When you're learning German, you'll notice that many nouns have different forms depending on gender. 'Kundin' is a great example of this. It specifically refers to a female customer. The masculine equivalent is 'Kunde'.
It's important to pay attention to these gender distinctions because they affect other words in the sentence, like articles (der, die, das) and adjectives.
So, if you're talking about a woman who is a customer, you'd use 'die Kundin'. If you're talking about a man, you'd use 'der Kunde'.
Knowing these differences will help you speak and write German more accurately!
When we talk about 'customers' in German, we need to think about gender. 'Kundin' specifically refers to a female customer. The masculine equivalent is 'Kunde'.
You'll often see this distinction in German for many professions and roles. For example, a male student is a 'Student', and a female student is a 'Studentin'.
Remembering these gendered forms is important for correct grammar and clear communication in German.
When you're talking about a customer in German, it's important to know their gender. If the customer is female, you use Kundin. This is because German nouns have grammatical gender, and the ending "-in" often indicates a female person.
For example, a female doctor is Ärztin, and a female student is Studentin. So, remember to use Kundin when you're referring to a woman who is making a purchase or receiving a service.
Kundin 30秒で
- Use 'Kundin' for a female customer.
- Remember the '-in' ending often indicates female nouns.
- Contrast with 'Kunde' for a male customer.
§ What 'Kundin' Means
Alright, let's talk about the German word 'Kundin'. This is a pretty straightforward one, but important for getting your genders right in German. 'Kundin' means 'customer' specifically when you're talking about a female customer. German nouns have grammatical genders, and people often get tripped up by them, but for professions and roles, it's often quite logical.
- Definition
- A female customer. Someone who buys goods or services from a business, and who is female.
So, if you're working in a shop, a cafe, or any service industry in Germany, and you're referring to a woman who is buying something or using your service, 'Kundin' is the word you'll use. It's the feminine form of 'Kunde', which means a male customer. This distinction is crucial in German and helps you sound much more natural.
§ When to Use 'Kundin'
You'll use 'Kundin' in pretty much any scenario where you'd say 'female customer' in English. It's a standard term in business, retail, and service interactions. Think about these common situations:
- In a shop: If a salesperson is talking about a woman who just bought something.
- In a restaurant: If a waiter is discussing a female diner.
- In a bank or office: When referring to a woman who is a client or patron.
- In general conversation: If you're simply talking about a woman who regularly buys from a certain place.
It's not a formal or informal word; it's simply the correct gendered term. Using 'Kunde' for a woman would be grammatically incorrect and could sound a bit odd to a native speaker. So, always pay attention to the gender when referring to customers!
§ Examples of 'Kundin' in Use
Let's look at some practical examples so you can see 'Kundin' in action. This will help solidify your understanding of when and how to use it.
Die Kundin hat gerade eine neue Hose gekauft.
Translation hint: The customer (female) just bought new pants.
Unsere beste Kundin kommt jeden Morgen.
Translation hint: Our best customer (female) comes every morning.
Die neue Kundin war sehr zufrieden mit dem Service.
Translation hint: The new customer (female) was very satisfied with the service.
Understanding 'Kundin' is a small but significant step in mastering German vocabulary, especially for practical communication. Keep practicing these gendered nouns, and you'll improve your fluency quickly!
§ What 'Kundin' Means
- Definition
- Customer (female)
When you're talking about a female customer in German, you use the word Kundin. It's a feminine noun, so it will always be accompanied by a feminine article (like die in the nominative case). This is important because German nouns have grammatical gender, and it affects how you use them in sentences.
Think of it this way: if you're in a shop and a woman is buying something, she's a Kundin. If a man is buying something, he's a Kunde. German often has different words for male and female versions of professions or roles, and this is a classic example.
§ How to use 'Kundin' in sentences
Using Kundin in a sentence is straightforward once you remember its gender and how German cases work. As a feminine noun, it will take feminine articles and adjective endings. Here are some practical examples:
- Nominative Case (Subject of the sentence):
Die Kundin wartet an der Kasse. (The customer is waiting at the checkout.)
Here, die Kundin is the one performing the action (waiting), so it's in the nominative case.
