A2 · 初中級 チャプター 41

Commands and Imperatives

7 トータルルール
75 例文
9

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of giving directions and advice in Spanish with confidence and clarity.

  • Distinguish between informal tú and formal usted commands.
  • Conjugate irregular imperative stems correctly.
  • Form negative commands using the subjunctive switch.
Command the conversation with ease!

学べること

Give commands in tú, usted, and nosotros forms, including irregular and negative imperatives.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use the eight irregular short-form commands naturally in conversation.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Mastering commands and imperatives in Spanish is a crucial step for A2 learners. This chapter will equip you with the essential tools to tell people what to do, make polite requests, and even suggest activities for a group. Whether you're asking a friend to come here (ven aquí), instructing someone politely to speak slowly (hable despacio), or suggesting "let's eat" (comamos), these forms are indispensable for everyday communication and interacting effectively in Spanish-speaking environments.
You will learn how to form commands for informal situations using the «tú» form, including both
Giving Friendly Orders: Affirmative Tú Commands
and "Don't Do It! (Negative Tú Commands)." We'll specifically cover
Spanish Irregular Commands: The 8 Short Forms (Tú)
like haz (do) and ve (go). Furthermore, you'll gain proficiency in
Polite Spanish Commands (Usted/Ustedes)
for more formal interactions and learn how to propose actions for a group using the nosotros command.
By the end of this chapter, you'll be confident in giving instructions, expressing wishes, and engaging in more natural conversations, making your Spanish sound much more authentic and fluid. These grammatical structures are fundamental building blocks for moving towards more complex sentence constructions and richer communication.

How This Grammar Works

Commands, or imperatives, are used to give orders, make requests, or offer suggestions. In Spanish, these forms vary depending on who you're addressing (tú, usted, ustedes) and whether the command is affirmative (do something) or negative (don't do something).
Let's start with the informal 'tú' forms,
Telling Friends What to Do.
Affirmative Tú Commands (Do it!)
For most regular verbs, the affirmative 'tú' command is the same as the él/ella form of the present indicative.
* -AR verbs: *hablar* (to speak) -> *habla* (Speak!)
* *Habla más fuerte.* (Speak louder.)
* -ER verbs: *comer* (to eat) -> *come* (Eat!)
* *Come la fruta.* (Eat the fruit.)
* -IR verbs: *escribir* (to write) -> *escribe* (Write!)
* *Escribe tu nombre aquí.* (Write your name here.)
There are
The 8 Short Forms (Tú)
or
Irregular Eight: Quick Commands
which are highly common and must be memorized:
  1. 1Ven (venir - to come): *Ven aquí.* (Come here.)
  2. 2Di (decir - to say/tell): *Di la verdad.* (Tell the truth.)
  3. 3Sal (salir - to leave): *Sal de la casa.* (Leave the house.)
  4. 4Haz (hacer - to do/make): *Haz la tarea.* (Do the homework.)
  5. 5Ten (tener - to have): *Ten cuidado.* (Be careful.)
  6. 6Ve (ir - to go): *Ve al parque.* (Go to the park.)
  7. 7Pon (poner - to put): *Pon la mesa.* (Set the table.)
  8. 8 (ser - to be): *Sé amable.* (Be kind.)
Negative Tú Commands (Don't Do It!)
Negative 'tú' commands follow a different pattern. You take the yo form of the present tense, drop the '-o', and add the opposite vowel ending: '-es' for -AR verbs, and '-as' for -ER/-IR verbs.
* -AR verbs: *hablar* (yo hablo) -> *No hables.* (Don't speak.)
* *No hables tan rápido.* (Don't speak so fast.)
* -ER verbs: *comer* (yo como) -> *No comas.* (Don't eat.)
* *No comas esto.* (Don't eat this.)
* -IR verbs: *escribir* (yo escribo) -> *No escribas.* (Don't write.)
* *No escribas en la pared.* (Don't write on the wall.)
Irregular verbs often have irregular 'yo' forms, which then carry into the negative 'tú' commands:
* *Tener* (yo tengo) -> *No tengas.* (Don't have/Don't be.)
* *No tengas miedo.* (Don't be afraid.)
* *Venir* (yo vengo) -> *No vengas.* (Don't come.)
* *No vengas tarde.* (Don't come late.)
* *Ser* (yo soy) -> *No seas.* (Don't be.)
* *No seas tonto.* (Don't be silly.)
* *Ir* (yo voy) is a special case: *No vayas.* (Don't go.)
* *Saber* (yo sé) -> *No sepas.* (Don't know.)
* *Estar* (yo estoy) -> *No estés.* (Don't be.)
Polite Spanish Commands (Usted/Ustedes)
These commands are used for formal situations or when addressing multiple people. They follow the same opposite vowel rule as negative 'tú' commands but use the endings -e/-en for usted/ustedes respectively for -AR verbs, and -a/-an for -ER/-IR verbs.
* Usted (singular formal):
* *Hablar:* ¡Hable! (Speak!) - *Hable con el doctor.* (Speak with the doctor.)
* *Comer:* ¡Coma! (Eat!) - *Coma toda su comida.* (Eat all your food.)
* *Escribir:* ¡Escriba! (Write!) - *Escriba su nombre completo.* (Write your full name.)
* Ustedes (plural formal/informal in Latin America):
* *Hablar:* ¡Hablen! (Speak!) - *Hablen más despacio, por favor.* (Speak slower, please.)
* *Comer:* ¡Coman! (Eat!) - *Coman en la cocina.* (Eat in the kitchen.)
* *Escribir:* ¡Escriban! (Write!) - *Escriban las respuestas.* (Write the answers.)
Negative formal commands simply add no before the command form:
* *No hable.* (Don't speak.)
* *No coman.* (Don't eat.)
Nosotros Commands (Let's do it!)
These commands are used to suggest an action for a group, meaning "Let's...
. They generally use the same
opposite vowel" pattern, ending in -emos for -AR verbs and -amos for -ER/-IR verbs.
* *Hablar:* ¡Hablemos! (Let's speak!) - *Hablemos de tus planes.* (Let's talk about your plans.)
* *Comer:* ¡Comamos! (Let's eat!) - *Comamos juntos esta noche.* (Let's eat together tonight.)
* *Escribir:* ¡Escribamos! (Let's write!) - *Escribamos una carta.* (Let's write a letter.)
The verb *ir* (to go) has a special affirmative nosotros command: ¡Vamos! (Let's go!) But for negative, it's ¡No vayamos! (Let's not go!).

