Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use the particles `се` or `си` with plural verbs to show that people are doing something to each other.
- Use `се` for direct actions like 'seeing each other' (`виждаме се`).
- Use `си` for indirect actions like 'writing to each other' (`пишем си`).
- The subject must always be plural (we, you all, they) for reciprocity.
Reciprocal Formation with 'Виждам' (to see) and 'Пиша' (to write)
| Subject | Direct (се) | Indirect (си) | English Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Ние (We)
|
се виждаме
|
си пишем
|
We see/write to each other
|
|
Вие (You all)
|
се виждате
|
си пишете
|
You see/write to each other
|
|
Те (They)
|
се виждат
|
си пишат
|
They see/write to each other
|
Meanings
Reciprocal reflexive verbs express an action that is performed by two or more subjects simultaneously upon one another. Instead of one person doing something to themselves, two people are doing it to each other.
Direct Reciprocity (Accusative)
The action is directed at the other person as a direct object. Uses the particle `се`.
“Ние се виждаме всеки ден.”
“Те се прегръщат.”
Indirect Reciprocity (Dative)
The action is done 'to' or 'for' each other. Uses the particle `си`.
“Ние си помагаме.”
“Те си говорят.”
Social/Communication Reciprocity
Verbs specifically used for social interaction and staying in touch.
“Чуваме се по телефона.”
“Срещаме се в парка.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Subject + Verb + се/си
|
Ние се обичаме.
|
|
Negative
|
Subject + не + се/си + Verb
|
Те не си говорят.
|
|
Question
|
Verb + ли + се/си?
|
Виждате ли се?
|
|
Negative Question
|
Не + се/си + ли + Verb?
|
Не си ли помагате?
|
|
Future
|
Ще + се/си + Verb
|
Ще се видим утре.
|
|
Past (Aorist)
|
Subject + се/си + Verb-ed
|
Те се видяха вчера.
|
|
With Modal
|
Искам да + се/си + Verb
|
Искаме да си пишем.
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
Ние се виждаме официално. (Meeting someone)
Ние се виждаме. (Meeting someone)
Виждаме се. (Meeting someone)
Засичаме се. (Meeting someone)
The Reciprocal Relationship
Direct (се)
- виждаме се we see each other
- обичаме се we love each other
Indirect (си)
- пишем си we write to each other
- помагаме си we help each other
Reflexive vs. Reciprocal
レベル別の例文
Ние се виждаме.
We see each other.
Те се обичат.
They love each other.
Вие се познавате.
You (plural) know each other.
Ние се прегръщаме.
We hug each other.
Ние си пишем съобщения.
We write messages to each other.
Те не се чуват често.
They don't hear from each other often.
Вие помагате ли си?
Do you help each other?
Ние си говорим за всичко.
We talk to each other about everything.
Трябва да се видим скоро.
We must see each other soon.
Те са се запознали в университета.
They met (each other) at the university.
Ние си изпращаме подаръци.
We send each other gifts.
Можем ли да си имаме доверие?
Can we trust each other?
Двете страни се споразумяха.
The two sides reached an agreement with each other.
Те се гледат с недоверие.
They look at each other with distrust.
Ние си дължим извинение.
We owe each other an apology.
Учениците се състезават помежду си.
The students compete among themselves.
Те си размениха остри реплики.
They exchanged sharp remarks with each other.
Партньорите се допълват взаимно.
The partners complement each other mutually.
Ние си споделяме най-съкровените тайни.
We share our innermost secrets with each other.
Те се разминаха без да се поздравят.
They passed each other without greeting.
Интересите им се припокриват в голяма степен.
Their interests overlap to a great extent.
Те си противодействат в този проект.
They are working against each other in this project.
Двете теории се изключват взаимно.
The two theories are mutually exclusive.
Те се вслушват в думите си.
They listen carefully to each other's words.
間違えやすい
Learners don't know if `се` means 'myself' or 'each other'.
Mixing up direct and indirect objects.
よくある間違い
Ние виждаме един друг.
Ние се виждаме.
Аз се виждаме.
Ние се виждаме.
Те се пишат.
Те си пишат.
Ние се обича.
Ние се обичаме.
Не виждаме се.
Не се виждаме.
Вие се говорите.
Вие си говорите.
Те се помагат.
Те си помагат.
Ние сме се виждали.
Виждали сме се.
Искаме се да видим.
Искаме да се видим.
文型パターン
Ние се ___ всеки ден.
Те си ___ често.
Вие ___ ли се?
