The adverb bitterly is employed to intensify verbs that convey strong negative emotions or actions. It suggests a profound sense of unhappiness, resentment, or severe disappointment, going beyond mere sadness to indicate a deeply felt negative state.
For instance, one might say someone cried bitterly, implying tears shed with intense grief or anger rather than simple sorrow. When applied to criticism, bitterly indicates a harsh and cutting assessment, often fueled by animosity.
Furthermore, bitterly can describe extreme and unpleasant cold, such as a bitterly cold wind, emphasizing the piercing and painful nature of the temperature. It adds a layer of severity to the experience, making it more impactful than simply saying 'very cold.'
§ What does it mean and when do people use it?
The adverb “bitterly” is a powerful word used to describe actions, feelings, or conditions with a strong sense of intensity, often negative. It conveys a depth of emotion or an extreme state that goes beyond simple sadness or coldness. Understanding its nuances is key to using it effectively in your vocabulary.
At its core, “bitterly” is derived from the adjective “bitter,” which itself implies a sharp, unpleasant taste, or a feeling of deep resentment or anger. When we add the “-ly” suffix, we transform this quality into a manner or degree. Therefore, “bitterly” describes something done in a bitter way.
- Definition
- An adverb used to describe actions or feelings done with intense resentment, deep disappointment, or extreme harshness. It is also frequently used to emphasize that weather conditions are painfully cold.
Let's break down the main contexts in which “bitterly” is used:
- Intense Resentment or Deep Disappointment: This is perhaps the most common and emotionally charged use of “bitterly.” When someone feels or reacts bitterly, they are experiencing profound anger, hurt, or disappointment that often stems from a sense of injustice or a significant loss. It's not a fleeting emotion but a deep-seated one.
After losing the promotion, she cried bitterly over what she felt was an unfair decision.
- Extreme Harshness (of criticism or words): “Bitterly” can also describe how something is said or criticized. If someone speaks bitterly, their words are harsh, critical, and often infused with anger or resentment.
The politician bitterly attacked his opponent's policies during the debate.
- Painfully Cold (weather conditions): This is a distinct but equally important usage. When describing weather, “bitterly” intensifies the cold to a painful, severe degree. It suggests a cold that penetrates and is deeply uncomfortable.
The wind blew bitterly cold, making it difficult to stay outside for long.
When you encounter or use “bitterly,” pay attention to the context to understand which of these intense meanings is being conveyed. The word adds significant emotional weight and descriptive power to a sentence.
Consider the subtle differences between “bitterly” and other adverbs:
- Bitterly vs. Sadly: While someone might cry sadly, crying bitterly implies a deeper, more resentful sorrow.
- Bitterly vs. Angrily: Speaking angrily might be a sudden outburst, but speaking bitterly suggests a sustained or deeply felt anger.
- Bitterly vs. Very Coldly: Describing weather as “very coldly” is factual. Describing it as bitterly cold emphasizes the painful and severe nature of that cold.
Using “bitterly” correctly demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of English nuances, allowing you to express strong feelings and intense conditions with precision.
レベル別の例文
She wept bitterly after receiving the devastating news of her grandmother's passing, her body shaking with uncontrollable sobs.
She cried intensely after the news of her grandmother's death.
Describes the intensity of the action 'wept'.
He complained bitterly about the injustice of the verdict, believing he had been wrongly accused and unfairly judged.
He complained strongly about the unfair decision.
Emphasizes the strength of the complaint.
The wind howled bitterly through the desolate landscape, chilling everything to the bone and making any outdoor activity unbearable.
The wind was extremely cold and strong in the empty area.
Describes the extreme coldness of the wind.
After years of loyal service, he felt bitterly betrayed when his company laid him off without any prior warning or explanation.
He felt very betrayed by his company after being fired.
Expresses intense disappointment and betrayal.
The two rivals argued bitterly over the allocation of resources, each convinced their department deserved a larger share.