- Accusative Case (Direct Object):
Ich sehe eine neue Kundin im Laden. (I see a new customer in the shop.)
In this example, eine neue Kundin is the direct object of the verb sehe (see). For feminine nouns, the indefinite article eine remains eine in the accusative.
- Dative Case (Indirect Object):
Der Verkäufer hilft der Kundin. (The salesperson is helping the customer.)
The verb helfen (to help) always takes the dative case. So, die Kundin becomes der Kundin here. This is a common pattern to watch out for.
- Genitive Case (Possession):
Das ist das Auto der Kundin. (That is the car of the customer.)
The genitive case shows possession. For feminine nouns, die becomes der. You'll use this less frequently in spoken German than dative or accusative, but it's good to know.
§ Plural of 'Kundin'
The plural of Kundin is Kundinnen. Notice the extra '-nen' ending. This is a common way to form the plural of feminine nouns ending in '-in'.
Viele Kundinnen waren heute im Geschäft. (Many customers (female) were in the store today.)
In the plural, the definite article is always die, regardless of gender, in the nominative and accusative cases. In the dative plural, it becomes den and the noun often adds an '-n' if it doesn't already end in one (but Kundinnen already has an 'n').
Er spricht mit den Kundinnen. (He is speaking with the customers (female).)
§ Common Phrases with 'Kundin'
Here are a few more ways you might encounter or use Kundin:
- Eine Stammkundin: A regular (female) customer.
- Die beste Kundin: The best (female) customer.
Sie ist eine wichtige Stammkundin. (She is an important regular customer.)
Frau Schmidt ist unsere beste Kundin. (Ms. Schmidt is our best customer.)
By practicing with these examples, you'll get a better feel for how to naturally integrate Kundin into your German sentences. Keep an eye on those cases and articles, and you'll be speaking correctly in no time!
How Formal Is It?
"Die Kundin wünscht eine Beratung zu unserem neuen Produkt. (The customer wishes for a consultation regarding our new product.)"
"Die Kundin hat eine Frage zu ihrer Bestellung. (The customer has a question about her order.)"
"Die Käuferin war mit dem Service zufrieden. (The buyer was satisfied with the service.)"
"Die Einkäuferin sucht ein Spielzeug für ihr Kind. (The shopper is looking for a toy for her child.)"
"Die Schnäppchenjägerin hat den besten Preis gefunden. (The bargain hunter found the best price.)"
レベル別の例文
Die Kundin kauft Brot.
The customer (female) buys bread.
Feminine noun, nominative case.
Sie ist eine nette Kundin.
She is a nice customer (female).
Feminine noun, nominative case with indefinite article 'eine'.
Ich helfe der Kundin.
I help the customer (female).
Feminine noun, dative case after 'helfen'.
Die Kundin fragt den Verkäufer.
The customer (female) asks the salesperson.
Feminine noun, nominative case.
Der Verkäufer grüßt die Kundin.
The salesperson greets the customer (female).
Feminine noun, accusative case after 'grüßen'.
Eine Kundin sucht Schuhe.
A customer (female) is looking for shoes.
Feminine noun, nominative case with indefinite article 'eine'.
Die Kundin bezahlt die Rechnung.
The customer (female) pays the bill.
Feminine noun, nominative case.
Das ist die Tasche der Kundin.
That is the customer's (female) bag.
Feminine noun, genitive case (less common at A1, but good for exposure).
Die Kundin kauft ein Buch.
The customer (female) buys a book.
Sie ist eine sehr zufriedene Kundin.
She is a very satisfied customer (female).
Die Verkäuferin hilft der Kundin.
The saleswoman helps the customer (female).
dative case
Unsere Kundin kommt aus Berlin.
Our customer (female) comes from Berlin.
Ich habe mit der Kundin gesprochen.
I spoke with the customer (female).
dative case
Die neue Kundin ist sehr freundlich.
The new customer (female) is very friendly.
Wir erwarten heute viele Kundinnen.
We expect many customers (female, plural) today.
plural form
Die Kundin fragt nach dem Preis.
The customer (female) asks about the price.
Als erfahrene Kundin schätze ich den persönlichen Service, den dieses Geschäft bietet.
As an experienced customer, I appreciate the personal service this business offers.
