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B2 noun #12 よく出る 14分で読める

sinkhole

上位12

練習する例文メモとヒント sinkhole 30秒で

解説 sinkhole in your Level:

A sinkhole is a very big hole in the ground. It happens when the ground under the grass or the road goes away. Sometimes, a sinkhole can be small, but sometimes it is very big and can take a car or a tree inside it. People are afraid of sinkholes because they happen very fast. You might see a sinkhole on the news. In simple words, it is a hole that 'sinks' down into the earth. If you have a toy and it falls into a sinkhole, you might not see it again. It is not a hole that people dig; it is a hole that nature makes. You should stay away from sinkholes because they are dangerous. In a story, you can say 'The ground opened up, and there was a sinkhole.' It is a simple word for a scary thing in nature. Think of a sink in your kitchen; water goes down the hole. In the earth, a sinkhole is where the ground goes down. It is important to know this word if you live in a place with lots of rain and soft rocks.

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A sinkhole is a large hole that opens up in the ground suddenly. It is usually caused by water. When it rains a lot, the water goes under the ground and washes away the rocks and soil. After some time, there is nothing to hold the ground up, and it falls down. This creates a sinkhole. You can find sinkholes in many parts of the world. Some sinkholes are filled with water and look like beautiful blue lakes. Others are just deep, dark holes. In English, we also use 'sinkhole' to talk about something that wastes a lot of money. For example, if you have an old car that always breaks and you spend all your money to fix it, you can say 'This car is a sinkhole.' It means the money is gone and you get nothing back. It is a useful word for both science and talking about problems in life. You will often hear it in news reports about bad weather or broken roads.

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A sinkhole is a natural depression or hole in the Earth's surface. It is primarily caused by the chemical dissolution of rocks like limestone. When acidic rainwater seeps into the ground, it slowly eats away at the rock, creating underground caves. Eventually, the roof of the cave becomes too thin to support the weight of the soil above it, and it collapses. This is a common occurrence in 'karst' regions. Beyond geology, 'sinkhole' is frequently used as a metaphor. If a project or a business is described as a 'sinkhole,' it means it is consuming a vast amount of resources—like time, money, or energy—without producing any positive results. For example, 'The new software project turned into a financial sinkhole for the company.' This CEFR level requires you to understand both the literal meaning related to the environment and the figurative meaning related to loss and waste. It's a common term in both environmental science and business discussions.

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At the B2 level, you should understand that a sinkhole is a specific geological feature resulting from karst processes. It involves the vertical collapse of the land surface into subterranean voids created by the dissolution of soluble bedrock. There are different types, such as 'cover-subsidence' and 'cover-collapse' sinkholes, the latter being the more dramatic and dangerous variety. The term is also a staple of metaphorical English, particularly in professional contexts. It describes a 'resource drain'—a situation where investment is lost with no hope of recovery. Using 'sinkhole' instead of just 'waste' adds a layer of intensity, suggesting that the resources are being 'swallowed' by the situation. For instance, 'The legal battle became an emotional and financial sinkhole for the family.' You should be able to use the word in discussions about urban planning, environmental risks, and fiscal management, recognizing its connotations of suddenness, depth, and irrecoverable loss.

In advanced English, 'sinkhole' is used with precision to describe complex geological and socio-economic phenomena. Geologically, it refers to a doline, a closed depression characteristic of karst topography, formed by the removal of support through the chemical weathering of carbonate rocks. C1 learners should be aware of the environmental triggers, such as anthropogenic changes in groundwater levels or extreme meteorological events, which can accelerate sinkhole formation. Metaphorically, the term is employed to describe systemic failures or 'black holes' in logic, finance, or policy. It suggests an insidious, often hidden, structural weakness that eventually leads to a catastrophic drain of resources. For example, one might analyze 'the sinkhole of bureaucratic inefficiency' or 'the fiscal sinkhole created by unfunded mandates.' At this level, you should be comfortable using the word in academic essays, technical reports, and high-level business negotiations to evoke a sense of profound and potentially irreversible loss.

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At the C2 level, 'sinkhole' is a versatile tool for both scientific discourse and sophisticated rhetorical analysis. It denotes the culmination of long-term subterranean erosion, often serving as a focal point for discussions on geohazards and land-use policy. You should understand the nuances between various karst landforms and how 'sinkhole' functions as a lay term for complex processes of subsidence and collapse. Figuratively, it serves as a potent metaphor for any entity or situation that exhibits an insatiable and unproductive consumption of assets. It can be used to describe 'ontological sinkholes' in philosophy or 'economic sinkholes' in macro-level policy critiques. The word carries a heavy weight of finality and structural failure. A C2 speaker might use it to describe a 'sinkhole of despair' in literature or a 'sinkhole of corruption' in a political exposé. Mastery involves recognizing the word's ability to bridge the gap between a tangible, terrifying natural event and an abstract, equally devastating systemic collapse.