The two competitors argued fiercely about sharing resources.
Highlights the harsh and intense nature of the argument.
Despite their best efforts, the explorers suffered bitterly from the harsh conditions of the Arctic wilderness, facing constant threats from the extreme cold and treacherous terrain.
The explorers suffered greatly from the Arctic's difficult conditions.
Indicates suffering caused by severe conditions.
She smiled bitterly, a sardonic twist to her lips, as she watched her former friend celebrate a success that she felt should have been hers.
She smiled with resentment, seeing her ex-friend succeed.
Conveys a sense of intense resentment or irony.
The region had experienced a bitterly cold winter, leading to frozen pipes and an unprecedented demand for heating fuel.
The area had a very cold winter, causing problems.
Used to intensify the description of cold weather.
類義語
反対語
ヒント
Understand the Nuance
Bitterly often implies strong negative emotions. Think of situations where someone would feel or act with intense resentment or disappointment.
Synonyms and Antonyms
Consider words like 'acrimoniously,' 'resentfully,' or 'harshly' as synonyms. Antonyms might include 'happily' or 'gently,' depending on the context.
Practice with Sentences
Create your own sentences using 'bitterly' in different contexts. For example, 'She cried bitterly after hearing the news,' or 'The wind blew bitterly all night.'
Idiomatic Expressions
While not strictly an idiom, 'bitterly cold' is a common collocation. Keep an eye out for other common phrases where 'bitterly' is used.
Emotional Connection
Connect 'bitterly' to strong emotions you might have experienced or observed. This can help solidify its meaning in your memory.
Role-Playing
If you're studying with a partner, try role-playing scenarios where one character expresses feelings or acts bitterly.
Visual Association
Imagine a scene that embodies the feeling of 'bitterly' – perhaps someone with a scowl, or a freezing winter landscape.
Keep a Vocabulary Journal
Write down 'bitterly,' its definition, and a few example sentences. Review it regularly to reinforce your learning.
Listen for it
Pay attention to how 'bitterly' is used in movies, TV shows, podcasts, and conversations. This will help you understand its natural usage and pronunciation.
自分をテスト 48 問
The wind blew ___.
The word 'bitterly' describes the cold wind.
She cried ___ when her dog left.
'Bitterly' means to cry with strong sadness.
He felt ___ disappointed with the news.
'Bitterly disappointed' means very disappointed.
The soup was ___ cold.
'Bitterly cold' means very, very cold.
She looked at him ___ after the argument.
To look 'bitterly' means with anger or resentment.
The winter was ___ cold this year.
The word 'bitterly' is used to describe very cold weather.
Write a short sentence describing how someone might feel if they lost a game they really wanted to win, using the word 'bitterly'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
She cried bitterly after losing the championship game.
Imagine it's a very cold day. Write a sentence about the weather using the word 'bitterly'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
It was bitterly cold outside, so I wore a warm coat.
Write a sentence about someone complaining very strongly about something, using the word 'bitterly'.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
He complained bitterly about the unfair decision.
How did the players feel about the referee's decisions?
Read this passage:
The team worked hard all season, but they lost the final match. The players felt very sad and disappointed. They knew they had tried their best, but it wasn't enough. They spoke bitterly about the referee's decisions.
How did the players feel about the referee's decisions?
The passage says 'They spoke bitterly about the referee's decisions,' which means they were very unhappy and resentful.
The passage says 'They spoke bitterly about the referee's decisions,' which means they were very unhappy and resentful.
Why did people stay inside?
Read this passage:
It was a cold winter day. The wind blew strongly, and the snow fell. People stayed inside because it was bitterly cold. They drank hot tea and sat by the fire to keep warm.
Why did people stay inside?
The passage states, 'People stayed inside because it was bitterly cold.'
The passage states, 'People stayed inside because it was bitterly cold.'
How did Sarah cry?