Here, 'erfahrene Kundin' means 'experienced female customer'. The adjective 'erfahrene' is inflected to agree with 'Kundin'.
Die treue Kundin hat über Jahre hinweg immer wieder bei uns eingekauft.
The loyal customer has repeatedly shopped with us over the years.
'Treue Kundin' shows the adjective 'treue' (loyal) inflecting for the feminine noun.
Unsere neue Kundin war von der Vielfalt unserer Produkte begeistert.
Our new customer was enthusiastic about the variety of our products.
'Neue Kundin' uses the adjective 'neue' (new) in its feminine form.
Sie ist eine sehr anspruchsvolle Kundin, die stets höchste Qualität erwartet.
She is a very demanding customer who always expects the highest quality.
'Anspruchsvolle Kundin' demonstrates the adjective 'anspruchsvolle' (demanding) agreeing with 'Kundin'.
Die betreffende Kundin hat sich bereits mit einer Beschwerde an uns gewandt.
The customer in question has already contacted us with a complaint.
'Betreffende Kundin' (customer in question) shows the adjectival participle 'betreffende' inflected.
Jede einzelne Kundin ist uns wichtig, und wir bemühen uns um ihre Zufriedenheit.
Every single customer is important to us, and we strive for her satisfaction.
'Jede einzelne Kundin' emphasizes each individual female customer.
Die Managerin begrüßte die potenziellen Kundinnen mit einem freundlichen Lächeln.
The manager greeted the potential customers with a friendly smile.
'Potenziellen Kundinnen' is the plural dative form of 'potential female customers'.
Als langjährige Kundin habe ich schon viele positive Veränderungen miterlebt.
As a long-standing customer, I have witnessed many positive changes.
'Langjährige Kundin' (long-standing female customer) shows 'langjährige' inflected.
文法パターン
慣用句と表現
"eine treue Kundin"
a loyal customer
Sie ist seit Jahren eine treue Kundin. (She has been a loyal customer for years.)
neutral"die Kundin bedienen"
to serve the customer
Der Verkäufer muss die Kundin schnell bedienen. (The salesperson must serve the customer quickly.)
neutral"eine neue Kundin gewinnen"
to gain a new customer
Wir müssen neue Kundinnen gewinnen, um zu wachsen. (We need to gain new customers to grow.)
neutral"die Kundin beraten"
to advise the customer
Die Mitarbeiterin soll die Kundin gut beraten. (The employee should advise the customer well.)
neutral"die Kundin zufriedenstellen"
to satisfy the customer
Es ist wichtig, die Kundin zufrieden zu stellen. (It is important to satisfy the customer.)
neutral"als Kundin auftreten"
to appear as a customer
Sie trat als Kundin auf, um Informationen zu sammeln. (She appeared as a customer to gather information.)
neutral"die Kundin abwerben"
to poach a customer
Sie versuchen, unsere Kundinnen abzuwerben. (They are trying to poach our customers.)
neutral"mit der Kundin sprechen"
to speak with the customer
Ich muss noch mit der Kundin sprechen. (I still need to speak with the customer.)
neutral"die Kundin begrüßen"
to greet the customer
Der Empfang hat die Kundin freundlich begrüßt. (The reception greeted the customer kindly.)
neutral"die Kundin verlieren"
to lose a customer
Wenn der Service schlecht ist, können wir die Kundin verlieren. (If the service is bad, we can lose the customer.)
neutral文型パターン
Ich bin eine Kundin.
Ich bin eine Kundin hier. (I am a customer here.)
Die Kundin kauft etwas.
Die Kundin kauft Brot. (The customer buys bread.)
Sie ist meine beste Kundin.
Sie ist meine beste Kundin. (She is my best customer.)
Die Verkäuferin hilft der Kundin.
Die Verkäuferin hilft der Kundin. (The saleswoman helps the customer.)
Haben Sie eine Kundin namens [Name]?
Haben Sie eine Kundin namens Maria? (Do you have a customer named Maria?)
Eine Kundin fragt nach dem Preis.
Eine Kundin fragt nach dem Preis. (A customer asks for the price.)
Ich habe viele Kundinnen.
