constitution) is the source document.
Pattern 4: Introducing a Plan or Agreement
وفقًا لـ + [Plan/Agreement Name] + [Statement]
Example:
وفقًا لـ الخطة الجديدة، سنقوم بزيادة الإنتاج.
Translation: According to the new plan, we will increase production. 'الخطة الجديدة' (the new plan) is the basis for the statement.
When constructing your own sentences, always ensure that the source you mention is clearly identifiable and relevant to the statement you are making. The phrase 'وفقًا لـ' adds a layer of formality and precision, making it suitable for academic, professional, and informative contexts. Practice using it with different types of sources – news, research, personal accounts, rules, and plans – to become comfortable with its versatility.
You'll encounter 'وفقًا لـ' (wufeqan li) frequently in various real-world Arabic communication scenarios, particularly in environments where information needs to be attributed and verified. It's a staple in formal discourse and serves to maintain objectivity and credibility.
One of the most common places to hear or read this phrase is in news broadcasts and newspapers. Journalists use it constantly to cite their sources, whether it's a government official, an expert, a report, or a witness. For example, a news anchor might say:
وفقًا لـ الشرطة، تم القبض على المشتبه به.
Translation: According to the police, the suspect was arrested. This clearly attributes the information to the police.
In legal and governmental contexts, 'وفقًا لـ' is indispensable. Court proceedings, official decrees, and legal documents rely heavily on this phrase to reference laws, precedents, and regulations. A lawyer might state:
وفقًا لـ المادة الثالثة من القانون، يحق للمتهم الدفاع عن نفسه.
Translation: According to Article 3 of the law, the defendant has the right to defend himself. This demonstrates its use in referencing specific legal articles.
Academic and research settings also extensively use 'وفقًا لـ'. When students present research papers or professors deliver lectures, they cite their sources to support their arguments. You might hear:
وفقًا لـ دراسة حديثة، فإن التمارين الرياضية تحسن الذاكرة.
Translation: According to a recent study, physical exercise improves memory. This attributes the finding to a specific study.
Furthermore, in business and project management, adherence to plans, strategies, or market analysis is often discussed using this phrase. A manager might say:
وفقًا لـ تحليل السوق، يجب علينا تعديل استراتيجيتنا.
Translation: According to the market analysis, we must adjust our strategy. This shows its application in strategic decision-making.
Even in everyday conversations, when people relay information they've heard from others or read somewhere, they might use 'وفقًا لـ' to indicate the source, though sometimes a more informal phrase might be used. However, for precision, especially when discussing facts or statistics, it remains a preferred choice. Listening to Arabic news channels, reading Arabic articles online, or watching documentaries in Arabic will expose you to numerous examples of 'وفقًا لـ' in action, helping you internalize its usage and meaning.
While 'وفقًا لـ' (wufeqan li) is a straightforward phrase, learners can sometimes make mistakes that affect clarity and correctness. Being aware of these common pitfalls can help you use the phrase more accurately.
Mistake 1: Incorrect Preposition Attachment
Sometimes, learners might forget that the preposition 'لـ' (li) often attaches directly to the following word, especially when that word is a definite noun. Forgetting the definite article 'الـ' (al-) or the attachment can lead to ungrammatical constructions.
Incorrect: وفقًا لـ قانون جديد (wufeqan li qanun jadid) - 'According to new law' (grammatically awkward as it lacks definiteness).
Correct: وفقًا لـ القانون الجديد (wufeqan li al-qanun al-jadid) - 'According to the new law.'
Incorrect: وفقًا لـ منظمة (wufeqan li munathama) - 'According to organization'.
Correct: وفقًا لـ المنظمة (wufeqan li al-munathama) - 'According to the organization.'
Mistake 2: Omitting the Source
The phrase 'وفقًا لـ' inherently implies a source. Using it without specifying what you are according to renders the phrase incomplete and nonsensical.
Incorrect: وفقًا لـ ... (wufeqan li ...) - 'According to...' (incomplete).
Correct: وفقًا لـ التقرير، الوضع مستقر. (wufeqan li al-taqrir, al-wad'u mustaqirr) - 'According to the report, the situation is stable.'
Mistake 3: Using it in overly informal contexts
While 'وفقًا لـ' is versatile, it carries a degree of formality. In very casual, colloquial settings among close friends, simpler phrases or even just stating the information might suffice. Overusing it can sound overly stiff or academic.
Potentially Overly Formal: وفقًا لـ صديقي، الفيلم كان مملًا. (wufeqan li sadiqi, al-film kana mumillan) - 'According to my friend, the movie was boring.'
