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B1 adjective 12分で読める

zäh

例文
解説 zäh in your Level:
At the A1 beginner level, you only need to know the most basic and practical meaning of the word 'zäh'. In your first German lessons, you learn how to order food in a restaurant and how to describe that food. The word 'zäh' is essential vocabulary for describing meat that is bad because it is too hard to chew. Imagine you order a steak, and when you try to cut it, your knife barely goes through. When you put it in your mouth, you have to chew it for a long time. In English, we call this 'tough' meat. In German, you say 'Das Fleisch ist zäh' (The meat is tough). This is the only context you really need to focus on at this stage. It is a simple descriptive adjective. You can use it with the verb 'sein' (to be). For example: 'Das Hähnchen ist zäh' (The chicken is tough) or 'Ist das Steak zäh?' (Is the steak tough?). Remember that for food, 'zäh' is always a negative word. Nobody wants to eat 'zähes Fleisch'. Practice combining it with simple food vocabulary and basic verbs. It is a short, one-syllable word, making it relatively easy to memorize, even if the pronunciation of the 'ä' sound requires a little bit of practice for English speakers. Just remember: zäh = tough meat.
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At the A2 elementary level, you can start expanding your understanding of 'zäh' beyond just tough meat. While the culinary meaning remains very important, you can now learn its application to liquids and materials. At this level, you are learning to describe the physical world around you in more detail. 'Zäh' can be used to describe liquids that are very thick, sticky, and slow to pour. Think about a jar of honey that has been kept in the refrigerator. When you try to pour it, it moves very slowly. In German, you would describe this honey as 'zäh' or 'zähflüssig'. Similarly, thick glue, syrup, or heavy oil can be described as 'zäh'. This introduces the concept of viscosity. You can say things like 'Der Honig ist sehr zäh' (The honey is very thick/viscous) or 'Der Teig ist zäh' (The dough is tough/chewy). You also start using adjective endings more confidently at A2. So instead of just saying 'Das Fleisch ist zäh', you can say 'Ich esse kein zähes Fleisch' (I don't eat tough meat). This requires understanding that 'zäh' takes the '-es' ending for a neuter noun in the accusative case. Expanding from food to thick liquids helps you see the underlying concept of the word: something that resists movement or breaking apart.
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At the B1 intermediate level, the word 'zäh' becomes significantly more interesting and useful, as you begin to apply it to people, character traits, and abstract situations. This is the CEFR level for this specific vocabulary entry. At B1, you are capable of expressing opinions, describing experiences, and talking about abstract concepts. 'Zäh' is perfect for this. You learn that when applied to a person, 'zäh' means resilient, tough, and enduring. It is a highly positive character trait. For example, 'Er ist ein zäher Sportler' (He is a tough athlete) means he does not give up easily. You can use it to describe someone who survives a difficult illness or works hard in tough conditions. Furthermore, you learn to use 'zäh' to describe situations or processes that are tedious, slow, and require a lot of effort. If you are reading a boring book, you might say 'Das Buch ist sehr zäh zu lesen' (The book is very tedious to read). If a meeting takes too long, 'Die Besprechung war zäh' (The meeting was slow-going/tedious). This abstract usage is extremely common in everyday German. You also need to be comfortable with all adjective declensions, comparative forms ('zäher'), and superlative forms ('am zähesten') at this level. Mastering these metaphorical uses marks a significant step toward fluency.