Ich habe viele Kundinnen in meinem Geschäft. (I have many female customers in my shop.)
Die Kundin ist zufrieden.
Die Kundin ist mit dem Service zufrieden. (The customer is satisfied with the service.)
ヒント
Recognizing Female Nouns
Nouns ending in -in are almost always feminine. This makes it easier to remember their gender.
The Male Counterpart
The male equivalent of 'Kundin' is 'Kunde' (customer, male). Notice the lack of '-in' at the end.
Plural Form
The plural of 'Kundin' is 'Kundinnen' (female customers). You add '-nen' to the end.
Don't Mix Up Genders
It's important to use the correct gender. 'Die Kundin' for a female customer, 'Der Kunde' for a male customer.
Using with Articles
Since 'Kundin' is a feminine noun, it uses the feminine definite article 'die' (the) and the indefinite article 'eine' (a/an) in the nominative case.
Common Contexts
You'll most often hear 'Kundin' in shops, restaurants, or service industries when referring to a female patron.
Forming Occupations
Adding '-in' is a common way to form the feminine version of many German occupations. Think of 'Lehrer' (teacher, male) and 'Lehrerin' (teacher, female).
Practice with Sentences
Create simple sentences using 'Kundin' to help solidify your understanding. For example: 'Die Kundin fragt.' (The customer asks.)
Gender-Neutral Alternatives
While 'Kundin' is correct, in some formal contexts, you might hear gender-neutral terms like 'die Kundschaft' (the clientele) to refer to a group of customers, regardless of gender. However, when referring to a single individual, 'Kundin' is preferred for a female.
Listen for the Ending
When listening to German, pay attention to the '-in' ending. It's a strong indicator that the person being discussed is female.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Think of 'Kunde' (male customer) and add '-in' to make it 'Kundin' for a female customer, just like 'teacher' (Lehrer) becomes 'Lehrerin' (female teacher).
視覚的連想
Imagine a woman happily shopping in a German bakery, her arms full of bags. She is a 'Kundin'.
Word Web
チャレンジ
Try to say a simple sentence using 'Kundin' whenever you see a woman shopping in a store, e.g., 'Die Kundin kauft...' (The female customer is buying...).
自分をテスト 36 問
Die ___ bezahlt an der Kasse. (The customer (female) pays at the checkout.)
'Kundin' is the correct feminine form for 'customer' in this context.
Ich spreche mit der ___. (I am speaking with the customer (female).)
Here, 'Kundin' is used in the dative case after 'mit' and correctly refers to a female customer.
Ist sie eine gute ___? (Is she a good customer (female)?)
We need the feminine form 'Kundin' to match 'sie' (she).
Die ___ wartet auf den Bus. (The customer (female) is waiting for the bus.)
'Kundin' fits the context of a female person waiting and is a noun.
Ich helfe der ___. (I help the customer (female).)
The verb 'helfen' takes the dative case, and 'der Kundin' is the correct dative feminine form.
Die ___ fragt nach dem Preis. (The customer (female) asks for the price.)
In this sentence, 'Kundin' is the subject and correctly refers to a female customer.
The female customer is satisfied.
The female customer speaks German.
Where is the female customer?
Read this aloud:
Die Kundin fragt.
Focus: Kun-din
あなたの回答：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
Ich helfe der Kundin.
Focus: hel-fe der
あなたの回答：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
Die Kundin kommt.
Focus: kommt
あなたの回答：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
The customer (female) asked for a discount.
Our loyal customer (female) has been coming to us for years.
The customer (female) was very satisfied with the service.
Read this aloud:
Die neue Kundin hat heute viel gekauft.
Focus: Kundin
あなたの回答：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
Ich helfe der Kundin gerne bei ihrer Auswahl.
Focus: Auswahl
あなたの回答：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
Die Kundin möchte noch etwas über das Produkt erfahren.
Focus: erfahren
あなたの回答：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
You are a sales assistant in a clothing store. A female customer is looking for a dress for a special occasion. Write a short dialogue (3-4 sentences) where you greet her and ask what she is looking for.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
Guten Tag, wie kann ich Ihnen helfen? Sind Sie auf der Suche nach einem Kleid für einen besonderen Anlass? Wir haben viele schöne Kleider, die Ihnen gefallen könnten. Was für eine Kundin sind Sie heute?