Common Mistakes

✗ No comes esto.
✓ No comas esto.
Why: Negative 'tú' commands require the 'opposite vowel' ending (-es for -AR verbs, -as for -ER/-IR).
✗ Venga aquí.
✓ Ven aquí.
Why: The irregular affirmative 'tú' command for *venir* is 'ven', not the formal 'venga'.
✗ Haz cuidado.
✓ Ten cuidado.
Why: The correct phrase for be careful uses the verb *tener* (to have) in the command form *ten*.
✗ Habla más lento, por favor. (when addressing a stranger)
✓ Hable más lento, por favor.
Why: Using 'tú' forms with strangers can be considered rude; 'usted' is the polite form.
✗ No vas al supermercado.
✓ No vayas al supermercado.
Why: The negative 'tú' command for *ir* is highly irregular (*no vayas*), not *no vas* (which is indicative).

Real Conversations

Dialogue 1 (Informal - Friends)

A

A

¿Qué hacemos esta tarde?
B

B

¡Vamos al cine! Hay una película nueva.
A

A

Buena idea. Pero no llegues tarde, por favor. Empieza a las siete.

*Translation:*

A

A

What are we doing this afternoon?
B

B

Let's go to the cinema! There's a new movie.
A

A

Good idea. But don't be late, please. It starts at seven.

Dialogue 2 (Formal - Customer Service)

A

A

Disculpe, ¿puede ayudarme? No encuentro la salida.
B

B

Sí, señor. Vaya por ese pasillo y luego gire a la derecha.
A

A

Muchas gracias.

*Translation:*

A

A

Excuse me, can you help me? I can't find the exit.
B

B

Yes, sir. Go down that aisle and then turn right.
A

A

Thank you very much.

Dialogue 3 (Informal - Parent to Child)

A

A

¡Hijo, haz tu tarea antes de jugar!
B

B

¡Pero, papá!
A

A

No me respondas así. Y no comas dulces antes de la cena.

*Translation:*

A

A

Son, do your homework before playing!
B

B

But, Dad!
A

A

Don't answer me like that. And don't eat sweets before dinner.

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I know when to use 'tú' commands versus 'usted' commands?

Use 'tú' commands with friends, family members, children, and people your own age or younger with whom you have an informal relationship. Use 'usted' commands with strangers, elders, people in positions of authority, or in formal settings like business interactions, to show respect. When in doubt, it's safer to use 'usted' to avoid being perceived as impolite.

Q

Are there any other irregular commands besides the Irregular Eight for 'tú' forms?