More Natural in informal chat: صديقي قال إن الفيلم كان مملًا. (sadiqi qala inna al-film kana mumillan) - 'My friend said the movie was boring.' or simply, الفيلم كان مملًا، حسب رأيه. (al-film kana mumillan, hasaba ra'yihi) - 'The movie was boring, in his opinion.'
Mistake 4: Confusing it with similar phrases
While other phrases might convey a similar meaning, 'وفقًا لـ' is specific to adhering to a stated source or rule. Confusing it with phrases that indicate mere opinion or personal belief can lead to miscommunication.
Incorrect usage example: Instead of saying 'According to the plan...', someone might mistakenly use a phrase that means 'In my opinion...'.
Correct Usage: The key is to remember that 'وفقًا لـ' requires a tangible or stated source – a document, a person's statement, a law, a report, etc. It is not typically used for subjective opinions unless those opinions are being quoted directly.
While 'وفقًا لـ' (wufeqan li) is a widely used and precise phrase for indicating adherence to a source, Arabic offers several other expressions that can convey similar meanings, each with its own nuances in formality and usage.
1. حسب (Hasab)
Meaning: According to, depending on, based on.
Usage: 'حسب' is generally more versatile and can be used in both formal and informal contexts. It's a very common alternative to 'وفقًا لـ'.
Example:
حسب ما سمعت، سيكون الطقس حارًا غدًا.
Translation: According to what I heard, the weather will be hot tomorrow. (Here, 'حسب' is used with a verbal clause).
Comparison: 'حسب' is often interchangeable with 'وفقًا لـ', but 'وفقًا لـ' can sometimes sound slightly more formal or legalistic.
2. بناءً على (Bina'an 'ala)
Meaning: Based on, on the basis of.
Usage: This phrase emphasizes the foundation or basis upon which a statement or action is made. It's common in formal and analytical contexts.
Example:
بناءً على البيانات المتوفرة، قررنا تأجيل المشروع.
Translation: Based on the available data, we decided to postpone the project.
Comparison: While 'وفقًا لـ' points to a source of information, 'بناءً على' emphasizes the underlying reason or evidence for a decision or conclusion.
3. استنادًا إلى (Istanidan ila)
Meaning: Based on, relying on.
Usage: Similar to 'بناءً على', this phrase highlights reliance on a particular source or evidence. It's often used in formal writing and speech.
Example:
استنادًا إلى شهادة الشهود، تم التوصل إلى الحكم.
Translation: Based on the testimony of the witnesses, the verdict was reached.
Comparison: 'استنادًا إلى' implies a stronger sense of reliance or substantiation compared to 'وفقًا لـ', which is more about reporting what a source says.
4. في رأي (Fi ra'y)
Meaning: In the opinion of.
Usage: This phrase is used specifically to introduce a personal opinion or viewpoint, not factual information from an external source.
Example:
في رأي المعلم، يحتاج الطالب إلى مزيد من التدريب.
Translation: In the teacher's opinion, the student needs more practice.
Comparison: This is fundamentally different from 'وفقًا لـ'. 'وفقًا لـ' cites what a source *states*, while 'في رأي' conveys what someone *thinks* or *believes*.
How Formal Is It?
豆知識
The root و-ف-ق (w-f-q) is fundamental in Arabic for concepts of harmony and accord. It's related to words signifying success and divine guidance (tawfeeq), suggesting that acting 'accordingly' or 'in agreement' with established principles leads to positive outcomes or is a path to success.
発音ガイド
UK/wʊf.qɑn liː/
US/wʊf.qɑn liː/
The primary stress falls on the second syllable, 'qan', in 'wufeqan'. The final 'li' is unstressed but pronounced clearly.
Mispronouncing the 'q' sound (often replaced with 'k' or 'g').
Not fully articulating the final 'li' sound.
Incorrect vowel length in 'an'.
難易度
読解3/5
This phrase is commonly encountered in written Arabic, especially in news articles, reports, and academic texts. Recognizing it is crucial for comprehension, as it directly signals the source of information. Its structure is generally straightforward, making it accessible for B1 learners and above.
ライティング3/5
スピーキング3/5
リスニング3/5
次に学ぶべきこと
前提知識
لـ (li - to/for)اسم (ism - noun)تقرير (taqrir - report)كتاب (kitab - book)قانون (qanun - law)
次に学ぶ
حسب (hasab - according to)بناءً على (bina'an 'ala - based on)استنادًا إلى (istanidan ila - based on/relying on)طبقًا لـ (tabiqan li - in accordance with)مصدر (masdar - source)
Prepositional Phrases: Understanding how prepositions like 'لـ' combine with nouns and pronouns.