Read this passage:
Sarah had a fight with her best friend. She felt very upset and sad about it. She cried bitterly all night, wishing she could fix things. She missed her friend very much.
How did Sarah cry?
The passage says 'She cried bitterly all night,' meaning she cried with great sadness and intensity.
The passage says 'She cried bitterly all night,' meaning she cried with great sadness and intensity.
The team felt _____ disappointed after losing the championship game.
To feel 'bitterly disappointed' means to feel extremely disappointed, which fits the context of losing a championship game.
She cried _____ when she heard the sad news.
To cry 'bitterly' implies crying with intense sadness or resentment, which is appropriate for sad news.
The wind blew _____ cold, and we had to wear extra layers.
'Bitterly cold' is a common expression to describe extremely harsh and painful cold weather.
If someone is described as 'bitterly regretting' something, it means they are slightly sorry for it.
To 'bitterly regret' something means to feel deeply and intensely sorry, not slightly sorry.
A 'bitterly fought' battle suggests a very intense and harsh conflict.
'Bitterly fought' implies a battle fought with great intensity, resentment, and harshness.
The phrase 'bitterly cold' means the weather is pleasantly cool.
'Bitterly cold' refers to weather that is painfully and extremely cold, not pleasantly cool.
The word describes how she cried.
The word describes the wind.
The word describes how he complained.
Read this aloud:
It was bitterly cold this morning, so I had to wear a thick coat.
Focus: bitterly
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Read this aloud:
She smiled bitterly, trying to hide her disappointment.
Focus: bitterly
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Read this aloud:
He regretted his decision bitterly, wishing he could change it.
Focus: bitterly
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After losing the championship game, the team felt ___ disappointed.
The word 'bitterly' is used here to emphasize the intensity of the team's disappointment after a significant loss.
The wind blew ___ through the empty streets, making it hard to stay warm.
In this context, 'bitterly' describes the extreme coldness of the wind, emphasizing its harshness.
She wept ___ over the news of her friend's departure, knowing she would miss her deeply.
'Bitterly' here indicates the intensity and depth of her sorrow and resentment regarding her friend's departure.
If someone feels 'bitterly disappointed,' it means they are only slightly upset.
'Bitterly disappointed' indicates a strong, intense level of disappointment, not a slight one.
The phrase 'bitterly cold' suggests the weather is pleasantly cool.
'Bitterly cold' describes weather that is extremely and unpleasantly cold, not pleasantly cool.
When someone smiles 'bitterly,' it usually implies they are genuinely happy.
A 'bitter' smile often conveys resentment, irony, or a forced emotion, not genuine happiness.
Describe a time you felt bitterly disappointed or betrayed. What happened and how did you react?
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
I felt bitterly disappointed when my close friend cancelled our long-planned trip at the last minute for a less important engagement. I had been looking forward to it for months, and her sudden change of plans left me feeling quite upset and betrayed. I reacted by withdrawing for a few days, needing time to process my feelings before discussing it with her.
Imagine you are writing a weather report for an extremely cold day. Use the word 'bitterly' to describe the temperature. What precautions would you advise people to take?
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
Good morning, everyone. Today's forecast calls for bitterly cold temperatures throughout the region, with wind chills making it feel even colder. We advise everyone to dress in multiple layers, cover exposed skin, and limit time outdoors to prevent frostbite and hypothermia. Please check on elderly neighbors and ensure pets are brought inside.
Write a short paragraph about a character who has a 'bitterly' sarcastic sense of humor. Provide an example of something they might say.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
Eleanor had a bitterly sarcastic sense of humor, often using it as a shield against the world's absurdities. When her colleague, who always took credit for others' work, presented a brilliant idea that was clearly not his, Eleanor remarked, 'Oh, I'm simply amazed by your boundless creativity. Where do you find such original thoughts, tucked away in forgotten corners of the internet perhaps?'
What does the word 'bitterly' imply about the coach's reaction?