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練習する例文メモとヒント

sinkhole 30秒で

A sinkhole is a sudden collapse of the ground surface, often caused by the natural dissolution of underlying soluble rocks like limestone or salt.
The term is widely used metaphorically to describe any project, business, or situation that consumes vast resources without providing any return or benefit.
Geologically, sinkholes are hallmark features of karst landscapes and can range from small depressions to massive, building-swallowing chasms that pose significant risks.
Effective use of the word requires distinguishing between its literal environmental meaning and its figurative sense as a 'resource drain' or 'money pit'.

The term sinkhole primarily refers to a geological phenomenon where the ground suddenly collapses, creating a deep depression or cavity. This occurs most frequently in areas with 'karst' topography, where the underlying rock—often limestone, carbonate rock, or salt beds—is naturally dissolved by circulating groundwater. As the rock dissolves, spaces and caverns develop underground. If there is not enough support for the land above the spaces, a sudden collapse of the land surface can occur. This physical manifestation is terrifying because it represents a literal loss of solid ground, often occurring without warning in residential areas or under roadways.

Geological Context: In geology, a sinkhole is a classic feature of karst landscapes. It signifies the dynamic and sometimes destructive nature of water interacting with soluble minerals over thousands of years. Scientists study them to understand groundwater flow and local environmental health.

The heavy rains triggered a massive sinkhole that consumed two parked cars and a portion of the sidewalk.

Beyond the literal earth-science definition, the word has evolved into a powerful metaphor in business, politics, and personal life. When someone describes a project as a 'financial sinkhole,' they are suggesting that no matter how much money, time, or effort is poured into it, the project never improves and provides no return on investment. It implies a sense of hopelessness and infinite consumption. This figurative use is common in corporate environments when discussing failing ventures or in government when debating infrastructure projects that have gone significantly over budget without showing progress.

Figurative Usage: The startup became a venture capital sinkhole, burning through millions of dollars with no viable product in sight after three years of development.

Trying to fix that old, rusted boat is just a sinkhole for your savings; you should probably just buy a new one.

People also use the word in urban planning and civil engineering. Here, it carries a weight of liability and public safety. A sinkhole in a city is not just a hole; it is a failure of the infrastructure or a hidden danger that requires immediate and expensive remediation. The word evokes a sense of suddenness and unpredictability. Unlike a slow-moving landslide, a sinkhole often appears in an instant, making it a frequent subject of sensationalist news headlines and disaster movies. It represents the fragility of human structures when faced with the invisible forces of nature working beneath our feet.

Urban Planning: City officials were blamed for ignoring the leaking water mains, which eventually washed away the soil and caused the catastrophic sinkhole on Main Street.

The insurance company refused to cover the damage, claiming the sinkhole was an 'act of God' rather than a maintenance failure.

Geologists used ground-penetrating radar to detect the potential sinkhole before the new housing development was approved.

The emotional sinkhole of the toxic relationship left him feeling drained and unable to focus on his career goals.

Using 'sinkhole' correctly requires distinguishing between its literal and figurative meanings. When used literally, it is almost always the subject or the direct object of verbs related to geological activity, destruction, or discovery. Common verbs associated with literal sinkholes include 'form,' 'open up,' 'swallow,' 'appear,' and 'remediate.' For example, you might say, 'A sinkhole formed overnight in the middle of the intersection.' This indicates a sudden event. In scientific writing, you might see it used more technically: 'The region is prone to sinkholes due to its extensive limestone deposits.' Here, the word is used to describe a recurring environmental risk.

Active Verbs: The earth seemed to vanish as the sinkhole swallowed the entire backyard, including the swimming pool and the fence.

Engineers are working to fill the sinkhole with a mixture of concrete and gravel to stabilize the road.

In a figurative sense, 'sinkhole' is often used as a predicate nominative (a word that follows a linking verb and renames the subject) to describe a situation. Phrases like 'is a sinkhole' or 'has become a sinkhole' are standard. It is frequently modified by adjectives like 'financial,' 'economic,' 'emotional,' or 'bureaucratic.' For instance, 'The new department has become a bureaucratic sinkhole where paperwork goes to die.' This usage emphasizes the loss of efficiency and the 'disappearance' of productive output. It is a very strong word, so it should be reserved for situations that are truly dire or seemingly bottomless in their demand for resources.

Metaphorical Modifiers: Investors were warned that the offshore project was a potential financial sinkhole that could bankrupt the entire firm.

The renovation of the historic mansion turned into a massive sinkhole for the couple's retirement fund.

Grammatically, 'sinkhole' is a countable noun. You can have one sinkhole or many sinkholes. It can also be used in compound nouns, such as 'sinkhole collapse' or 'sinkhole repair.' When discussing the location of a sinkhole, the preposition 'in' is most common ('a sinkhole in Florida'), but 'under' is used when referring to what is being affected ('a sinkhole under the highway'). In news reporting, you will often see it paired with descriptive adjectives that highlight the scale of the event, such as 'massive,' 'gaping,' 'deadly,' or 'unprecedented.' These adjectives help convey the shock and danger associated with the event.

Compound Usage: The sinkhole repair costs exceeded the city's annual emergency budget, forcing a tax increase for local residents.

Witnesses described the sound of the sinkhole appearing as a loud, thunderous crack followed by a low rumble.