Real World Usage
Ще си пишем по-късно!
Харесваме ли се?
Ние си сътрудничим добре в екипа.
Рядко се виждаме напоследък.
Разбираме ли се за цената?
Те се последваха в Instagram.
The 'To' Test
си in Bulgarian.Plural Only!
се/си for reciprocity with аз, ти, or той/тя/то. It must be ние, вие, or те.Natural Closings
Ще се чуем (We'll hear each other) instead of 'Goodbye' for a more native-sounding phone call ending.Social Harmony
помагаме си is a very positive way to describe your relationship with others.Smart Tips
Use `Ще се чуем`. It literally means 'We will hear each other' and is the most natural way to end a call.
Always place the particle between `не` and the verb. Think of it as a 'negative sandwich'.
Try to add 'to each other' in English. If it works, use `си`. If only 'each other' works, use `се`.
Always check that your verb ending matches (–ме, –те, –ат/ят).
発音
Particle Stress
The particles `се` and `си` are never stressed. They 'lean' on the verb.
Question Intonation
Виждате ли се? ↗
Rising intonation at the end for a yes/no question.
暗記しよう
記憶術
SE is for ME and YOU (direct), SI is for TO me and TO you (indirect).
視覚的連想
Imagine two people holding a mirror between them. When they look into it, they don't see themselves, they see the other person. This is the 'mirror' effect of `се` and `си`.
Rhyme
When we do it together, you and me, We use the particles 'si' or 'se'!
Story
Ivan and Maria are in love. They look at each other (`гледат се`), they talk to each other (`говорят си`), and they help each other (`помагаме си`). Every action they share needs that little particle to keep them connected.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write 3 sentences about your best friend using `се` or `си`. For example: 'We see each other on weekends.'
文化メモ
Bulgarians use `чуваме се` (we hear each other) as a standard way to say 'we'll talk on the phone'. It's very common at the end of a conversation.
In formal letters, you might see `си сътрудничим` (we cooperate with each other) instead of simpler reciprocal forms.
Derived from Old Church Slavonic reflexive pronouns 'sę' (accusative) and 'si' (dative).
会話のきっかけ
Колко често се виждате с приятелите си?
Пишете ли си често със семейството си?
Как се запознахте с най-добрия си приятел?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
Ние ___ виждаме всяка събота.
се.How do you say 'They talk to each other'?
си and it usually follows the subject.Find and fix the mistake:
Ние не си виждаме често.
се.Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
се comes before the verb.Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Ние ___ помагаме.
си.Те ___ ___ познават.
Вие ___ ли ___?
Score: /8
練習問題
8 exercisesНие ___ виждаме всяка събота.
се.How do you say 'They talk to each other'?
си and it usually follows the subject.Find and fix the mistake:
Ние не си виждаме често.
се.се / кога / ще / видим / ?
се comes before the verb.1. Обичаме се. 2. Пишем си. 3. Помагаме си.
Ние ___ помагаме.
си.Те ___ ___ познават.
Вие ___ ли ___?
Score: /8
よくある質問 (8)
Yes, but then the meaning is reflexive (doing it to yourself), not reciprocal (doing it to each other). For reciprocity, you need at least two people (plural).
`се` is for direct actions (like 'seeing'), while `си` is for indirect actions (like 'talking to' or 'writing to').
No, it's not wrong, but it's much less common. Bulgarians prefer the short particles `се` and `си` in 90% of daily conversations.
It goes right after `не` and before the verb: `не се виждаме`.
Yes! Just put the particle after `ще`: `Ще се видим`.
No, `се` and `си` stay the same regardless of whether the subject is 'we', 'you all', or 'they'.
Some verbs are 'lexicalized' reflexives, meaning the particle is part of the verb's identity, like `запознавам се` (to meet/get acquainted).
A good rule of thumb: if you can add 'to' in English, it's probably `си`. If not, it's probably `се`.
Scaffolded Practice
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Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
se / nos / os
Bulgarian has two distinct particles (`се` and `си`), while Spanish uses one set of pronouns.
se / nous / vous
French requires the pronoun to match the subject (nous/vous), while Bulgarian `се/си` is the same for all plural persons.
sich / einander
German 'einander' is a separate word, while Bulgarian uses particles.
~au (suffix)
Japanese uses a verb suffix, Bulgarian uses a separate particle.
Form VI (Tafa'ula)
Arabic changes the internal structure of the verb; Bulgarian adds a particle.
互相 (hùxiāng)
Chinese uses an adverb; Bulgarian uses a grammatical particle.