In 'وفقًا لـ القانون' (according to the law), 'لـ' connects 'وفقًا' to 'القانون'. In 'وفقًا له' (according to him), 'لـ' attaches to the pronoun 'ه'.
Definite Articles: The use of 'الـ' (al-) with nouns following prepositions.
'وفقًا لـ' is often followed by a definite noun, like 'وفقًا لـ التقرير' (according to the report), not 'وفقًا لـ تقرير'.
Idafa Construction (Genitive Construction): How nouns can be linked to show possession or relationship.
In phrases like 'وفقًا لـ توجيهات المدير' (according to the director's instructions), 'توجيهات' (instructions) is the first noun and 'المدير' (the director) is the second, forming an Idafa.
Sentence Structure: Placement of prepositional phrases.
'وفقًا لـ' can usually start a sentence or appear mid-sentence after the main clause, as in 'الوضع مستقر، وفقًا لـ التقرير'.
Verb Conjugation: Understanding the verbs that might precede 'وفقًا لـ'.
Sentences might start with verbs like 'قال' (he said), 'أشار' (he indicated), 'ذكر' (he mentioned), followed by a statement introduced by 'وفقًا لـ'.
Simple sentence structure, introducing a person as the source.
2
الطقس جميل، وفقًا للتلفزيون.
The weather is nice, according to the television.
Source mentioned at the end of the sentence.
3
وفقًا لـ أمي، يجب أن آكل خضروات.
According to my mother, I must eat vegetables.
Introducing a family member as the source of advice.
4
قال المعلم: وفقًا لـ الكتاب، هذه هي الإجابة.
The teacher said: According to the book, this is the answer.
Quoting a statement that includes 'وفقًا لـ'.
5
وفقًا لـ الخطة، سنبدأ العمل غدًا.
According to the plan, we will start work tomorrow.
Referring to a plan as the source.
6
سمعت وفقًا لـ راديو أن هناك مطرًا.
I heard according to the radio that there is rain.
Using a different verb ('سمعت') before the phrase.
7
وفقًا لـ جدتي، الشاي مفيد.
According to my grandmother, tea is beneficial.
Introducing an elder's wisdom as the source.
8
القطة نائمة، وفقًا لـ جاري.
The cat is sleeping, according to my neighbor.
Simple observation attributed to a neighbor.
1
وفقًا لـ الصحيفة، ارتفعت الأسعار.
According to the newspaper, prices have risen.
Attributing information to a common source like a newspaper.
2
ذهبنا إلى المطعم وفقًا لـ توصية صديقنا.
We went to the restaurant according to our friend's recommendation.
Using 'وفقًا لـ' with a possessive noun phrase.
3
وفقًا لـ الجدول، القطار سيصل الساعة الخامسة.
According to the schedule, the train will arrive at five o'clock.
Referring to a schedule or timetable.
4
قال الطبيب: وفقًا لـ حالتك، تحتاج إلى راحة.
The doctor said: According to your condition, you need rest.
Medical context, attributing advice to a patient's condition.
5
وفقًا لـ تعليمات المعلم، يجب أن نعمل بهدوء.
According to the teacher's instructions, we must work quietly.
Referring to instructions given by an authority figure.
6
هل هذا صحيح وفقًا لـ الكتاب؟
Is this correct according to the book?
Formulating a question using the phrase.
7
وفقًا لـ خطة الشركة، سيتم فتح فرع جديد.
According to the company's plan, a new branch will be opened.
Referring to a company plan.
8
الجو بارد جدًا، وفقًا للأخبار.
The weather is very cold, according to the news.
Simple statement about weather attributed to news.
1
وفقًا لـ التقارير الأخيرة، شهدت المنطقة زيادة في السياحة.
According to recent reports, the region has seen an increase in tourism.
Using 'وفقًا لـ' with plural noun 'تقارير' (reports).
2
تم اتخاذ القرار وفقًا لـ توجيهات الإدارة العليا.
The decision was made according to the directives of senior management.
Referring to official directives or guidelines.
3
وفقًا لـ دراسة أجريت في جامعة القاهرة، فإن النظام الغذائي يؤثر على الصحة النفسية.
According to a study conducted at Cairo University, diet affects mental health.
Citing a specific academic study from a known institution.
4
يجب علينا الالتزام بالقواعد وفقًا لـ ما هو منصوص عليه في العقد.
We must adhere to the rules according to what is stipulated in the contract.
Referring to stipulations within a contract.
5
وفقًا لـ المادة 15 من الدستور، لكل مواطن الحق في التعليم.
According to Article 15 of the constitution, every citizen has the right to education.
Referencing a specific article within a constitution.
6
قال الخبير: وفقًا لـ توقعاتنا، سيستمر الاقتصاد في النمو.