The investigation revealed that the sinkhole was caused by a combination of natural erosion and a broken sewer pipe.

She felt like her life was a sinkhole of missed opportunities and regrets until she decided to start her own business.

You are most likely to encounter the word 'sinkhole' in news broadcasts, especially those focusing on local events or natural disasters. Because sinkholes are visually dramatic and often occur in residential areas, they make for compelling news stories. Reporters will use the word to describe the sudden disappearance of property or the disruption of traffic. In regions like Florida, Kentucky, or parts of China and Mexico, the word is a common part of the local vocabulary because the geography of these areas makes them particularly susceptible to such events. Residents in these areas might discuss 'sinkhole activity' or 'sinkhole warning signs' as a matter of routine safety.

News Media: Breaking news: A massive sinkhole has opened up in downtown Chicago, leading to the evacuation of three nearby office buildings.

The documentary explored how climate change and increased rainfall are leading to a rise in sinkhole occurrences globally.

In professional settings, specifically in finance and project management, 'sinkhole' is a common piece of jargon. It is used during high-stakes meetings to criticize a project that is failing to meet its milestones despite significant investment. A manager might say, 'We need to stop pouring money into this sinkhole and pivot to a new strategy.' In this context, the word carries a tone of urgency and fiscal responsibility. It is a way of signaling that a project is no longer viable and is actively harming the organization's bottom line. Similarly, in political discourse, critics might refer to a government program as a 'taxpayer sinkhole' to argue for its defunding or reform.

Business Jargon: The CEO described the failing European expansion as a 'resource sinkhole' that needed to be closed immediately to save the company.

Don't let your social media feed become a time sinkhole that prevents you from achieving your real-world goals.

You will also find the word in educational materials, particularly in textbooks about earth science, geology, and environmental studies. Here, the focus is on the 'why' and 'how.' Students learn about the chemical reactions between acidic rainwater and alkaline rocks. In this academic context, 'sinkhole' is a neutral, descriptive term used to categorize a specific type of landform. It is often discussed alongside other karst features like caves, stalactites, and underground rivers. Understanding sinkholes is crucial for students of civil engineering, as they must learn how to build structures that can withstand or avoid these geological hazards.

Academic Context: The geology professor explained that the formation of a sinkhole is often accelerated by human activities like excessive groundwater pumping.

The textbook included a diagram showing the stages of a cover-collapse sinkhole formation.

The ancient Maya often used natural sinkholes, known as cenotes, as sources of fresh water and for ritual purposes.

The community was shocked when a sinkhole appeared in the middle of the local soccer field during a tournament.

One of the most frequent mistakes people make is confusing a 'sinkhole' with a 'pothole.' While both are holes in the ground, their causes and scales are vastly different. A pothole is a relatively small, shallow hole in a road surface caused by the wear and tear of traffic and the freeze-thaw cycle of water in the pavement. It is a surface-level issue. A sinkhole, however, is a deep, structural collapse that originates far underground. Calling a massive geological collapse a 'pothole' would be a significant understatement, while calling a small hole in the street a 'sinkhole' would be an exaggeration. Understanding this distinction is vital for accurate communication, especially when reporting road hazards.

Sinkhole vs. Pothole: A pothole might pop your tire, but a sinkhole could swallow your entire car and the road it's sitting on.

The driver complained about the sinkhole in the street, but it was actually just a small pothole that needed a bit of asphalt.

Another common error is using 'sinkhole' to describe any kind of hole or pit, such as a 'crater' or a 'trench.' A crater is typically formed by an impact (like a meteorite) or an explosion, whereas a sinkhole is formed by internal collapse or dissolution. A trench is a long, narrow excavation, usually man-made. Using 'sinkhole' as a generic term for 'hole' strips the word of its specific geological meaning. Furthermore, in figurative language, people sometimes use 'sinkhole' when they actually mean 'bottleneck.' A bottleneck is a point of congestion that slows down a process, while a sinkhole is a point where resources are lost entirely. If a project is slow, it's a bottleneck; if it's consuming money with no result, it's a sinkhole.

Sinkhole vs. Crater: The hole in the moon's surface is a crater from an asteroid, not a sinkhole caused by water erosion.

The construction crew dug a deep trench for the pipes, which some locals mistakenly called a sinkhole in their social media posts.

Finally, there is a spelling and pronunciation mistake to watch out for. Some learners might confuse it with 'sinkhole' (two words) or 'sink hole.' While 'sink hole' was historically used, the modern standard is the single compound word 'sinkhole.' In terms of pronunciation, the stress is on the first syllable: SINK-hole. Some non-native speakers might put equal stress on both syllables, which can sound unnatural. Additionally, ensure you don't confuse it with 'sink' (the plumbing fixture) in a way that creates a comical misunderstanding. While they share a root, their contexts are so different that the confusion is usually only possible in very poorly constructed sentences.

Spelling and Stress: Always write 'sinkhole' as one word and emphasize the 'SINK' when speaking to sound like a native speaker.

The journalist was careful to use the term sinkhole correctly to avoid causing unnecessary panic about the minor road repairs.