Yes, many verbs that are irregular in their 'yo' form of the present tense (like *tener* -> *tengo*, *venir* -> *vengo*, *poner* -> *pongo*) will also have irregular negative 'tú', 'usted', 'ustedes', and 'nosotros' commands because these forms are derived from the 'yo' form. The Irregular Eight specifically refers to the affirmative 'tú' commands that don't follow the 'él/ella' present indicative pattern.

Q

What about commands with 'nosotros' (let's...)?

'Nosotros' commands are used to suggest an action for a group including yourself, meaning "Let's [do something]". For most verbs, you take the 'yo' form of the present tense, drop the '-o', and add '-emos' for -AR verbs or '-amos' for -ER/-IR verbs. For example, *hablar* becomes *¡Hablemos!* (Let's talk!), and *comer* becomes *¡Comamos!* (Let's eat!). The main exception is *ir* (to go), which is *¡Vamos!* for affirmative, but *¡No vayamos!* for negative.

Q

How do I make any command negative?

To make a command negative, you almost always place no directly before the command form of the verb. For 'tú' commands, you'll use the opposite vowel rule (e.g., *habla* becomes *no hables*). For 'usted', 'ustedes', and 'nosotros' commands, the negative simply adds no before the standard command form (e.g., *hable* becomes *no hable*).

Cultural Context

The choice between informal 'tú' commands and formal 'usted' commands is deeply rooted in Spanish-speaking cultures and directly reflects social dynamics and respect. Misusing these forms can lead to misunderstandings or, worse, unintended offense. In many Spanish-speaking countries, using 'tú' with someone you don't know well, or with an elder, can be seen as presumptuous or rude, while using 'usted' with a close friend might create an awkward distance.
Therefore, understanding
Polite Spanish Commands (Usted/Ustedes)
versus
Spanish Informal Commands: Telling Friends What to Do (Tú Commands)
isn't just a grammatical exercise; it's a lesson in cultural etiquette. It’s a key indicator of your awareness of social hierarchies and relationships. When traveling or interacting with Spanish speakers, observing how locals address each other can provide valuable clues about the appropriate level of formality, helping you navigate conversations respectfully and effectively.

重要な例文 (8)

1

Haz clic en el enlace de mi perfil.

私のプロフィールのリンクをクリックしてね。

スペイン語の不規則命令形:8つの短縮形 (Tú)
2

Ven a ver este video de YouTube.

このYouTube動画を見に来て。

スペイン語の不規則命令形:8つの短縮形 (Tú)
3

No me dejes en visto, por favor.

既読スルーしないでね、お願い。

スペイン語の否定命令 (Tú): 「~するな」の言い方
4

No comas eso, se cayó al suelo.

それ食べないで、床に落ちたよ。

スペイン語の否定命令 (Tú): 「~するな」の言い方
5

¡Habla más despacio! No entiendo nada.

もっとゆっくり話して!何もわからないよ。

親しい人への命令:肯定のTú命令形
6

¡Come tu comida antes de que se enfríe!

冷める前にご飯を食べなさい!

親しい人への命令:肯定のTú命令形
7

Hable más despacio, por favor.

もう少しゆっくり話してください。

スペイン語の丁寧な命令形 (Usted/Ustedes)
8

Díganme qué piensan en los comentarios.

コメントで皆さんの意見を教えてください。

スペイン語の丁寧な命令形 (Usted/Ustedes)

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

「ヴィン・ディーゼル」の覚え方

早く言ってみて!「Vin Diesel has ten weapons」。これは「Ven-Di-Sal-Haz-Ten-Ve-Pon-Sé」に似ているでしょう?学習者によく使われる、楽しい覚え方です。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: スペイン語の不規則命令形:8つの短縮形 (Tú)
🎯

「Yo」の形をチェック!

まずは「私(yo)」の形から考えると、間違いがぐっと減るよ。特に語幹変化する動詞に便利! "Yo tengo -> No tengas."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: スペイン語の否定命令 (Tú): 「~するな」の言い方
🎯

近道だよ!

動詞の「彼/彼女」の現在形をそのまま使うと命令形になるんだ。「彼は食べる」なら「¡Come!」って感じ!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 親しい人への命令:肯定のTú命令形
🎯

「反対の母音」のコツ

カフェで「このコーヒーを試してみてください」と勧める時、AR動詞なら語尾は「-e」、ER/IR動詞なら「-a」になります。まるで席を交換するみたいにね!「Pruebe este café.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: スペイン語の丁寧な命令形 (Usted/Ustedes)

重要な語彙 (5)

Venir to come Decir to say Hacer to do/make Poner to put Salir to leave

Real-World Preview

coffee

At the Café

Review Summary

  • Ven, Di, Sal, Haz, Ten, Ve, Pon, Sé

よくある間違い

Negative commands require the subjunctive form, not the indicative.