The expert said: According to our forecasts, the economy will continue to grow.
Introducing expert predictions or forecasts.
7
وفقًا لـ إرشادات السلامة، يجب ارتداء الخوذة دائمًا.
According to the safety guidelines, a helmet must always be worn.
Referring to safety protocols or instructions.
8
تغيرت الخطة وفقًا لـ الظروف الجديدة.
The plan changed according to the new circumstances.
Showing adaptability based on changing conditions.
1
وفقًا لـ تحليل الخبراء، فإن التغيرات المناخية ستؤثر بشكل كبير على الزراعة العالمية.
According to the analysis of experts, climate change will significantly impact global agriculture.
Introducing expert analysis and its implications.
2
تمت الموافقة على المشروع وفقًا لـ معايير الجودة الصارمة المحددة في اللائحة التنفيذية.
The project was approved according to the strict quality standards specified in the executive regulations.
Referencing specific regulations and standards.
3
وفقًا لـ الإحصائيات الرسمية، ارتفع معدل البطالة بنسبة 2% خلال الربع الأخير.
According to official statistics, the unemployment rate rose by 2% during the last quarter.
Citing official statistics and specific figures.
4
ينص القانون الدولي على أن السيادة للدولة، وفقًا لـ مبادئ الأمم المتحدة.
International law stipulates that sovereignty belongs to the state, according to the principles of the United Nations.
Referencing international law and principles of a global organization.
5
وفقًا لـ السجلات التاريخية، كانت هذه المنطقة مركزًا تجاريًا مزدهرًا منذ قرون.
According to historical records, this region was a thriving trade center for centuries.
Attributing information to historical documentation.
6
تم تطوير هذه التقنية وفقًا لـ أحدث الأبحاث في مجال الذكاء الاصطناعي.
This technology was developed according to the latest research in the field of artificial intelligence.
Linking development to cutting-edge research.
7
وفقًا لـ اتفاقية الشراكة، تلتزم كلتا الشركتين بتقديم الدعم المتبادل.
According to the partnership agreement, both companies are committed to providing mutual support.
Referring to the terms of a formal agreement.
8
تواجه الشركة تحديات كبيرة، وفقًا لـ تقريرها السنوي الأخير.
The company faces significant challenges, according to its latest annual report.
Citing information from a company's official report.
1
وفقًا لـ التحليلات الاقتصادية المتعمقة، فإن إعادة هيكلة الديون تعد ضرورة حتمية لتجنب الانهيار المالي.
According to in-depth economic analyses, debt restructuring is an inevitable necessity to avoid financial collapse.
Using advanced vocabulary ('متعمقة', 'حتمية', 'انهيار مالي') and complex sentence structure.
2
تم تشكيل اللجنة الاستشارية وفقًا لـ البروتوكولات المعمول بها، بهدف تقديم توصيات مستنيرة حول السياسات المستقبلية.
The advisory committee was formed according to the established protocols, with the aim of providing informed recommendations on future policies.
Referencing formal protocols and the objective of a committee.
3
وفقًا لـ المبادئ الأخلاقية للمهنة، يجب على المحامين الحفاظ على سرية معلومات موكليهم.
According to the ethical principles of the profession, lawyers must maintain the confidentiality of their clients' information.
Citing professional ethical codes.
4
أشار التقرير إلى أن التحديات التي تواجه القطاع الصحي تتطلب استراتيجيات مبتكرة، وفقًا لـ توصيات منظمة الصحة العالمية.
The report indicated that the challenges facing the health sector require innovative strategies, according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization.
Connecting challenges to recommendations from a major international body.
5
وفقًا لـ وجهات النظر الفلسفية المعاصرة، فإن مفهوم الوعي لا يزال محل جدل واسع.
According to contemporary philosophical viewpoints, the concept of consciousness remains a subject of extensive debate.
Referring to philosophical perspectives and ongoing debates.
6
تم تصميم البرنامج التدريبي وفقًا لـ أحدث النظريات التربوية لتعزيز المهارات العملية.
The training program was designed according to the latest pedagogical theories to enhance practical skills.
Linking program design to educational theories.
7
وفقًا لـ الأدبيات العلمية، فإن التفاعلات بين الأنواع المختلفة في النظام البيئي معقدة للغاية.
According to the scientific literature, the interactions between different species in an ecosystem are highly complex.
Citing scientific literature on ecological complexity.
8
تتطلب معالجة قضايا التنمية المستدامة مقاربات شاملة، وفقًا لـ تقارير الأمم المتحدة حول البيئة والتنمية.
Addressing sustainable development issues requires comprehensive approaches, according to United Nations reports on environment and development.