At the B2 upper-intermediate level, your use of 'zäh' becomes more nuanced and idiomatic. You are expected to understand and participate in complex discussions, including news, politics, and professional environments. In these contexts, 'zäh' is frequently used to describe difficult negotiations, sluggish economic growth, or slow bureaucratic processes. You will regularly encounter phrases like 'zähe Verhandlungen' (tough/sluggish negotiations) in news articles. You might say, 'Die Verhandlungen zwischen den Gewerkschaften und den Arbeitgebern verlaufen äußerst zäh' (The negotiations between the unions and the employers are proceeding extremely sluggishly). You also learn common idioms and colloquialisms associated with the word. For example, describing someone affectionately or respectfully as 'ein zäher Hund' (literally 'a tough dog', meaning a tough cookie or a very resilient person) is a classic B2-level colloquialism. You understand that 'zäh' can function smoothly as an adverb modifying verbs of progress, such as 'Die Arbeit geht zäh voran' (The work is progressing slowly/tediously). At this level, you effortlessly switch between the literal meanings (viscous liquids, tough meat) and the figurative meanings (resilient people, tedious processes) without hesitation, recognizing the subtle shifts in connotation from negative (boring process) to positive (strong character).
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At the C1 advanced level, you possess a near-native command of the word 'zäh' and its subtle stylistic variations. You can employ it in sophisticated academic, professional, and literary contexts. You understand its role in compound words and derivatives, such as 'Zähigkeit' (toughness, viscosity, tenacity) or 'zähfließend' (viscous). In scientific or technical discussions, you can use 'Zähigkeit' to discuss material science, such as the tensile strength of metals or the viscosity of chemical compounds. In literary or journalistic writing, you use 'zäh' to create vivid, evocative imagery. You might read or write a sentence like, 'Mit zäher Entschlossenheit verfolgte sie ihr Ziel, unbeeindruckt von den zahlreichen Rückschlägen' (With tenacious determination, she pursued her goal, unimpressed by the numerous setbacks). You are also sensitive to the rhythm and flow of the language, knowing exactly when 'zäh' is a better stylistic choice than synonyms like 'hartnäckig', 'langwierig', or 'widerstandsfähig'. You appreciate the slight phonetic harshness of the word, which perfectly mirrors its meaning of resistance and friction. Your usage is flawless, incorporating complex grammatical structures, passive voice constructions, and nuanced adverbial phrases where 'zäh' acts as a critical descriptive anchor.
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At the C2 mastery level, 'zäh' is fully integrated into your intuitive grasp of the German language. You manipulate the word with the effortless creativity of a well-educated native speaker. You can invent novel metaphors using 'zäh' that are immediately understood and appreciated by native speakers. You are familiar with historical, regional, or highly specialized uses of the word. You can effortlessly comprehend complex literary texts where 'zäh' might be used in unconventional ways to describe abstract emotional states or existential struggles, such as 'ein zähes Ringen mit dem Schicksal' (a tenacious struggle with fate). You understand the etymological roots of the word and how it connects to other Germanic languages, giving you a deep, structural appreciation of its place in the vocabulary. In debates or persuasive writing, you use 'zäh' to rhetorically emphasize the arduous nature of a task or the indomitable spirit of an opponent. You recognize and can employ extremely subtle nuances, such as the difference between a 'zäher Widerstand' (tenacious resistance) and a 'hartnäckiger Widerstand' (stubborn resistance), knowing exactly which emotional register each phrase triggers in the listener. Your mastery is absolute, encompassing all registers from the lowest slang to the highest academic prose.
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例文
The German adjective 'zäh' is an incredibly versatile word that encompasses a variety of meanings related to physical resistance, endurance, and slow progression. At its core, 'zäh' describes something that is difficult to break apart, chew, or move through. When you are dining and the steak is overcooked, you would describe the meat as 'zäh', meaning it is tough and requires significant effort to chew. This culinary application is often the first context in which learners encounter the word. However, its usage extends far beyond the dining table. In the realm of material properties, 'zäh' is used to describe liquids that are highly viscous, thick, and slow-moving. Imagine trying to pour cold honey, thick molasses, or heavy motor oil; the resistance these liquids offer is perfectly captured by the word 'zäh'.
Culinary Meaning
Used to describe food, especially meat, that is tough, rubbery, and difficult to chew.