Mislabeling the financial drain as a 'hiccup' instead of a sinkhole led the board to make a disastrous decision.

The student lost points on her geology exam for calling the sinkhole a 'really deep puddle'.

When looking for synonyms or alternatives to 'sinkhole,' the choice depends heavily on whether you are speaking literally or figuratively. In a geological sense, 'doline' is the most accurate scientific synonym. It refers specifically to the closed depressions found in karst landscapes. Another term is 'swallet' or 'swallow hole,' which often refers to a sinkhole that specifically takes in a surface stream. For a more general audience, 'depression' or 'cavity' can work, though they lack the specific connotation of a collapse. 'Abyss' or 'chasm' might be used for very large or deep sinkholes, but these words carry a more dramatic, literary tone that might not be appropriate for a technical report.

Geological Alternatives: The surveyor noted several dolines in the field, indicating that the area was unstable for heavy construction.

The water disappeared into a sinkhole (or swallet) and continued its journey through an underground river system.

In a figurative context, 'money pit' is perhaps the most common alternative to 'financial sinkhole.' It conveys the same idea of a project that consumes endless funds. 'Black hole' is another powerful metaphor, suggesting that resources go in and never come out, much like light in a gravitational black hole. If you want to emphasize the waste of time rather than money, 'time-waster' or 'quagmire' could be used. A 'quagmire' specifically implies a difficult situation that is hard to get out of, which is slightly different from a sinkhole but often used in similar contexts. 'Drain' is a simpler, more common verb/noun that can replace 'sinkhole' in casual conversation: 'That car is a real drain on my finances.'

Figurative Comparisons: While a 'money pit' usually refers to a house or a physical object, a 'sinkhole' can refer to more abstract concepts like a failing policy or a bad relationship.

The failed merger turned out to be a financial sinkhole that the company struggled to recover from for a decade.

For more formal or academic writing, you might use 'subsidence' to describe the general sinking of the ground. Subsidence is a broader term that includes sinkholes but also covers the gradual sinking of land due to mining or the extraction of oil and gas. If you are describing a hole that was made intentionally, 'excavation' or 'pit' are the correct terms. If the hole is the result of a explosion, 'crater' is the only appropriate word. Choosing the right alternative ensures that your writing is precise and that your audience understands the exact nature of the 'hole' or 'drain' you are describing. Each of these words carries its own specific 'flavor' and technical weight.

Formal Alternatives: The city is monitoring the land for signs of subsidence, which could lead to the formation of dangerous sinkholes in the future.

The project was not just a minor setback; it was a sinkhole of epic proportions that swallowed the entire department's annual budget.

The earth opened its sinkhole like a hungry mouth, devouring everything in its path.

The bureaucratic sinkhole made it impossible for the small business to get the permits it needed to open.

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

The term 'sinkhole' was used as early as the 16th century, but it became much more common in the 20th century as urban development increased in karst regions.

発音ガイド

UK /ˈsɪŋk.həʊl/

US /ˈsɪŋk.hoʊl/

Primary stress is on the first syllable: SINK-hole.

韻が合う語

stinkhole blink pink link drink think shrink wink

よくある間違い

Pronouncing it as two separate words with equal stress.
Confusing the 'nk' sound with a simple 'n' sound.
Failing to pronounce the 'h' in 'hole' clearly.
Using a short 'o' sound in 'hole' instead of a diphthong.
Stress on the second syllable: sink-HOLE.

難易度

読解 4/5

The literal meaning is easy, but the figurative and technical contexts require more vocabulary.

ライティング 5/5

Using it correctly as a metaphor requires a good grasp of English idioms.

スピーキング 3/5

The word is easy to pronounce once you know where the stress is.

リスニング 4/5

It can be confused with 'sink' or 'pothole' if not heard clearly.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

hole sink ground collapse water

次に学ぶ

subsidence erosion karst topography mitigation

上級

doline geomorphology anthropogenic strata hydrology

知っておくべき文法

Compound Nouns

Sinkhole is a closed compound noun, meaning it is written as one word without a space or hyphen.

Countable Nouns

You must use an article or pluralize it: 'A sinkhole' or 'Many sinkholes'.

Prepositions of Place

Use 'in' for the general area ('in the field') and 'under' for what is beneath ('under the road').

Metaphorical Predicates

When using it figuratively, it often follows 'is' or 'has become': 'The project is a sinkhole.'

Adjective Placement

Descriptive adjectives like 'massive' or 'financial' always come before 'sinkhole'.

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レベル別の例文

Look at that big sinkhole in the road!

Regarde ce grand trou dans la route !

Noun as the subject of the sentence.

The sinkhole is very deep.

Le gouffre est très profond.

Using the verb 'to be' with an adjective.

A sinkhole can swallow a car.

Un gouffre peut avaler une voiture.

Modal verb 'can' expressing possibility.

Is the sinkhole dangerous?

Le gouffre est-il dangereux ?

Question form using 'is'.

The water made a sinkhole.

L'eau a fait un gouffre.

Simple past tense 'made'.

Don't go near the sinkhole.

Ne t'approche pas du gouffre.

Imperative negative form.

There are many sinkholes in Florida.