Referencing reports from international bodies on complex global issues.
1
وفقًا لـ المنهجيات النقدية المعاصرة، فإن النصوص الأدبية غالباً ما تعكس التوترات الاجتماعية والسياسية السائدة في عصرها.
According to contemporary critical methodologies, literary texts often reflect the prevailing social and political tensions of their era.
Referencing advanced critical theory and its application to literature.
2
تمت صياغة التوصيات النهائية وفقًا لـ إجماع الآراء الذي توصلت إليه فرق البحث المتعددة التخصصات.
The final recommendations were formulated according to the consensus reached by the multidisciplinary research teams.
Highlighting consensus from interdisciplinary research.
3
وفقًا لـ التأريخ السردي، فإن فهم الأحداث التاريخية يتطلب تحليلًا دقيقًا للروايات المتنافسة.
According to narrative historiography, understanding historical events requires a meticulous analysis of competing narratives.
Citing a specific historiographical approach.
4
تتطلب معالجة التحديات الوجودية للبشرية مقاربات شاملة تستند إلى رؤى فلسفية وعلمية، وفقًا لـ كبار المفكرين في هذا المجال.
Addressing the existential challenges of humanity requires comprehensive approaches based on philosophical and scientific insights, according to leading thinkers in the field.
Referencing profound thought leaders on existential issues.
5
وفقًا لـ الأنظمة القانونية المقارنة، فإن الاختلافات في تطبيق مبدأ الشك في المصلحة يعكس التوجهات القضائية المتباينة.
According to comparative legal systems, the differences in applying the principle of 'benefit of the doubt' reflect divergent judicial orientations.
Discussing comparative law and judicial interpretation.
6
تم بناء النموذج التنبؤي وفقًا لـ أحدث التطورات في نظرية التعقيد، بهدف محاكاة الأنظمة الديناميكية.
The predictive model was built according to the latest developments in complexity theory, with the aim of simulating dynamic systems.
Linking model construction to advanced scientific theories.
7
وفقًا لـ النظريات اللغوية الحديثة، فإن اكتساب اللغة عملية تفاعلية معقدة تتأثر بعوامل متعددة.
According to modern linguistic theories, language acquisition is a complex interactive process influenced by multiple factors.
Citing modern linguistic theories on language acquisition.
8
تستند القرارات الاستراتيجية إلى تحليل معمق للمخاطر والفرص، وفقًا لـ أفضل الممارسات في إدارة الأعمال الدولية.
Strategic decisions are based on in-depth analysis of risks and opportunities, according to best practices in international business management.
Referencing best practices in a specialized field.
'حسب' is a very close synonym and often interchangeable with 'وفقًا لـ'. However, 'وفقًا لـ' can sometimes carry a slightly more formal or official tone, especially when referring to laws or strict regulations.
وفقًا لـvsبناءً على
While both indicate a basis for something, 'بناءً على' emphasizes the foundation or reason for a decision or conclusion, whereas 'وفقًا لـ' focuses on reporting information from a specific source.
وفقًا لـvsفي رأي
This phrase means 'in the opinion of' and is used for subjective viewpoints. 'وفقًا لـ' is used for objective information derived from a stated source, not personal opinions unless they are being quoted.
間違えやすい
وفقًا لـvsحسب
Both 'حسب' and 'وفقًا لـ' translate to 'according to' and are used to introduce a source of information.
'وفقًا لـ' is generally considered more formal and is frequently used in official documents, academic papers, and news reports. 'حسب' is more versatile and can be used in both formal and informal contexts, making it a common alternative in spoken Arabic and less formal writing. While often interchangeable, 'وفقًا لـ' might imply a stricter adherence to the source.
وفقًا لـ القانون، يجب دفع الضريبة. (Formal) / حسب ما قال المعلم، الواجب غدًا. (More informal)
وفقًا لـvsبناءً على
Both phrases establish a basis for a statement or action.
'وفقًا لـ' is primarily about reporting what a specific source states or dictates. 'بناءً على' emphasizes the underlying reason, evidence, or foundation upon which a decision, conclusion, or action is taken. It implies a more logical or evidential basis rather than simply relaying information from a source.
وفقًا لـ التقرير، هناك نقص في الموارد. (Reporting information from the report) / بناءً على التقرير، قررنا تقليل الإنفاق. (Making a decision based on the report's findings)
وفقًا لـvsاستنادًا إلى
Similar to 'بناءً على', it suggests that something is supported by evidence or a source.
'استنادًا إلى' implies a stronger reliance on or substantiation by the source, often used when presenting evidence or a strong argument. 'وفقًا لـ' is more about conveying information directly from a source without necessarily implying a deep analysis or substantiation. 'استنادًا إلى' suggests the source serves as a firm basis for the claim.
