Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
True reflexive verbs show that the person doing the action is also the one receiving it, using the tiny but mighty particle 'се'.
- Use 'се' when you do something to yourself, like 'мия се' (I wash myself).
- Never start a sentence with 'се'; it likes to hide after the first word.
- If the action goes to someone else, drop the 'се' immediately!
Conjugation of 'Мия се' (To wash oneself) - Present Tense
| Person | Subject (Optional) | Particle | Verb Form |
|---|---|---|---|
|
1st Sing.
|
Аз
|
се
|
мия
|
|
2nd Sing.
|
Ти
|
се
|
миеш
|
|
3rd Sing.
|
Той/Тя/То
|
се
|
мие
|
|
1st Plur.
|
Ние
|
се
|
мием
|
|
2nd Plur.
|
Вие
|
се
|
миете
|
|
3rd Plur.
|
Те
|
се
|
мият
|
Meanings
True reflexive verbs describe actions where the subject and the direct object are the same person or thing. The particle 'се' represents the shortened form of the reflexive pronoun 'себе си' (myself/yourself/himself, etc.).
Daily Grooming & Hygiene
Used for physical actions performed on one's own body.
“Къпя се (I bathe)”
“Бръсна се (I shave)”
Psychological/Internal States
Verbs describing feelings or internal processes that affect the subject.
“Радвам се (I am happy/rejoice)”
“Притеснявам се (I worry)”
Social Positioning
Actions where the subject places themselves in a situation.
“Представям се (I introduce myself)”
“Крия се (I hide myself)”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative (with Subject)
|
Subject + се + Verb
|
Аз се обличам.
|
|
Affirmative (no Subject)
|
Verb + се
|
Обличам се.
|
|
Negative (with Subject)
|
Subject + не + се + Verb
|
Аз не се обличам.
|
|
Negative (no Subject)
|
Не + се + Verb
|
Не се обличам.
|
|
Question (with Subject)
|
Subject + се + Verb + ли?
|
Ти се миеш ли?
|
|
Question (Standard)
|
Verb + ли + се?
|
Миеш ли се?
|
|
Negative Question
|
Не + се + ли + Verb?
|
Не се ли миеш?
|
|
With Modal Verbs
|
Modal + да + се + Verb
|
Искам да се измия.
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
Аз се подготвям за събитието. (preparation)
Подготвям се. (preparation)
Стягам се. (preparation)
Оправям се. (preparation)
The Reflexive Mirror
Hygiene
- мия се wash myself
- къпя се bathe myself
Clothing
- обличам се dress myself
- събличам се undress myself
Reflexive vs. Transitive
Where does 'се' go?
Is there a word before the verb?
Common A2 Reflexive Verbs
Daily Life
- • събуждам се
- • бръсна се
- • сресвам се
Feelings
- • радвам се
- • смущавам се
- • ядосвам се
レベル別の例文
Аз се казвам Иван.
My name is Ivan (I call myself Ivan).
Мия се сутрин.
I wash myself in the morning.
Той се облича.
He is getting dressed.
Ние се радваме.
We are happy.
Не се притеснявай за мен.
Don't worry about me.
Вие ли се подготвяте за изпита?
Are you (pl.) preparing for the exam?
Тя се гледа в огледалото.
She is looking at herself in the mirror.
Винаги се събуждам рано.
I always wake up early.
Трябва да се организираме по-добре.
We need to organize ourselves better.
Той се е подстригал сам.
He cut his own hair.
Никога не съм се чувствал толкова добре.
I have never felt so good.
Те се опитват да се скрият.
They are trying to hide (themselves).
Проектът се развива много бързо.
The project is developing very quickly.
Тя се посвети на науката.
She dedicated herself to science.
Не се изненадвам от резултатите.
I am not surprised by the results.
Внимавай да не се нараниш!
Be careful not to hurt yourself!
Той се прояви като истински лидер.
He proved himself to be a true leader.
Въпросът се свежда до парите.
The question boils down to money.
Тя се стреми към съвършенство.
She strives for perfection.
Обществото се променя непрекъснато.
Society is constantly changing.
Авторът се отъждествява с героя си.
The author identifies himself with his character.
Ситуацията се усложни неимоверно.
The situation became incredibly complicated.
Той се уповава на старата традиция.
He relies/leans on the old tradition.
Истината се крие в детайлите.
The truth lies (hides itself) in the details.
間違えやすい
Both use 'се', but reflexive is 'to oneself' and reciprocal is 'to each other'.
Bulgarian uses 'се' to form the passive voice (e.g., 'The door opens').
When to use 'се' vs 'себе си'.
よくある間違い
Се мия.
Мия се.
Аз мия.
Аз се мия.
Той мие се.
Той се мие.
Аз се казва Иван.
Аз се казвам Иван.
Не мия се.
Не се мия.
Искам се мия.
Искам да се измия.