Il y a beaucoup de gouffres en Floride.

Plural noun 'sinkholes'.

The sinkhole appeared after the rain.

Le gouffre est apparu après la pluie.

Prepositional phrase 'after the rain'.

A large sinkhole opened up in the park yesterday.

Un grand gouffre s'est ouvert dans le parc hier.

Phrasal verb 'opened up'.

The road is closed because of a sinkhole.

La route est fermée à cause d'un gouffre.

Compound preposition 'because of'.

I think this old house is a money sinkhole.

Je pense que cette vieille maison est un gouffre financier.

Metaphorical use as a predicate nominative.

Scientists study how sinkholes form in the earth.

Les scientifiques étudient comment les gouffres se forment dans la terre.

Present simple for general truths.

We saw a beautiful sinkhole filled with blue water.

Nous avons vu un beau gouffre rempli d'eau bleue.

Past participle 'filled' used as an adjective.

The sinkhole was much bigger than we expected.

Le gouffre était beaucoup plus grand que ce à quoi nous nous attendions.

Comparative 'bigger than'.

You should check for sinkholes before you buy land.

Vous devriez vérifier s'il y a des gouffres avant d'acheter un terrain.

Modal verb 'should' for advice.

The news reported a sinkhole in the city center.

Les informations ont rapporté un gouffre dans le centre-ville.

Transitive verb 'reported' with an object.

The sudden appearance of the sinkhole caused a traffic jam.

L'apparition soudaine du gouffre a provoqué un embouteillage.

Noun phrase as the subject.

Limestone regions are more likely to develop sinkholes.

Les régions calcaires sont plus susceptibles de développer des gouffres.

Adjective phrase 'likely to'.

Repairing the sinkhole will cost the city millions of dollars.

La réparation du gouffre coûtera à la ville des millions de dollars.

Gerund 'Repairing' as the subject.

The project became a sinkhole for time and resources.

Le projet est devenu un gouffre de temps et de ressources.

Metaphorical use with 'for'.

He realized his gambling habit was a financial sinkhole.

Il s'est rendu compte que son habitude du jeu était un gouffre financier.

Noun clause 'that his gambling habit was...'.

Heavy rainfall often triggers the formation of a sinkhole.

Les fortes pluies déclenchent souvent la formation d'un gouffre.

Present simple for cause and effect.

They used a fence to keep people away from the sinkhole.

Ils ont utilisé une clôture pour éloigner les gens du gouffre.

Infinitive of purpose 'to keep'.

The sinkhole was so deep that we couldn't see the bottom.

Le gouffre était si profond que nous ne pouvions pas en voir le fond.

Result clause 'so... that'.

The geologist explained that the sinkhole was a result of karst topography.

Le géologue a expliqué que le gouffre était le résultat d'une topographie karstique.

Reported speech with 'that'.

Urban development can inadvertently lead to sinkhole formation by altering drainage.

Le développement urbain peut par inadvertance mener à la formation de gouffres en modifiant le drainage.

Adverb 'inadvertently' modifying the verb.

The company decided to abandon the project before it became a total sinkhole.

L'entreprise a décidé d'abandonner le projet avant qu'il ne devienne un gouffre total.

Conjunction 'before' introducing a clause.

A massive sinkhole swallowed several buildings in the middle of the night.

Un énorme gouffre a englouti plusieurs bâtiments au milieu de la nuit.

Transitive verb 'swallowed' with multiple objects.

The insurance policy specifically excludes damage caused by sinkholes.

La police d'assurance exclut spécifiquement les dommages causés par les gouffres.

Passive participle 'caused by' as a modifier.

Homeowners in high-risk areas are often required to have sinkhole inspections.

Les propriétaires dans les zones à haut risque sont souvent tenus de faire inspecter les gouffres.

Passive voice 'are required to'.

The sinkhole served as a stark reminder of the earth's instability.

Le gouffre a servi de rappel brutal de l'instabilité de la terre.

Idiomatic phrase 'served as a reminder'.

Engineers are pumping grout into the sinkhole to stabilize the foundation.

Les ingénieurs injectent du coulis dans le gouffre pour stabiliser les fondations.

Present continuous for an ongoing action.

The catastrophic collapse of the sinkhole was attributed to excessive groundwater extraction.

L'effondrement catastrophique du gouffre a été attribué à l'extraction excessive des eaux souterraines.

Passive voice with 'attributed to'.

Critics argue that the new stadium is a fiscal sinkhole that will never turn a profit.

Les critiques soutiennent que le nouveau stade est un gouffre fiscal qui ne sera jamais rentable.

Relative clause 'that will never turn a profit'.

The region's susceptibility to sinkholes necessitates rigorous geological surveying before construction.

La vulnérabilité de la région aux gouffres nécessite des levés géologiques rigoureux avant la construction.

Abstract noun 'susceptibility' as the subject.

A sinkhole of this magnitude is a rare but devastating geological event.

Un gouffre de cette ampleur est un événement géologique rare mais dévastateur.

Noun phrase 'of this magnitude'.

The relationship had devolved into an emotional sinkhole, leaving her utterly exhausted.