Dieses Steak ist leider extrem zäh.

Beyond physical objects, 'zäh' is frequently applied to human character and animal traits. A person who is 'zäh' is resilient, hardy, and tenacious. They possess the physical or mental stamina to endure difficult situations without giving up. This is generally seen as a highly positive attribute, akin to being tough or having grit in English. An athlete completing a grueling marathon, a mountaineer facing harsh weather, or a worker enduring a double shift can all be described as 'zäh'.
Character Trait
Describes a person or animal that is resilient, enduring, and capable of withstanding hardship.

Der alte Bauer ist ein zäher Mann, der nie aufgibt.

Furthermore, 'zäh' is used metaphorically to describe processes, negotiations, or periods of time that are slow, tedious, and require immense effort to progress. If a business meeting drags on for hours with no resolution, the negotiations are 'zäh'. If a book is difficult to read because the plot moves slowly, the reading experience is 'zäh'. This metaphorical extension perfectly aligns with the physical concept of a viscous liquid; just as it is hard to move through thick mud, it is hard to progress through a 'zäh' negotiation.
Abstract Processes
Refers to situations, talks, or tasks that are tedious, slow-going, and exhausting.

Die Friedensverhandlungen verliefen sehr zäh.

Understanding these three primary pillars of meaning—tough food, viscous liquids, and resilient people/tedious processes—is essential for mastering this word. It is a highly evocative term that paints a vivid picture of resistance. Native speakers use it daily across all these contexts.

Der Honig fließt zäh vom Löffel.

Das Spiel war in der ersten Halbzeit sehr zäh.

In summary, 'zäh' is a powerful adjective that captures the essence of things that do not yield easily. Whether you are struggling to cut a piece of meat, waiting for syrup to pour, admiring an athlete's endurance, or suffering through a boring meeting, 'zäh' is the precise word you need to articulate that experience of resistance and slow progress in the German language.
Using 'zäh' correctly in German sentences requires an understanding of adjective declension and the various contexts in which the word is appropriate. As an adjective, 'zäh' must agree in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies when used attributively (placed before the noun). For example, when describing a tough piece of meat (das Fleisch, neuter), you would say 'ein zähes Fleisch' in the nominative or accusative case. If you are talking about a resilient man (der Mann, masculine), it becomes 'ein zäher Mann'.
Attributive Usage
When placed before a noun, 'zäh' must take the appropriate declension endings based on gender, case, and number.

Er kaute auf einem zähen Stück Rindfleisch herum.

When used predicatively (after verbs like 'sein', 'werden', 'bleiben'), 'zäh' remains uninflected. This is often the simplest way for learners to use the word. You can simply say 'Das Fleisch ist zäh' or 'Die Verhandlungen waren zäh'. This structure is highly common in everyday spoken German.
Predicative Usage
When used after a linking verb, 'zäh' does not take any endings and remains in its base form.

Der Kaugummi ist sehr zäh geworden.

'Zäh' can also function as an adverb, describing how an action is performed. In this case, it means slowly, sluggishly, or with great difficulty. For instance, 'Die Zeit verging zäh' means that time passed very slowly and tediously. Similarly, 'Der Verkehr floss zäh' indicates that the traffic was moving, but very sluggishly, like a thick liquid.
Adverbial Usage
As an adverb, it describes an action that happens slowly, with resistance, or tediously.

Die Arbeit ging heute nur sehr zäh voran.

It is also important to note the comparative and superlative forms: 'zäher' and 'am zähesten'. You might say, 'Dieses Steak ist zäher als das andere' (This steak is tougher than the other one) or 'Das war die zäheste Verhandlung des Jahres' (That was the most tedious negotiation of the year). When pronouncing these forms, remember that the 'ä' sound remains consistent, but the addition of suffixes can change the rhythm of the word.

Er ist der zäheste Kämpfer im Ring.

Der Teig muss geknetet werden, bis er zäh ist.

By mastering these different grammatical structures—attributive, predicative, adverbial, and comparative—you will be able to deploy 'zäh' naturally and effectively in a wide range of conversational and written contexts, significantly enriching your German vocabulary.
The word 'zäh' is omnipresent in the German-speaking world, appearing in a wide variety of contexts ranging from casual daily conversations to formal news reports. One of the most common places you will hear 'zäh' is in restaurants, kitchens, and dining rooms. If a guest is unsatisfied with their meat dish, they will inevitably complain to the waiter that 'Das Fleisch ist zu zäh'. This is a standard culinary critique, and any chef or home cook is familiar with the fear of serving 'zähes Fleisch'.
Restaurants and Dining
A frequent complaint when meat is overcooked, rubbery, or difficult to cut with a standard knife.

Entschuldigung, aber mein Schnitzel ist leider sehr zäh.

You will also frequently hear 'zäh' in the context of sports and physical fitness. Sports commentators and coaches use it to praise athletes who show incredible stamina and resilience. A boxer who refuses to go down, a marathon runner who pushes through the pain barrier, or a football team that defends stubbornly are all described as 'zäh'. In this environment, it is a high compliment denoting grit and willpower.
Sports Commentary
Used to praise athletes or teams that demonstrate exceptional endurance, toughness, and refusal to give up.