Wrong: No haces eso.
正解: No hagas eso.

Always use the imperative conjugation, not the infinitive.

Wrong: Venir aquí.
正解: Ven aquí.

Ensure the command form matches the person (tú vs usted).

Wrong: Hable tú.
正解: Habla tú.

このチャプターのルール (7)

Next Steps

You are doing amazing! Commands are a huge milestone in your Spanish journey.

Write a 5-step recipe for your favorite dish.

クイック練習 (10)

パーティーに来るように促すこの命令文の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Viene a mi fiesta esta noche.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ven a mi fiesta esta noche.
「Viene」は現在形です。「venir」の不規則な命令形は単に「ven」です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: スペイン語の不規則命令形:8つの短縮形 (Tú)

文中の間違いを見つけましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

No hablar con extraños en la calle.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: No hables con extraños en la calle.
「hablar」を動詞活用する必要があります。否定のtú命令形では、「hablo」から「o」を取り、「es」を付けて「hables」になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: スペイン語の否定命令 (Tú): 「~するな」の言い方

どの文が正しいですか?

文法的に正しい命令形を選んでください:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sé tú mismo.
「ser」からの命令形「sé」は、代名詞「se」と区別するためにアクセント記号が必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 不規則な8つの動詞:短い命令形 (haz, di, ven)

友達に「良い子でいてね」と伝えるのに文法的に正しい文を選んでください。

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sé bueno.
命令形「Sé」(〜である)は、再帰代名詞の「se」と区別するためにアクセントが必要です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: スペイン語の不規則命令形:8つの短縮形 (Tú)

この丁寧な命令形の間違いを見つけて修正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

No hables tan alto, por favor.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: No hable tan alto, por favor.
「No hables」は非公式(tú)です。「usted」の場合、「no hable」でなければなりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: スペイン語の丁寧な命令形 (Usted/Ustedes)

「cantar」の正しい肯定tú命令形を埋めてください。

¡___ esa canción, me encanta!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Canta
「cantar」の肯定tú命令形を作るには、動詞の3人称単数現在形を使います:「él canta」。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 親しい人への命令:肯定のTú命令形

グループ(ustedes)に名前を書くように伝える正しい丁寧な命令形はどれですか?

Choose the correct sentence to tell a group to write their names:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Escriban sus nombres.
-ir動詞の複数形の丁寧な命令形は「-an」で終わります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: スペイン語の丁寧な命令形 (Usted/Ustedes)

文法的に正しい文を選びましょう。

Your friend wants to buy an expensive car. Warn him.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ¡No lo compres!
代名詞('lo')は否定命令形では動詞の「前」に来る必要があり、「comprar」は「compres」に変わります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: スペイン語の否定命令 (Tú): 「~するな」の言い方

友達に何かを「書く」(escribir)ように命令する正しい文を選んでください。

Select the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ¡Escribe tu nombre!
「Escribe」は動詞「escribir」の正しい非公式なtú命令形です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 親しい人への命令:肯定のTú命令形

かっこ内の動詞を正しい否定のtú命令形にして空欄を埋めましょう。

No _____ (abrir) la puerta todavía.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: abras
Abrirは-ir動詞です。yo形は'abro'です。'o'を削除し、反対の語尾'-as'を否定命令形として追加します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: しないで! (tú の否定命令形)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

どちらも「ve」を使います。「行く」の「ve」は通常「a」が続きます(「Ve a casa」)。一方、「見る」の「ve」は目的語が続きます(「Ve la tele」)。
いいえ、「no haz」とは言えません。「no hagas」という接続法を使わなければなりません。この8つの形は肯定の命令形のみです。
接続法は、まだ「現実じゃない」こと、例えば願望や疑い、命令などを表すときに使うんだ。まだ終わっていない行動を止めるから、スペイン語ではこの接続法を使うんだよ。「No comas.」(食べるな)
再帰代名詞(te)は「No」と動詞の間に置くんだ。「lavarse」なら「No te laves」になるよ。
基本的にはダメだよ。先生が「tú」を使っていいと言わない限り、「usted」の命令形(丁寧な形)を使うのが良いんだ。教室で砕けた言葉を使うと失礼に聞こえることもあるからね。
動詞の終わりに「te」をくっつけるんだ。「¡Levántate!」のようにね。元のアクセントを保つために、アクセント記号が必要になることが多いよ。