La relation avait dégénéré en un gouffre émotionnel, la laissant totalement épuisée.

Past perfect 'had devolved' for an earlier action.

Mitigating the risk of sinkholes requires a comprehensive understanding of local hydrology.

L'atténuation du risque de gouffres nécessite une compréhension globale de l'hydrologie locale.

Gerund 'Mitigating' as the subject.

The sinkhole's expansion threatened the structural integrity of the adjacent bridge.

L'expansion du gouffre menaçait l'intégrité structurelle du pont adjacent.

Possessive 'sinkhole's' modifying 'expansion'.

They found ancient artifacts at the bottom of the sinkhole, preserved for centuries.

Ils ont trouvé des artefacts anciens au fond du gouffre, préservés pendant des siècles.

Reduced relative clause 'preserved for centuries'.

The phenomenon of the cover-collapse sinkhole exemplifies the latent dangers of karst terrains.

Le phénomène du gouffre par effondrement de couverture illustre les dangers latents des terrains karstiques.

Academic verb 'exemplifies'.

The proposed tax reform was denounced as a bureaucratic sinkhole that would stifle innovation.

La réforme fiscale proposée a été dénoncée comme un gouffre bureaucratique qui étoufferait l'innovation.

Passive voice 'was denounced as'.

Such fiscal sinkholes are often the byproduct of poorly conceived public-private partnerships.

De tels gouffres fiscaux sont souvent le sous-produit de partenariats public-privé mal conçus.

Plural subject and predicate nominative.

The sudden subsidence manifested as a gaping sinkhole, severing vital utility lines.

L'affaissement soudain s'est manifesté par un gouffre béant, coupant des lignes de services publics vitales.

Participle phrase 'severing vital utility lines'.

The narrative explores the protagonist's descent into a psychological sinkhole of his own making.

Le récit explore la descente du protagoniste dans un gouffre psychologique de sa propre création.

Prepositional phrase 'of his own making'.

Geotechnical engineers must assess the probability of sinkhole occurrence with extreme precision.

Les ingénieurs géotechniques doivent évaluer la probabilité d'apparition de gouffres avec une extrême précision.

Modal 'must' for necessity.

The sinkhole acted as a natural trap, accumulating paleontological remains over millennia.

Le gouffre a agi comme un piège naturel, accumulant des restes paléontologiques au fil des millénaires.

Participle phrase 'accumulating...'.

The pervasive corruption within the department created a sinkhole where public funds vanished.

La corruption généralisée au sein du département a créé un gouffre où les fonds publics ont disparu.

Relative adverb 'where' introducing a clause.

よく使う組み合わせ

massive sinkhole

financial sinkhole

sinkhole opens up

swallowed by a sinkhole

prone to sinkholes

sinkhole activity

repair a sinkhole

potential sinkhole

time sinkhole

gaping sinkhole

よく使うフレーズ

A sinkhole for money

— Something that consumes a lot of money without giving anything back.

This old car is just a sinkhole for money; I should sell it.

Open up like a sinkhole

— To collapse or fail suddenly and completely.

The company's stock price opened up like a sinkhole after the scandal broke.

Avoid the sinkhole

— To stay away from a dangerous or wasteful situation.

Smart investors managed to avoid the sinkhole of the dot-com bubble.

Falling into a sinkhole

— Becoming trapped in a situation that drains your resources.

He felt like he was falling into a sinkhole of debt.

Sinkhole warning signs

— Indications that a collapse or failure is about to happen.

Cracks in the walls are often the first sinkhole warning signs for homeowners.

The sinkhole effect

— The process of resources being pulled into a failing venture.

The sinkhole effect of the failing project began to impact other departments.

A bureaucratic sinkhole

— A system where progress is lost in complex rules and paperwork.

The permit application process is a total bureaucratic sinkhole.

Fill the sinkhole

— To fix a problem or provide resources to a failing project.

The government tried to fill the sinkhole of the failing bank with a bailout.

Sinkhole of despair

— A deep and overwhelming feeling of sadness or hopelessness.

After losing his job, he fell into a sinkhole of despair.

Detect a sinkhole

— To find a hidden danger or a point of resource loss.

The audit was designed to detect any financial sinkholes in the company.

よく混同される語

sinkhole vs pothole

A pothole is a small hole in a road surface; a sinkhole is a deep geological collapse.

sinkhole vs crater

A crater is caused by an impact or explosion; a sinkhole is caused by internal erosion or collapse.

sinkhole vs trench

A trench is a man-made, long excavation; a sinkhole is a natural, usually circular depression.

慣用句と表現

"Pouring money down a sinkhole"

— Wasting money on something that will never be successful.

Spending more on advertising for this failed product is just pouring money down a sinkhole.

Informal

"A sinkhole of resources"

— A project or situation that consumes everything you put into it.

The war became a massive sinkhole of resources for both nations.

Formal

"Vanished into a sinkhole"

— Disappeared completely and suddenly.

The evidence seemed to have vanished into a sinkhole; nobody could find it.

General

"The ground turned into a sinkhole"

— A situation suddenly became unstable or dangerous.