Imagine you are writing an email to a colleague about a particularly difficult female customer. Describe her request briefly (2-3 sentences) and express your frustration politely.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
Hallo [Name des Kollegen], ich habe gerade mit einer Kundin gesprochen, deren Anfrage sehr spezifisch und herausfordernd ist. Sie möchte ein Produkt, das wir so nicht im Sortiment haben. Es wird schwierig sein, sie zufriedenzustellen.
You are a hotel receptionist. A regular female customer calls to make a reservation. Write a brief note (2-3 sentences) for your colleague summarizing her request and any special preferences she might have.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
Notiz für [Name des Kollegen]: Unsere Stammkundin, Frau Müller, hat angerufen, um eine Reservierung für nächste Woche zu tätigen. Sie bevorzugt immer ein Zimmer mit Blick auf den Garten. Bitte rufen Sie sie zurück, um die Details zu bestätigen.
Was macht Frau Schmidt jeden Morgen in dem Café?
Read this passage:
Eine treue Kundin unseres kleinen Cafés, Frau Schmidt, kommt jeden Morgen um 8 Uhr, um ihren Kaffee und ein Croissant zu genießen. Sie liest dabei immer die Zeitung und ist sehr freundlich zu unseren Mitarbeitern. Letzte Woche hat sie uns sogar Blumen mitgebracht.
Was macht Frau Schmidt jeden Morgen in dem Café?
Der Text sagt, dass Frau Schmidt jeden Morgen um 8 Uhr kommt, um ihren Kaffee und ein Croissant zu genießen und dabei die Zeitung liest.
Der Text sagt, dass Frau Schmidt jeden Morgen um 8 Uhr kommt, um ihren Kaffee und ein Croissant zu genießen und dabei die Zeitung liest.
Wofür interessierte sich die neue Kundin?
Read this passage:
In der Buchhandlung gab es eine neue Kundin, die sich sehr für alte deutsche Literatur interessierte. Sie verbrachte Stunden in den Regalen und fragte die Angestellten nach seltenen Ausgaben. Ihr Wissen war beeindruckend und die Mitarbeiter lernten viel von ihr.
Wofür interessierte sich die neue Kundin?
Der Text besagt eindeutig, dass die neue Kundin sich 'sehr für alte deutsche Literatur interessierte'.
Der Text besagt eindeutig, dass die neue Kundin sich 'sehr für alte deutsche Literatur interessierte'.
Was ist ein wichtiges Ergebnis der Kundenumfrage?
Read this passage:
Die Marketingabteilung hat eine Umfrage unter unseren weiblichen Kunden durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass viele Kundinnen Wert auf nachhaltige Produkte legen und bereit sind, dafür einen höheren Preis zu zahlen. Dies ist eine wichtige Erkenntnis für unsere zukünftige Produktentwicklung.
Was ist ein wichtiges Ergebnis der Kundenumfrage?
Der Text erwähnt, dass 'viele Kundinnen Wert auf nachhaltige Produkte legen'.
Der Text erwähnt, dass 'viele Kundinnen Wert auf nachhaltige Produkte legen'.
Die zufriedene ______ lobte den exzellenten Service des Geschäfts.
Here, we need the feminine singular form for 'customer' because the adjective 'zufriedene' (satisfied) and the context indicate a female customer. 'Kundin' is the correct choice.
Nachdem sie ihren Einkauf beendet hatte, verließ die ______ den Laden.
The sentence refers to a single female customer ('sie', 'ihren'), so 'Kundin' is the appropriate singular feminine form.
Die neue Produktlinie wurde speziell für die anspruchsvolle ______ entwickelt.
The adjective 'anspruchsvolle' (demanding) takes the feminine singular ending, requiring 'Kundin' to match the gender and number.
Aufgrund ihrer langjährigen Treue erhielt die ______ einen besonderen Rabatt.
The phrase 'ihrer langjährigen Treue' (her long-standing loyalty) indicates a single female, making 'Kundin' the correct choice.
Die Verkäuferin beriet die unsichere ______ geduldig bei ihrer Entscheidung.