Миеш се ли?
Миеш ли се?
Аз се съм мил.
Аз съм се мил.
Той се себе си вижда.
Той вижда себе си.
文型パターン
Аз се ___ всеки ден.
Ти ___ ли се?
Той не се ___ сега.
Трябва да се ___ веднага.
Real World Usage
Чувствам се страхотно! (Feeling great!)
Ще се видим по-късно. (We'll see each other later.)
Бих искал да се представя. (I would like to introduce myself.)
Къде се намира музеят? (Where is the museum located/found?)
Поръчката се подготвя. (The order is being prepared.)
Не се чувствам добре. (I don't feel well.)
The 'Mirror' Test
Never First!
One Size Fits All
Polite Introductions
Smart Tips
Always use 'казвам се' + your name. It's the most natural way to introduce yourself.
Flip the order! Put the verb first and the 'се' second.
Think of 'не се' as a single block that never breaks.
Ask yourself: 'Is the action staying with the person who does it?' If yes, add 'се'.
発音
Clitic Stress
The particle 'се' is never stressed. It sounds like it's part of the word it follows or precedes.
Liaison
When 'се' follows a verb ending in a vowel, they are pronounced together smoothly: 'Мия се' -> /mi-ja-se/.
Reflexive Question
Миеш ли се? (Rising on 'ли')
Asking for confirmation of a self-action.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Think of 'SE' as 'Self-Effect'. If the action affects the self, you need the 'SE'.
視覚的連想
Imagine a person standing in front of a mirror. Every time they move their hand to wash their face, the reflection does the same. The reflection is the 'се'.
Rhyme
Когато се миеш или се бръснеш ти, частицата 'се' винаги до глагола стои!
Story
Ivan wakes up (`събуждам се`). He looks in the mirror (`гледам се`) and decides to shave (`бръсна се`). He washes (`мия се`) and then gets dressed (`обличам се`). All these actions stay with Ivan, so they all need 'се'.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Go through your morning routine out loud in Bulgarian. For every action you do to yourself, use a reflexive verb. (e.g., 'Сега се мия. Сега се обличам.')
文化メモ
When entering a home, you might hear 'Събличай се' (Take off your coat/undress yourself). It's a friendly invitation to get comfortable.
On Instagram, you'll see 'Чувствам се...' (Feeling...) followed by an emotion, just like the English Facebook status.
Bulgarians rarely say 'Моето име е...' (My name is...). They almost exclusively use the reflexive 'Казвам се...' (I call myself...).
Derived from the Proto-Slavic reflexive pronoun *sebe.
会話のきっかけ
Как се казваш?
В колко часа се събуждаш обикновено?
Как се чувстваш днес?
Как се подготвяш за важен изпит?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
Аз ___ мия всяка сутрин.
Choose the correct word order:
Find and fix the mistake:
Той не мие се.
(ли, се, миеш, ти)
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Ние...
- Защо закъсняваш? - Защото още ___.
'Тя мие чиниите' (She washes the dishes)
Score: /8
練習問題
8 exercisesАз ___ мия всяка сутрин.
Choose the correct word order:
Find and fix the mistake:
Той не мие се.
(ли, се, миеш, ти)
Match: 1. Казвам, 2. Казвам се
Ние...
- Защо закъсняваш? - Защото още ___.
'Тя мие чиниите' (She washes the dishes)
Score: /8
よくある質問 (8)
No. In true reflexive constructions, 'се' is used for all persons. 'Ме' and 'те' are used when someone ELSE does the action to you.
'Се' is for direct actions (I wash myself), while 'си' is for dative/indirect actions (I wash MY hands).
Because 'се' is a clitic, a weak word that cannot carry the stress of starting a sentence. It needs a 'strong' word to lean on.
No. Some verbs like 'страхувам се' (to be afraid) always have 'се' but aren't 'true' reflexives. We call these 'reflexiva tantum'.
You say 'Аз се облякох' or 'Облякох се'. The 'се' stays with the verb.
Yes, but that's a more advanced topic. For now, focus on actions done to oneself.
It always comes after 'да'. Example: 'Искам да се измия'.
You can, but it sounds very emphatic, like 'I wash MYSELF (and no one else)'. In 99% of cases, use 'се'.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Verbos reflexivos (me, te, se...)
Bulgarian 'се' is invariant (doesn't change for person).
Verbes pronominaux (me, te, se...)
Bulgarian has only one reflexive clitic form.
Reflexive Verben (mich, dich, sich...)
German has case distinctions for reflexives.
自分 (jibun) / Intransitive verbs
Japanese uses lexical nouns or verb morphology instead of clitics.
Form V (tafa'ala) / Form VII (infa'ala)
Arabic uses internal verb changes rather than an external particle.
自己 (zìjǐ)
Chinese 'zìjǐ' is an emphatic pronoun, not a grammatical particle.