Die gegnerische Mannschaft war ein zäher Gegner.

In the business world and political news, 'zäh' is the go-to adjective for describing difficult, slow-moving processes. When you listen to German news broadcasts (like the Tagesschau), you will often hear phrases like 'zähe Verhandlungen' (tough/slow negotiations) or 'ein zäher Prozess' (a tedious process). This applies to union strikes, coalition talks between political parties, or complex international diplomacy.
News and Politics
Describes talks, diplomatic efforts, or legal proceedings that progress very slowly due to strong disagreements.

Nach zähen Verhandlungen gab es endlich einen Kompromiss.

Finally, in everyday complaints about modern life, 'zäh' makes frequent appearances. Commuters stuck in a traffic jam will describe the traffic as 'zähfließend' (viscous-flowing) or simply say 'Der Verkehr ist heute wieder sehr zäh'. Office workers might describe a boring afternoon where the clock seems to stand still as 'eine zähe Stunde' (a dragging hour).

Auf der Autobahn herrscht heute zäher Verkehr.

Der Film war am Anfang gut, wurde dann aber sehr zäh.

Because it applies to physical objects, human traits, and abstract time, 'zäh' is a high-frequency word that you will encounter in almost every sphere of German life.
When learning the word 'zäh', English speakers often fall into a few predictable traps due to the word's multiple meanings and its specific grammatical requirements in German. One of the most common mistakes is assuming that 'zäh' always has a negative connotation because of its primary association with tough, unappetizing meat. While 'zähes Fleisch' is certainly a bad thing, describing a person as 'zäh' is almost always a compliment. If you tell a German friend, 'Du bist wirklich zäh', you are praising their resilience and toughness, not insulting them. Learners sometimes avoid using 'zäh' for people because they fear it sounds insulting, opting instead for weaker words like 'stark' (strong), thereby missing out on a much more expressive and native-sounding vocabulary choice.
Connotation Confusion
Assuming 'zäh' is always negative. It is negative for food and processes, but highly positive for people's character.

Sie ist eine zähe Geschäftsfrau. (Positive: She is a tough/resilient businesswoman.)

Another frequent error relates to pronunciation. The German 'ä' (a-umlaut) can be tricky for English speakers. It should sound like the 'e' in the English word 'bed' or 'ten', drawn out slightly because of the 'h' that follows it, making it a long vowel. The 'z' is pronounced like 'ts' in 'cats'. Learners often mispronounce the 'z' as an English 'z' (like in 'zoo') or mispronounce the 'ä' as an 'a' (like in 'father'). Saying 'zah' instead of 'zäh' can lead to confusion, though context usually saves the day.
Pronunciation Errors
Failing to pronounce the 'z' as 'ts' or the 'ä' as a long 'eh' sound.

Das Holz ist sehr zäh. (Pronounced: ts-eh)

Grammatically, learners sometimes struggle with adjective endings when 'zäh' is used attributively. Because it ends in an 'h', adding endings like '-es', '-er', or '-en' can look strange on paper (e.g., zähes, zäher, zähen). Learners might incorrectly drop the 'h' or apply the wrong ending. It is crucial to remember standard adjective declension rules apply perfectly normally to 'zäh'.
Declension Mistakes
Applying incorrect adjective endings or dropping the 'h' when adding suffixes.

Wir hatten ein zähes Ringen um die besten Plätze.

Finally, a conceptual mistake is using 'zäh' to mean 'hard' in the sense of a solid object like a rock. A rock is 'hart' (hard), not 'zäh'. 'Zäh' implies a resistance to being torn, chewed, or flowing, rather than absolute structural rigidity. A rubber tire is 'zäh'; a diamond is 'hart'.

Leder ist ein sehr zähes Material.

Der Kaugummi klebt zäh am Schuh.

By avoiding these common pitfalls—understanding the positive/negative contexts, mastering the pronunciation, applying correct grammar, and distinguishing it from 'hart'—you will use 'zäh' like a true native speaker.
While 'zäh' is a highly specific and useful word, there are several synonyms and related terms in German that you can use depending on the exact nuance you wish to convey. Understanding these alternatives will not only expand your vocabulary but also help you grasp the precise boundaries of what 'zäh' means. When referring to food, particularly meat that is hard to chew, the most direct alternative is simply 'hart' (hard) or 'schwer zu kauen' (hard to chew). However, 'zäh' is much more idiomatic for meat. If bread is old and hard to bite, you might use 'pappig' or 'trocken' (dry), but 'zäh' specifically implies a rubbery resistance.
For Food
'Hart' (hard), 'gummiartig' (rubbery), 'schwer zu kauen' (hard to chew).