When the CEO resigned, the ground turned into a sinkhole for the employees.

Metaphorical

"Swallowed by the sinkhole of history"

— Forgotten or lost over time.

Many great inventions have been swallowed by the sinkhole of history.

Literary

"A sinkhole for talent"

— A company or role where skilled people are wasted or unhappy.

That firm is a sinkhole for talent; everyone leaves within a year.

Business

"Staring into a sinkhole"

— Facing a very dangerous or certain failure.

With the deadline approaching and no progress made, they were staring into a sinkhole.

General

"A sinkhole of inefficiency"

— A situation where nothing is done correctly or quickly.

The local council has become a sinkhole of inefficiency and waste.

Political

"Like a sinkhole in the night"

— Something that happens suddenly and without warning.

The crisis hit the market like a sinkhole in the night.

Poetic

"Mending a sinkhole with a band-aid"

— Trying to fix a massive problem with a very small, inadequate solution.

Giving them a small loan is like mending a sinkhole with a band-aid.

Informal

間違えやすい

sinkhole vs subsidence

Both involve the ground sinking.

Subsidence is the general process of the ground sinking over a large area, while a sinkhole is a specific, often sudden, hole.

The city is suffering from general subsidence, which has led to several individual sinkholes.

sinkhole vs void

Both refer to empty spaces.

A void is the empty space itself (often underground), while a sinkhole is the hole that appears on the surface when that void collapses.

The sinkhole formed when the roof of the underground void could no longer support the soil.

sinkhole vs abyss

Both describe deep holes.

An abyss is a literary term for a hole that seems bottomless; a sinkhole is a specific geological term.

The sinkhole was so deep it looked like a dark abyss.

sinkhole vs quagmire

Both are used as metaphors for bad situations.

A quagmire is a sticky, swampy situation you can't get out of; a sinkhole is a situation that 'swallows' your resources.

The project was a financial sinkhole and a legal quagmire.

sinkhole vs doline

They are scientific synonyms.

Doline is the technical term used in geology; sinkhole is the common term used by the general public.

Geologists prefer the term doline, but the newspaper called it a sinkhole.

文型パターン

There is a [adjective] sinkhole.

There is a big sinkhole.

A sinkhole [verb] in the [place].

A sinkhole appeared in the street.

The [noun] is a sinkhole for [resource].

The old car is a sinkhole for money.

Due to [cause], a sinkhole [verb] [object].

Due to heavy rain, a sinkhole swallowed the car.

The [abstract noun] of the sinkhole [verb] [consequence].

The sudden formation of the sinkhole disrupted the entire city's traffic.

The [metaphorical subject] represents a [adjective] sinkhole of [abstract noun].

The failed policy represents a catastrophic sinkhole of public trust.

It is [adjective] to avoid the sinkhole.

It is important to avoid the sinkhole of debt.

The [noun] was [verb-ed] by the sinkhole.

The building was destroyed by the sinkhole.

語族

名詞

sinkhole

sink

sinking

動詞

sink

形容詞

sinking

sunken

使い方

frequency

Common in news and environmental science; moderately common in business metaphors.

よくある間違い

Calling a pothole a sinkhole. → The road has a lot of potholes.
A pothole is a surface-level road defect. A sinkhole is a deep geological collapse. Using 'sinkhole' for a pothole is a major exaggeration.
Writing 'sink hole' as two words. → The sinkhole was ten feet deep.
Modern English uses the closed compound 'sinkhole.' Using two words is considered a spelling error in most contexts.
Using 'sinkhole' for a man-made pit. → The workers dug a deep pit for the foundation.
A sinkhole is a natural phenomenon. If humans dug the hole, it's a pit, trench, or excavation, not a sinkhole.
Confusing 'sinkhole' with 'crater'. → The meteor created a large crater.
Craters are caused by external impacts or explosions. Sinkholes are caused by internal erosion and collapse.
Using 'sinkhole' to mean a slow process. → The project is a bottleneck for our team.
A sinkhole implies a sudden collapse or a total loss of resources. If a process is just slow, 'bottleneck' is the correct term.

ヒント

Literal vs. Figurative

Always check the context. If you're talking about the earth, it's literal. If you're talking about a budget or a relationship, it's figurative.

Use 'Karst'

When discussing sinkholes in a scientific way, use the word 'karst' to sound more knowledgeable about the geography involved.

One Word

Remember that 'sinkhole' is always one word. Writing it as 'sink hole' is an older style and less common today.

Stress the 'Sink'

To sound like a native speaker, put the emphasis on the first part of the word: SINK-hole.

Don't Underestimate

Never use 'sinkhole' to describe a small hole in the road. It implies a much more serious and dangerous event.

Money Pit Alternative

If 'sinkhole' feels too dramatic for a small financial waste, try using 'money pit' instead.

Active Verbs

Pair 'sinkhole' with active verbs like 'swallow,' 'consume,' or 'devour' to make your writing more descriptive.

Doline

In a university-level geography paper, use 'doline' as the primary term and 'sinkhole' as the common alternative.

News Keywords

When you hear 'sinkhole' on the news, listen for words like 'evacuation,' 'structural damage,' and 'geologists'.