Read this passage:
Despite the fact that the team had trained rigorously for months, their performance in the championship match was utterly disappointing. The coach, usually stoic, shook his head bitterly as he watched his players struggle. He knew they had given their best, but the outcome was a hard pill to swallow, leaving a sour taste in everyone's mouth.
What does the word 'bitterly' imply about the coach's reaction?
The word 'bitterly' when used to describe feelings indicates intense resentment, deep disappointment, or extreme harshness. In this context, the coach's stoic nature makes his bitter reaction more significant, showing deep disappointment.
The word 'bitterly' when used to describe feelings indicates intense resentment, deep disappointment, or extreme harshness. In this context, the coach's stoic nature makes his bitter reaction more significant, showing deep disappointment.
Which of the following best describes the old woman's tone when speaking 'bitterly'?
Read this passage:
The old woman recounted the story of her family's displacement during the war, her voice thick with emotion. She spoke bitterly of the injustices they faced and the home they lost, a pain that clearly had not diminished with time. The memories were vivid, and the unfairness of it all still stung.
Which of the following best describes the old woman's tone when speaking 'bitterly'?
Speaking 'bitterly' implies expressing feelings with intense resentment or harshness, often stemming from deep disappointment or injustice. Her voice being 'thick with emotion' and her speaking of 'injustices' and 'pain' reinforces this.
Speaking 'bitterly' implies expressing feelings with intense resentment or harshness, often stemming from deep disappointment or injustice. Her voice being 'thick with emotion' and her speaking of 'injustices' and 'pain' reinforces this.
What is the primary effect of the phrase 'bitterly cold' in this passage?
Read this passage:
As the Arctic wind swept across the tundra, the explorers huddled together, trying to conserve warmth. The temperature had dropped, making the expedition bitterly cold. Their breath froze in the air, and every exposed inch of skin felt the brutal bite of the frigid gusts.
What is the primary effect of the phrase 'bitterly cold' in this passage?
When describing weather conditions, 'bitterly' emphasizes that the cold is painfully or extremely harsh. The context of 'Arctic wind,' 'freezing breath,' and 'brutal bite' reinforces this meaning.
When describing weather conditions, 'bitterly' emphasizes that the cold is painfully or extremely harsh. The context of 'Arctic wind,' 'freezing breath,' and 'brutal bite' reinforces this meaning.
The public reacted _______ to the scandalous revelations about the politician's illicit dealings, demanding immediate accountability.
The context of 'scandalous revelations' and 'demanding immediate accountability' suggests an intense negative reaction, which 'bitterly' accurately conveys.
Despite his outward composure, he reflected _______ on the missed opportunities that had shaped his less-than-ideal career trajectory.
The phrase 'missed opportunities' and 'less-than-ideal career trajectory' indicates a feeling of deep disappointment, which 'bitterly' describes.
The company's CEO was forced to concede defeat _______ after a protracted and ultimately unsuccessful battle against a hostile takeover bid.
To 'concede defeat' in a 'hostile takeover bid' implies intense resentment and disappointment, making 'bitterly' the appropriate adverb.
As the arctic front swept in, the wind howled _______ through the desolate landscape, making any outdoor activity unbearable.
The description of an 'arctic front' and 'desolate landscape' where wind makes 'outdoor activity unbearable' strongly suggests painfully cold conditions, which 'bitterly' conveys.
She expressed her disillusionment _______, detailing every broken promise and betrayal that had eroded her trust in the organization.
The context of 'disillusionment,' 'broken promise,' and 'betrayal' points to intense resentment and disappointment, making 'bitterly' the correct choice.
The literary critic dissected the novel _______, exposing every flaw and stylistic misstep with unsparing detail.
To 'dissect' a novel and expose 'every flaw and stylistic misstep with unsparing detail' implies extreme harshness in criticism, for which 'bitterly' is suitable.
The company's CEO reacted ___ to the news of the hostile takeover bid, vowing to fight it with every legal means possible.