Das Fleisch ist nicht nur zäh, sondern auch trocken.

When describing liquids that are thick and slow-moving, the technical term is 'viskos' (viscous) or 'dickflüssig' (thick-flowing). 'Dickflüssig' is a very common everyday alternative to 'zäh' when talking about things like syrup, paint, or soup. 'Klebrig' (sticky) is also related, though something can be sticky without being viscous.
For Liquids
'Dickflüssig' (thick-flowing), 'viskos' (viscous), 'sirupartig' (syrupy).

Die Farbe ist zu zäh und muss verdünnt werden.

When applying the word to human character, 'zäh' translates to resilient or tough. Great alternatives here include 'widerstandsfähig' (resistant/resilient), 'ausdauernd' (enduring/persevering), or 'hartnäckig' (stubborn/persistent). 'Hartnäckig' is particularly close when describing someone who won't give up, though it leans slightly more towards stubbornness, whereas 'zäh' leans towards physical or mental endurance.
For People
'Widerstandsfähig' (resilient), 'ausdauernd' (persevering), 'hartnäckig' (stubborn).

Sie verteidigte ihren Standpunkt mit zäher Entschlossenheit.

Finally, for abstract processes like negotiations or time, alternatives include 'schleppend' (sluggish/dragging), 'langwierig' (lengthy/tedious), or 'mühsam' (laborious). If a meeting is 'zäh', it is also 'langwierig' and 'mühsam'. 'Schleppend' is an excellent synonym for 'zäh' when describing slow progress, such as 'schleppende Verkäufe' (sluggish sales).

Das Projekt macht nur zäh Fortschritte.

Es war ein zähes Ringen um die Wahrheit.

By learning these alternatives, you can add incredible variety to your German expression, choosing the exact word that fits the context perfectly while fully understanding the unique, multifaceted nature of 'zäh'.
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レベル別の例文

1

Das Fleisch ist sehr zäh.

The meat is very tough.

Predicative adjective, no ending required.

2

Ich mag kein zähes Fleisch.

I don't like tough meat.

Attributive adjective, accusative neuter ending '-es'.

3

Der Braten ist leider zäh.

The roast is unfortunately tough.

Predicative adjective.

4

Ist das Hähnchen zäh?

Is the chicken tough?

Question structure with predicative adjective.

5

Das Kaugummi ist zäh.

The chewing gum is chewy/tough.

Predicative adjective.

6

Dieses Brot ist alt und zäh.

This bread is old and tough.

Two predicative adjectives combined.

7

Warum ist das Steak so zäh?

Why is the steak so tough?

Question word 'warum' with predicative adjective.

8

Wir essen das zähe Fleisch nicht.

We are not eating the tough meat.

Definite article accusative neuter ending '-e'.

1

Der Honig ist sehr zäh.

The honey is very viscous/thick.

Predicative adjective applied to a liquid.

2

Der Teig muss zäh sein.

The dough must be tough/chewy.

Modal verb 'muss' with infinitive 'sein'.

3

Die Farbe ist zu zäh.

The paint is too thick.

Adverb 'zu' intensifying the adjective.

4

Das ist ein zäher Sirup.

That is a thick syrup.

Nominative masculine ending '-er'.

5

Der Schlamm war tief und zäh.

The mud was deep and thick.

Past tense 'war' with predicative adjective.

6

Ich brauche einen zähen Kleber.

I need a strong/viscous glue.

Accusative masculine ending '-en'.

7

Das Karamell wird langsam zäh.

The caramel is slowly becoming chewy/thick.

Verb 'werden' indicating a change of state.

8

Der Verkehr ist heute zäh.

The traffic is slow/sluggish today.

Metaphorical use for slow movement.

1

Er ist ein zäher Sportler.

He is a tough/resilient athlete.

Nominative masculine, describing character.

2

Die Verhandlungen waren sehr zäh.

The negotiations were very slow/tedious.

Plural subject with predicative adjective.

3

Das war ein zähes Spiel.

That was a tough/dragging game.

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