Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
When a word ends in ㅎ, the ㅎ disappears and the following vowel changes when adding endings starting with vowels.
- If the stem ends in ㅎ, drop the ㅎ before adding a vowel-starting ending.
- Change the vowel 'ㅏ' or 'ㅓ' to 'ㅐ' (e.g., 파랗다 + 아요 = 파래요).
- If the ending starts with a consonant, keep the ㅎ (e.g., 파랗다 + 고 = 파랗고).
Overview
빨갛다 → 빨개요 |그렇다 → 그래요 |빨갛다 → 빨갛고 |빨갛다や「黄色い」の노랗다は、名詞を修飾する際に빨간、노란となります。これは日本語の「赤いリンゴ」のように、形容詞がそのまま名詞を修飾する形と機能は同じですが、綴りが変わる点に注意してください。こう考えてみてください。「母音と母音がぶつかるとき、韓国語は音を節約して一つにまとめる」と。この原則さえ掴めれば、活用はぐっと楽になります。- 1色を表現するとき：カフェで「赤いカップはありますか？」と聞くとき、
빨간 컵と言わなければなりません。빨갛은 컵と言うと、韓国人には非常に不自然に聞こえます。 - 2状態や感情を尋ねるとき：友達に「今日の気分はどう？」と聞くとき、
오늘 기분 어때요?と言います。これは어떻다の不規則活用です。この表現を知らないと、相手の体調や意見を聞くことができません。 - 3同意や判断を述べるとき：
그렇다は「そうだ」という意味で、会話のつなぎとして必須です。相手の言ったことに同意する際、그래요（そうですか）と相槌を打つのは、韓国語会話の基本中の基本です。
어때요?（どうですか？）は、買い物や食事の提案など、あらゆる場面で使える魔法の言葉です。この活用を覚えるだけで、表現の幅が劇的に広がります。- 1
좋다（良い）を不規則活用してしまう：これが最も多いミスです。좋다は「ㅎ」で終わりますが、不規則活用ではありません。そのため、좋아요が正解ですが、誤って조애요と書いてしまう人がいます。これは「ㅎ不規則」というルールを過剰に適用してしまうL1（母語）からの過剰一般化です。좋다は「ㅎ」が語幹の一部として安定していると覚えてください。 - 2子音語尾でも変化させてしまう：
빨갛고を빨가고と書いてしまうミスです。日本語の動詞活用には「子音で始まる語尾でも語幹が消える」というパターンがないため、混乱しやすいのです。ルールは「母音接続のときだけ」と強く意識しましょう。 - 3語幹の母音融合を忘れる：
빨갛다を빨가요としてしまうミスです。ㅎを落とすことだけに集中して、ㅏとㅏを融合させてㅐにするのを忘れています。日本語には「母音融合」という概念が乏しいため、視覚的に見落としがちです。常に「ㅎが消えたら、前の母音もセットで変わる」とセットで覚えましょう。
좋다） |ㅎ脱落＋母音融合 | 変化なし（そのまま接続） |-(으)ㄴ → ㄴ | -(으)ㄴ → 은 |빨갛다 → 빨간 | 좋다 → 좋은 |은や으면といった形がそのまま残りますが、ㅎ不規則活用ではㄴや면のように短縮されます。日本語の「赤い」は「赤い」のままですが、韓国語では「赤」という語幹自体が빨갛から빨간へと変化するという「動的な感覚」を養うことが、中級へのステップアップに繋がります。最初は面倒に感じるかもしれませんが、韓国語の音の響きを美しく保つためのルールですので、ぜひ頑張って練習してみてください！H-Irregular Conjugation Table
| Stem | Ending (-아요) | Ending (-고) | Ending (-면) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
하얗다
|
하얘요
|
하얗고
|
하야면
|
|
파랗다
|
파래요
|
파랗고
|
파라면
|
|
빨갛다
|
빨개요
|
빨갛고
|
빨가면
|
|
노랗다
|
노래요
|
노랗고
|
노라면
|
|
까맣다
|
까매요
|
까맣고
|
까마면
|
|
어떻다
|
어때요
|
어떻고
|
어떠면
|
Meanings
This rule applies to descriptive verbs (adjectives) ending in 'ㅎ' that describe colors or states. It simplifies pronunciation by dropping the 'ㅎ' and merging the vowel.
Color description
Describing the color of an object.
“하얀 구름이 떠 있어요.”
“파란 하늘이 예뻐요.”
State/Quality
Describing a state like 'how' (어떻다) or 'so' (그렇다).
“어때요?”
“그렇네요.”
Reference Table
| 基本形 | 意味 | 現在形 (-아/어요) | 名詞につく形 (-(으)ㄴ) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
그렇다
|
そうだ
|
그래요
|
그런
|
|
이렇だ
|
こうだ
|
이래요
|
이런
|
|
어떻다
|
どうだ
|
어때요
|
어떤
|
|
빨갛다
|
赤い
|
빨개요
|
빨간
|
|
하얗다
|
白い
|
하얘요
|
하얀
|
|
까맣다
|
黒い
|
까매요
|
까만
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
하늘이 파랗습니다. (Describing weather)
하늘이 파래요. (Describing weather)
하늘이 파래. (Describing weather)
하늘 완전 파래! (Describing weather)
ㅎ変則の銀河系
指示詞
- 그렇다 そうだ
- 어떻다 どうだ
色
- 빨갛다 赤い
- 하얗다 白い
- 노랗다 黄色い
ㅎは消える？消えない？
語幹が「ㅎ」で終わる？
動詞（놓다等）や「좋다」？
次に母音（으, 아, 어）が来る？
規則 vs 変則
よく使うㅎ変則ワード
基本の色
- • 빨개요 (赤)
- • 파래요 (青)
- • 노래요 (黄)
日常生活
- • 그래요 (そう)
- • 어때요 (どう)
- • 이래요 (こう)
レベル別の例文
하얘요.