The adjective 'unsichere' (unsure) is inflected for a feminine singular noun in the accusative case, which is 'Kundin'.
Um die Loyalität der ______ zu gewährleisten, bieten wir exklusive Vorteile an.
The sentence implies a general group of female customers ('die Loyalität der...'), thus the plural feminine 'Kundinnen' is required here to ensure loyalty of multiple female customers.
Which of the following best describes the historical shift in consumer behavior that led to the modern concept of a 'Kundin' (female customer) in a globalized market?
The term 'Kundin' implies a consumer within a complex economic system, which developed as societies moved from local, agrarian models to more globalized, service-oriented economies where individual purchasing decisions became central.
In a highly abstract philosophical discourse on ethics in commercial interactions, which of these statements best encapsulates the moral responsibility towards a 'Kundin' (female customer) beyond mere transactional fairness?
At a C2 level, ethical considerations extend beyond simple fairness to include deeper moral responsibilities, acknowledging the 'Kundin' as an autonomous individual deserving of protection against systemic exploitation and privacy breaches within commercial interactions.
Considering the intricacies of socio-linguistic theory, how does the grammatical gender of 'Kundin' (female customer) in German reflect or influence perceptions of gender roles within commercial discourse, especially when contrasted with gender-neutral or masculine forms?
At a C2 level, understanding of language extends to its socio-linguistic impact. Grammatical gender, even in seemingly innocuous terms like 'Kundin,' can unconsciously reinforce and perpetuate existing societal gender roles and expectations in commercial and other contexts.
The rise of e-commerce and digital marketplaces has fundamentally democratized access to goods and services to such an extent that the traditional power imbalance between a 'Kundin' (female customer) and large corporations has been entirely eradicated.
While e-commerce offers increased access, it also introduces new forms of power imbalance, such as data exploitation, algorithmic manipulation, and the dominance of a few large platforms, which means the traditional power dynamics are not entirely eradicated but rather transformed.
In a purely classical economic model, the 'Kundin' (female customer) is always assumed to be a perfectly rational actor whose purchasing decisions are solely driven by utility maximization and complete information, without any influence from psychological biases or external marketing stimuli.
Classical economic models often make the assumption of perfect rationality. However, behavioral economics and real-world observations demonstrate that consumers, including the 'Kundin,' are frequently influenced by psychological biases, incomplete information, and marketing, making this assumption untrue in practice.
The concept of 'Kundin' (female customer) can be analyzed within a post-structuralist framework to reveal how identity is discursively constructed through consumption patterns and how this construction is subject to continuous negotiation and power struggles within late-capitalist society.
A post-structuralist analysis would indeed examine how categories like 'Kundin' are not fixed but are instead shaped by language, discourse, and power relations, highlighting the fluid and constructed nature of identity within consumption, particularly in late capitalism.
/ 36 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
Kundin is the German word for a female customer, and understanding this gendered noun is important for correct usage.
- Use 'Kundin' for a female customer.
- Remember the '-in' ending often indicates female nouns.
- Contrast with 'Kunde' for a male customer.
Recognizing Female Nouns
Nouns ending in -in are almost always feminine. This makes it easier to remember their gender.
The Male Counterpart
The male equivalent of 'Kundin' is 'Kunde' (customer, male). Notice the lack of '-in' at the end.
Plural Form
The plural of 'Kundin' is 'Kundinnen' (female customers). You add '-nen' to the end.
Don't Mix Up Genders
It's important to use the correct gender. 'Die Kundin' for a female customer, 'Der Kunde' for a male customer.
関連コンテンツ
businessの関連語
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abgleichen
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ablegen
B1書類を整理して保管することを意味します。
abrechnen
B1かかった費用を計算し、支払いを行うこと。
Abteilung
A2会社や組織の中で、特定の仕事を担当する部分のことです。
abwickeln
B1仕事や商取引などを、最初から最後まで処理したり、管理したりすることです。
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Aktie
B1会社の所有権の一部を表すものだよ。
Aktionär
A2会社の株を持っていて、その会社の利益や損失に関わっている男性のこと。
Aktionärin
A2会社の株を持っていて、その会社の利益や損失に関わっている女性のこと。