The context of a 'hostile takeover bid' and 'vowing to fight it with every legal means possible' suggests an intense, negative reaction, which 'bitterly' accurately conveys.
Despite their best efforts, the team lost the championship game, and the players wept ___ after the final whistle.
Losing a championship game after 'best efforts' typically leads to deep disappointment and intense sorrow, which is best described by 'bitterly'.
The wind howled ___ through the desolate landscape, making even the hardiest travelers shiver.
'Bitterly' is often used to describe extremely harsh and cold weather conditions, fitting the context of a howling wind in a 'desolate landscape' that makes travelers 'shiver'.
If someone complains bitterly, they are expressing their grievances with mild annoyance rather than deep resentment.
To complain 'bitterly' implies expressing grievances with intense resentment or deep disappointment, not mild annoyance.
When an author writes 'bitterly cold', they are emphasizing that the temperature is unpleasantly warm.
'Bitterly cold' is used to emphasize that the weather conditions are painfully cold, not unpleasantly warm.
A person who laughs bitterly is likely experiencing amusement and joy.
Laughing 'bitterly' implies a laugh filled with sarcasm, irony, or pain, often in response to disappointment or injustice, rather than amusement or joy.
/ 48 correct
Perfect score!
Understand the Nuance
Bitterly often implies strong negative emotions. Think of situations where someone would feel or act with intense resentment or disappointment.
Context is Key
Pay attention to the words surrounding 'bitterly.' Does it describe a feeling (e.g., 'bitterly disappointed'), an action (e.g., 'bitterly complained'), or weather (e.g., 'bitterly cold')?
Synonyms and Antonyms
Consider words like 'acrimoniously,' 'resentfully,' or 'harshly' as synonyms. Antonyms might include 'happily' or 'gently,' depending on the context.
Practice with Sentences
Create your own sentences using 'bitterly' in different contexts. For example, 'She cried bitterly after hearing the news,' or 'The wind blew bitterly all night.'
例文
He complained bitterly about the poor service he received at the restaurant.
関連コンテンツ
Emotionsの関連語
abanimfy
C1A collective psychological state characterized by a profound loss of vitality, spirit, or motivation within a specific group or community. It describes the stagnation that occurs when a social structure or organization loses its shared sense of purpose and creative energy.
abanimize
C1状況から感情的な激しさを取り除き、客観的な状態を達成するプロセスを指します。
abhor
C1何かに対して強い嫌悪感や憎しみを抱くこと。道徳的に許せないと感じるような、深い拒絶反応を表す時に使うよ。
abminity
C1To regard something with intense loathing or extreme disgust; to treat an object or idea as an abomination. It is used in high-level contexts to describe a profound moral or aesthetic aversion toward an action or concept.
abmotine
C1Describes a state of being emotionally detached or lacking intrinsic motivation, often characterized by a cold, clinical, or indifferent stance. It is used to denote a specific lack of movement or response to external emotional stimuli.
abominable
C1Causing a feeling of hatred or disgust; very unpleasant or disagreeable. It often describes something morally repulsive or extremely bad in quality.
abphilous
C1To consciously withdraw or distance oneself from a previous affinity, attraction, or emotional attachment. It involves a systematic effort to break a psychological bond in order to achieve a state of neutrality or objectivity.
absedhood
C1「absedhood」とは、周囲や社会的責任から深く離れている、または感情的に引きこもっている状態を指します。しばしば自己誘発的な、激しい孤立状態です。
abvidness
C1The quality or state of being intensely eager, enthusiastic, or consumed by a particular interest or desire. It represents a level of dedication and spirited engagement that often goes beyond standard enthusiasm, typical of scholars, collectors, or hobbyists.
adacrty
C1Alacrity refers to a cheerful readiness, promptness, or willingness to do something. It describes not only the speed of an action but also the positive and enthusiastic attitude of the person performing it.