وفقًا لـ شهادة الشاهد، كان الجاني يرتدي قبعة. (Reporting witness statement) / استنادًا إلى شهادة الشاهد، تم التعرف على الجاني. (The witness testimony strongly supported the identification.)
وفقًا لـvsفي رأي
Both can introduce information attributed to someone.
'وفقًا لـ' is used for factual information, statements, rules, or reports from a source. 'في رأي' is exclusively for expressing a personal opinion, belief, or judgment. You wouldn't use 'وفقًا لـ' to state your own subjective feeling unless you were quoting someone else's opinion.
وفقًا لـ الخبراء، هذا العلاج فعال. (Factual statement from experts) / في رأيي، هذا العلاج غير فعال. (My personal opinion)
وفقًا لـvsطبقًا لـ
This phrase is a very close synonym and often interchangeable with 'وفقًا لـ'.
'طبقًا لـ' is generally considered slightly more formal than 'وفقًا لـ' and is very common in legal, administrative, and highly official contexts. While 'وفقًا لـ' is also formal, 'طبقًا لـ' might be preferred when emphasizing strict adherence to regulations or laws. In many everyday formal contexts, they can be used interchangeably without issue.
طبقًا لـ النظام المعمول به، يجب تقديم الوثائق. (Very formal, strict adherence) / وفقًا لـ النظام المعمول به، يجب تقديم الوثائق. (Also formal and correct)
文型パターン
Beginner
وفقًا لـ [اسم شخص]، [جملة فعلية/اسمية].
وفقًا لـ <mark>سارة</mark>، <mark>الفيلم ممتع</mark>.
Beginner
[جملة اسمية/فعلية]، وفقًا لـ [اسم شيء/وثيقة].
<mark>الطقس حار</mark>، وفقًا لـ <mark>التلفزيون</mark>.
Intermediate
وفقًا لـ [اسم شيء/وثيقة]، [جملة اسمية/فعلية].
وفقًا لـ <mark>الخطة</mark>، <mark>سنبدأ المشروع الأسبوع القادم</mark>.
Intermediate
وفقًا لـ [اسم شيء/وثيقة]، [جملة مع فعل مضارع].
وفقًا لـ <mark>القوانين</mark>، <mark>يجب أن نلتزم</mark> بالتعليمات.
Advanced
وفقًا لـ [اسم شيء/وثيقة]، [جملة معقدة مع ظروف].
وفقًا لـ <mark>الدراسة</mark>، <mark>إذا مارس الناس الرياضة بانتظام، فإنهم يعيشون حياة أطول</mark>.
Advanced
[جملة معقدة]، وفقًا لـ [اسم شيء/وثيقة].
<mark>على الرغم من الصعوبات، حقق الفريق نجاحًا كبيرًا</mark>، وفقًا لـ <mark>التقرير النهائي</mark>.
Advanced
وفقًا لـ [اسم شيء/وثيقة]، [جملة مع فعل ماضٍ وفاعل].
وفقًا لـ <mark>السجلات التاريخية</mark>، <mark>كانت هذه المدينة مركزًا تجاريًا هامًا</mark>.
Advanced
وفقًا لـ [اسم شيء/وثيقة]، [جملة مع مفعول به مباشر].
وفقًا لـ <mark>تعليمات السلامة</mark>، <mark>يجب على الجميع ارتداء الخوذات</mark>.
Omitting the source after 'وفقًا لـ'.→وفقًا لـ <mark>التقرير</mark>، الوضع مستقر.
The phrase 'وفقًا لـ' requires a source to specify what the statement is in accordance with. Leaving it incomplete makes the sentence nonsensical.
Using an indefinite noun after 'وفقًا لـ'.→وفقًا لـ <mark>القانون</mark>، يجب علينا الالتزام.
In formal Arabic, 'وفقًا لـ' is typically followed by a definite noun (with 'الـ') or a proper noun, indicating a specific source.
Using 'وفقًا لـ' for personal opinions.→في رأيي، الفيلم كان مملًا.
'وفقًا لـ' is for factual information from a source. For personal opinions, use phrases like 'في رأيي' (in my opinion) or 'أعتقد' (I think).
Incorrectly attaching the preposition 'لـ'.→وفقًا <mark>له</mark>، الاجتماع سيبدأ.
The preposition 'لـ' attaches directly to pronouns or is followed by the definite article 'الـ' with nouns. Incorrect attachment like 'وفقًا ل هو' is ungrammatical.
Using 'وفقًا لـ' in overly casual slang.→صديقي قال إن الفيلم رائع.