The Kitchen Sink

If you forget the meaning, just think of a kitchen sink. It's a hole where everything goes down and disappears.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of a 'sink' in your kitchen. Water goes down the 'hole.' A 'sinkhole' is just a giant version of that in the ground.

視覚的連想

Imagine a giant mouth opening in the middle of a street and swallowing a car. That 'mouth' is the sinkhole.

Word Web

Earth Water Collapse Danger Money Waste Limestone Sudden

チャレンジ

Try to use 'sinkhole' in a sentence about your favorite hobby (e.g., 'Buying new lenses is a sinkhole for my photography budget').

語源

The word is a compound of 'sink' and 'hole.' 'Sink' comes from the Old English 'sincan,' meaning to become submerged or go down. 'Hole' comes from the Old English 'hol,' meaning a hollow place. The combination refers to a hole where things 'sink' into the earth.

元の意味： A hole in the ground through which water drains away.

Germanic (English)

文化的な背景

Be careful when using 'sinkhole' figuratively if you are talking to someone who has actually lost their home to a real sinkhole, as it is a traumatic event.

In the US, 'sinkhole' is often associated with Florida or Kentucky. In the UK, it might be associated with old mining areas.

The 2013 Florida sinkhole that swallowed a man in his bedroom. The 'Corvette Museum' sinkhole in Kentucky that swallowed eight rare cars. The movie 'Ice Age: Continental Drift' features various geological collapses.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

Geology/Science

karst topography
limestone dissolution
groundwater levels
subterranean void

Finance/Business

financial sinkhole
resource drain
return on investment
capital expenditure

News/Media

massive collapse
emergency repairs
swallowed by the earth
public safety hazard

Urban Planning

infrastructure failure
geological survey
risk assessment
soil stability

Personal Life

money pit
time-waster
emotional drain
lost cause

会話のきっかけ

"Have you ever seen a real sinkhole in person or on the news?"

"Do you think some government projects are just financial sinkholes?"

"Is the area where you live prone to any geological hazards like sinkholes?"

"What is the biggest 'time sinkhole' in your daily routine?"

"If a sinkhole opened up in your backyard, what would you do first?"

日記のテーマ

Describe a time when you felt like you were pouring energy into a 'sinkhole' situation. How did you handle it?

Write a short story about a town that discovers a mysterious sinkhole in the middle of their square.

Research a famous sinkhole and write a summary of its causes and the impact it had on the community.

Reflect on your spending habits. Are there any 'financial sinkholes' you need to close?

Imagine you are a geologist. Explain to a group of children how a sinkhole forms using a simple analogy.

よくある質問

10 問

A sinkhole is primarily caused by water dissolving soluble rocks like limestone, carbonate rock, or salt beds. As the rock dissolves, it creates underground spaces. When the ground above these spaces can no longer support its own weight, it collapses, forming a hole on the surface. Human activities, like heavy groundwater pumping or broken water pipes, can also trigger them.

Yes, sinkholes can be extremely dangerous because they often form suddenly and without warning. They can swallow cars, roads, and even entire buildings, leading to significant property damage and, in rare cases, loss of life. If you see signs of a sinkhole, you should evacuate the area immediately and contact authorities.

Predicting the exact moment a sinkhole will form is very difficult. However, geologists can identify areas that are 'prone to sinkholes' by studying the local rock types and groundwater levels. Warning signs like new cracks in walls, doors that won't close, or small depressions in the yard can sometimes indicate that a sinkhole is developing.

A financial sinkhole is a metaphor for a project, business, or investment that consumes a lot of money but provides no profit or benefit. It's like pouring money into a hole in the ground where it just disappears. For example, 'The new marketing campaign turned out to be a financial sinkhole because it didn't increase sales at all.'

Fixing a sinkhole involves stabilizing the ground. Engineers often fill the hole with a mixture of rocks, gravel, and concrete (sometimes called 'grout'). In some cases, they must also repair the underlying cause, such as a leaking pipe or a drainage issue, to prevent the sinkhole from returning.

Sinkholes are most common in regions with 'karst topography.' In the United States, this includes states like Florida, Texas, Alabama, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania. Globally, they are common in parts of China, Mexico, and the Mediterranean region.

No, they are very different. A pothole is a small, shallow hole in a road caused by traffic and weather. A sinkhole is a deep, structural collapse of the earth that can be many meters wide and deep. Potholes are a nuisance, but sinkholes are a major geological hazard.

Yes, some sinkholes are quite beautiful. In Mexico, water-filled sinkholes called 'cenotes' are famous for their clear blue water and are popular for swimming and diving. Some sinkholes also contain unique ecosystems or rare fossils that are of great interest to scientists.

In many places, standard homeowner's insurance does not cover sinkhole damage. In high-risk areas like Florida, insurance companies are often required to offer 'sinkhole coverage' as an add-on, but it can be expensive. It is important to check your policy if you live in a prone area.

If you find a sinkhole, stay away from it and keep others away. Do not try to fill it yourself, as this can be dangerous. Contact your local emergency services or a professional geological engineer to assess the risk and determine the best way to repair it.

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