It is white.
어때요?
How is it?
파래요.
It is blue.
노래요.
It is yellow.
이 꽃은 노란색이에요.
This flower is yellow.
그렇지 않아요.
It is not like that.
하얀 눈이 와요.
White snow is falling.
빨간 사과가 맛있어요.
The red apple is delicious.
아무렇지도 않아요.
It is nothing at all.
파랗고 예쁜 바다예요.
It is a blue and pretty sea.
어떻게 할까요?
How should we do it?
까만 밤하늘을 보세요.
Look at the black night sky.
그렇게 말하지 마세요.
Don't say it like that.
하얘서 눈에 잘 띄어요.
Because it is white, it stands out.
빨개진 얼굴이 귀여워요.
Your reddened face is cute.
노랗게 물든 잎들이에요.
They are leaves turned yellow.
그는 아무렇지 않게 행동했어요.
He acted as if nothing happened.
하얗게 질린 얼굴로 돌아왔다.
He returned with a pale face.
어떻게든 해결해야 합니다.
We must solve it somehow.
파랗게 질린 채 서 있었다.
He stood there, turned blue (terrified).
그렇다 할 이유가 없습니다.
There is no particular reason for that.
하얗게 불태웠어.
I burned it all white (gave it my all).
빨갛게 달아오른 난로.
The stove that turned red-hot.
노랗게 뜬 얼굴을 보니 걱정된다.
Seeing your sallow face, I am worried.
間違えやすい
Both involve stem changes.
Both involve dropping a consonant.
Not all ㅎ verbs are irregular.
よくある間違い
파라아요
파래요
하얗아요
하얘요
노라아요
노래요
빨가아요
빨개요
파래고
파랗고
어떠요
어때요
그래고
그렇고
아무래지 않아요
아무렇지 않아요
까매고
까맣고
하얘고
하얗고
文型パターン
이것은 ___요.
오늘 기분은 ___?
___ 보니까 예뻐요.
___ 말하지 마세요.
Real World Usage
어때?
이거 하얘요?
하늘 파래!
그렇습니다.
어떻게 배달할까요?
바다가 파래요.
「良い」は例外です！
「ㄴ」のショートカット
相槌の達人になろう
Smart Tips
Check if the suffix starts with a vowel.
Don't change anything!
Always use '어때요' for questions.
Double check your spelling for 'ㅐ'.
発音
H-Drop
The 'ㅎ' is silent before vowels, and the vowel 'ㅏ' or 'ㅓ' merges with the suffix to become 'ㅐ'.
Question
어때요? ↗
Rising intonation for questions.
暗記しよう
記憶術
The 'H' is a ghost; it vanishes when the vowel-sun shines, leaving 'ㅐ' behind.
視覚的連想
Imagine a white ghost (ㅎ) disappearing in the sun (vowel ending), leaving a white puddle (ㅐ).
Rhyme
When the vowel starts the show, the H must go, and A-E will grow.
Story
The letter H was a shy ghost. Whenever a vowel came to visit, he would hide. But before he left, he left a mark on the floor: the letter ㅐ. Now, whenever you see a vowel, you know the H is hiding and the ㅐ is left behind.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write 5 sentences describing 5 different colored objects in your room using the correct conjugation.
文化メモ
This rule is strictly followed in standard Seoul speech.
Dialects may vary, but the H-irregular is generally consistent.
Young people often shorten these even further in text.
The H-irregular stems from the historical weakening of the glottal fricative 'ㅎ' in Middle Korean.
会話のきっかけ
오늘 날씨 어때요?
이 옷 색깔 어때요?
그 사람 성격이 어때요?
이 상황을 어떻게 생각해요?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
얼굴이 너무 ___ (Red)!
Find and fix the mistake:
저는 하얗 차를 좋아해요.
Is that so?
Answer starts with: 그래요...
Score: /3
練習問題
8 exercises하얗다 + 아요 = ___
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
노라아요
빨갛다
어떻다
하늘 / 파랗다 / -아요
까맣다 + -어서
그렇다 + -면 = ___
Score: /8
Practice Bank
12 exercises요즘 건강이 ___?
形容詞と、その名詞を修飾する形を繋げてください。
하늘이 / 왜 / 노래요 / ?
規則的な単語を選んでください。
I like blue clothes.
이 사과는 정말 빨갛요.
___ 안 돼요.
눈이 와서 세상이 ___.
___ 사람 (이렇다)
Don't be like that.
오늘 기분 어때?
이 노래 정말 ___!
Score: /12
よくある質問 (8)
It's a result of the 'ㅎ' disappearing and the preceding vowel merging with the suffix.
No, only to specific descriptive verbs ending in 'ㅎ'.
Then you keep the 'ㅎ' exactly as it is.
Yes, it comes from '어떻다'.
Yes, but be careful with the register.
Some words like '좋다' are regular.
Use the color verbs in daily descriptions.
It's tricky at first but very consistent once learned.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Adjective agreement
Korean uses suffix-based conjugation, Spanish uses gender-based inflection.
Liaison
Korean is internal morphophonology, French is external phonology.
Strong/Weak verbs
German vowel change is for tense, Korean is for suffix compatibility.
I-adjectives
Japanese adjectives don't have this specific H-drop rule.
Root system
Arabic is non-concatenative, Korean is concatenative.
None
Chinese is isolating, Korean is agglutinative.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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