While possible, 'وفقًا لـ' can sound too formal in very casual slang. Simpler phrasing like 'He said...' or 'According to my friend...' (using 'حسب') might be more natural.
ヒント
Mastering the 'Qaf' Sound
The 'ق' (qaf) sound in 'وفقًا' is a guttural sound made further back in the throat than the English 'k'. Practice it by trying to make a 'k' sound while constricting the back of your throat. Listen to native speakers to get the nuance right.
Attachment of 'لـ'
Remember that the preposition 'لـ' often attaches directly to the following pronoun (e.g., له, لها) or is followed by the definite article 'الـ' when used with a definite noun (e.g., للقانون, للمنظمة). This is a key grammatical feature to observe.
Source Identification
Whenever you encounter 'وفقًا لـ', actively look for the noun or pronoun that follows it. This source is key to understanding the context and the basis of the statement being made. It’s like finding the origin of the information.
Synonym Exploration
Don't limit yourself to just 'وفقًا لـ'. Explore its synonyms like 'حسب', 'بناءً على', and 'طبقًا لـ'. Understanding their subtle differences will enrich your Arabic vocabulary and allow you to express yourself more precisely in various contexts.
Sentence Construction Practice
Create your own sentences using 'وفقًا لـ' with different types of sources – news, books, personal advice, rules. This active practice will solidify your understanding and improve your fluency.
Visual Mnemonics
Use visual associations, like the 'W' bridge or a magnifying glass over a document, to remember the meaning and usage of 'وفقًا لـ'. Associating the phrase with a strong image can make recall easier.
Cultural Significance
Recognize that citing sources is often valued in Arabic-speaking cultures. Using 'وفقًا لـ' appropriately demonstrates respect for established knowledge and authority, enhancing your communication's credibility.
Common Pitfalls
Be mindful of common mistakes like omitting the source or incorrect preposition attachment. Always ensure the noun following 'لـ' is definite or a proper noun and that a clear source is provided.
Active Listening
When listening to Arabic media or conversations, actively listen for 'وفقًا لـ'. Try to identify the source being mentioned. This practice will train your ear to recognize the phrase and its function in real-time communication.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Imagine a 'W' shaped bridge connecting your statement to a source (like a book or a person). The 'W' stands for 'Wufeqan', and the bridge represents 'li', leading you to the information source. So, 'Wufeqan li' means your information is coming 'via the W bridge' from the source.
視覚的連想
Picture a person carefully reading a document with a magnifying glass, then nodding in agreement. The magnifying glass represents 'وفقًا لـ', emphasizing scrutiny and adherence to the document's content.
Try to find five different Arabic sentences online or in a book that use 'وفقًا لـ'. Write them down and identify the source mentioned in each sentence. This will help you see the phrase in various contexts.
語源
The phrase originates from the Arabic root و-ف-ق (w-f-q), which relates to agreement, conformity, and success. The word 'وفقًا' itself is an adverbial form meaning 'accordingly' or 'in agreement'. The preposition 'لـ' (li) is added to connect it to the source of agreement.
元の意味： In agreement; in conformity with.
Semitic
文化的な背景
Using 'وفقًا لـ' correctly is important, especially when referencing sensitive topics like religious beliefs, political statements, or legal matters. Misattributing information or using the phrase inaccurately can lead to misunderstandings or accusations of misrepresentation.
In English-speaking cultures, while 'according to' is used similarly, there might be a slightly greater emphasis on independent thought and originality in some contexts. However, citing sources is fundamental in academic and journalistic integrity.
Religious texts (e.g., 'وفقًا لـ القرآن الكريم' - According to the Holy Quran)Historical documents (e.g., 'وفقًا لـ وثائق تاريخية' - According to historical documents)Scientific studies (e.g., 'وفقًا لـ دراسة حديثة' - According to a recent study)
実生活で練習する
実際の使用場面
News Reporting
وفقًا لـ الأخبار
وفقًا لـ التقرير
وفقًا لـ المسؤولين
Legal Documents
وفقًا لـ القانون
وفقًا لـ المادة
وفقًا لـ العقد
Academic Writing
وفقًا لـ الدراسة
وفقًا لـ البحث
وفقًا لـ العلماء
Project Management
وفقًا لـ الخطة
وفقًا لـ الجدول الزمني
وفقًا لـ التعليمات
Everyday Conversations (Relaying Information)
وفقًا لـ ما سمعت
وفقًا لـ صديقي
وفقًا لـ ما قيل
会話のきっかけ
"What did the news report say today, according to you?"
"According to your favorite book, what's the most important lesson?"
"If we follow the plan, what do you think will happen?"
"According to the weather forecast, what should we expect tomorrow?"
"What does the law say about this issue, according to your understanding?"
日記のテーマ
Describe a time you followed instructions carefully. What were the instructions, and what was the outcome, according to those instructions?
Think about a recent decision you made. What information or advice did you base it on? Write a paragraph starting with 'According to...' detailing your reasoning.
Imagine you are a journalist. Write a short news report about a local event, making sure to attribute at least two pieces of information to specific sources using 'وفقًا لـ'.
Reflect on a piece of advice you received. Who gave it to you, and what was the advice? Write about it using 'وفقًا لـ [person's name]...' to introduce the advice.
Consider a rule or guideline you follow in your daily life. According to what source or principle do you follow it? Write a few sentences explaining this.
よくある質問
10 問
The literal translation of 'وفقًا لـ' is 'in agreement with' or 'accordingly to'. However, in common usage, it functions as the equivalent of the English phrase 'according to' or 'in accordance with'.
While 'وفقًا لـ' is generally considered formal, it can be used in informal conversations, especially when relaying factual information or quoting someone. However, more casual alternatives like 'حسب' or simply stating 'He said...' might be more common in very relaxed settings.
Almost any kind of source can follow 'وفقًا لـ', including people (e.g., 'وفقًا لـ أحمد'), documents (e.g., 'وفقًا لـ الكتاب'), reports (e.g., 'وفقًا لـ التقرير'), laws (e.g., 'وفقًا لـ القانون'), plans (e.g., 'وفقًا لـ الخطة'), or even abstract concepts like 'according to the situation' ('وفقًا لـ الظروف').
Yes, while they are often interchangeable and both mean 'according to', 'وفقًا لـ' tends to be more formal and is frequently used in official or academic contexts. 'حسب' is more versatile and common in everyday speech and less formal writing.
If you forget to include the source after 'وفقًا لـ', the phrase becomes incomplete and the meaning is lost. The phrase inherently requires a source to specify what the statement is in accordance with. For example, saying 'وفقًا لـ...' without mentioning what follows is grammatically incorrect and unclear.
Generally, yes. 'وفقًا لـ' is typically followed by a definite noun (one with 'الـ') or a proper noun. For example, 'وفقًا لـ القانون' (according to the law) or 'وفقًا لـ أحمد' (according to Ahmed). Using an indefinite noun like 'وفقًا لـ قانون' is less common and can sound awkward in formal contexts.
No, 'وفقًا لـ' is a prepositional phrase and is followed by a noun or pronoun. If you want to introduce a statement that starts with a verb, you would typically use phrases like 'وفقًا لـ ما قال...' (according to what he said...) or 'وفقًا لـ ما ورد في...' (according to what was stated in...).
The 'لـ' (li) is a preposition meaning 'to' or 'for'. In 'وفقًا لـ', it serves to connect the adverb 'وفقًا' (accordingly) to the noun or pronoun that specifies the source of agreement or conformity.
The root word 'وفق' relates to agreement and conformity. 'وفقًا لـ' therefore signifies that something is in agreement with, or conforms to, the information or rules provided by a specific source.
Yes, common mistakes include incorrect preposition attachment (forgetting 'الـ' or pronoun suffixes), omitting the source entirely, and using it in overly informal situations where it sounds too stiff. Also, confusing it with phrases that express personal opinion rather than factual sources.
The phrase 'وفقًا لـ' is essential for accurately attributing information in Arabic, meaning 'according to' or 'in accordance with.' Use it when stating facts, reports, rules, or plans derived from an external source to maintain clarity and credibility.
Means 'according to' or 'in accordance with'.
Used to cite a source for information.
Common in formal and news contexts.
Requires a source to follow the phrase.
🗣️
Mastering the 'Qaf' Sound
The 'ق' (qaf) sound in 'وفقًا' is a guttural sound made further back in the throat than the English 'k'. Practice it by trying to make a 'k' sound while constricting the back of your throat. Listen to native speakers to get the nuance right.
🔗
Attachment of 'لـ'
Remember that the preposition 'لـ' often attaches directly to the following pronoun (e.g., له, لها) or is followed by the definite article 'الـ' when used with a definite noun (e.g., للقانون, للمنظمة). This is a key grammatical feature to observe.
📚
Source Identification
Whenever you encounter 'وفقًا لـ', actively look for the noun or pronoun that follows it. This source is key to understanding the context and the basis of the statement being made. It’s like finding the origin of the information.
🔄
Synonym Exploration
Don't limit yourself to just 'وفقًا لـ'. Explore its synonyms like 'حسب', 'بناءً على', and 'طبقًا لـ'. Understanding their subtle differences will enrich your Arabic vocabulary and allow you to express yourself more precisely in various contexts.
