A2 · 초중급 챕터 41

Commands and Imperatives

7 총 규칙
75 예문
9

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of giving directions and advice in Spanish with confidence and clarity.

  • Distinguish between informal tú and formal usted commands.
  • Conjugate irregular imperative stems correctly.
  • Form negative commands using the subjunctive switch.
Command the conversation with ease!

배울 내용

Give commands in tú, usted, and nosotros forms, including irregular and negative imperatives.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use the eight irregular short-form commands naturally in conversation.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Mastering commands and imperatives in Spanish is a crucial step for A2 learners. This chapter will equip you with the essential tools to tell people what to do, make polite requests, and even suggest activities for a group. Whether you're asking a friend to come here (ven aquí), instructing someone politely to speak slowly (hable despacio), or suggesting "let's eat" (comamos), these forms are indispensable for everyday communication and interacting effectively in Spanish-speaking environments.
You will learn how to form commands for informal situations using the «tú» form, including both
Giving Friendly Orders: Affirmative Tú Commands
and "Don't Do It! (Negative Tú Commands)." We'll specifically cover
Spanish Irregular Commands: The 8 Short Forms (Tú)
like haz (do) and ve (go). Furthermore, you'll gain proficiency in
Polite Spanish Commands (Usted/Ustedes)
for more formal interactions and learn how to propose actions for a group using the nosotros command.
By the end of this chapter, you'll be confident in giving instructions, expressing wishes, and engaging in more natural conversations, making your Spanish sound much more authentic and fluid. These grammatical structures are fundamental building blocks for moving towards more complex sentence constructions and richer communication.

How This Grammar Works

Commands, or imperatives, are used to give orders, make requests, or offer suggestions. In Spanish, these forms vary depending on who you're addressing (tú, usted, ustedes) and whether the command is affirmative (do something) or negative (don't do something).
Let's start with the informal 'tú' forms,
Telling Friends What to Do.
Affirmative Tú Commands (Do it!)
For most regular verbs, the affirmative 'tú' command is the same as the él/ella form of the present indicative.
* -AR verbs: *hablar* (to speak) -> *habla* (Speak!)
* *Habla más fuerte.* (Speak louder.)
* -ER verbs: *comer* (to eat) -> *come* (Eat!)
* *Come la fruta.* (Eat the fruit.)
* -IR verbs: *escribir* (to write) -> *escribe* (Write!)
* *Escribe tu nombre aquí.* (Write your name here.)
There are
The 8 Short Forms (Tú)
or
Irregular Eight: Quick Commands
which are highly common and must be memorized:
  1. 1Ven (venir - to come): *Ven aquí.* (Come here.)
  2. 2Di (decir - to say/tell): *Di la verdad.* (Tell the truth.)
  3. 3Sal (salir - to leave): *Sal de la casa.* (Leave the house.)
  4. 4Haz (hacer - to do/make): *Haz la tarea.* (Do the homework.)
  5. 5Ten (tener - to have): *Ten cuidado.* (Be careful.)
  6. 6Ve (ir - to go): *Ve al parque.* (Go to the park.)
  7. 7Pon (poner - to put): *Pon la mesa.* (Set the table.)
  8. 8 (ser - to be): *Sé amable.* (Be kind.)
Negative Tú Commands (Don't Do It!)
Negative 'tú' commands follow a different pattern. You take the yo form of the present tense, drop the '-o', and add the opposite vowel ending: '-es' for -AR verbs, and '-as' for -ER/-IR verbs.
* -AR verbs: *hablar* (yo hablo) -> *No hables.* (Don't speak.)
* *No hables tan rápido.* (Don't speak so fast.)
* -ER verbs: *comer* (yo como) -> *No comas.* (Don't eat.)
* *No comas esto.* (Don't eat this.)
* -IR verbs: *escribir* (yo escribo) -> *No escribas.* (Don't write.)
* *No escribas en la pared.* (Don't write on the wall.)
Irregular verbs often have irregular 'yo' forms, which then carry into the negative 'tú' commands:
* *Tener* (yo tengo) -> *No tengas.* (Don't have/Don't be.)
* *No tengas miedo.* (Don't be afraid.)
* *Venir* (yo vengo) -> *No vengas.* (Don't come.)
* *No vengas tarde.* (Don't come late.)
* *Ser* (yo soy) -> *No seas.* (Don't be.)
* *No seas tonto.* (Don't be silly.)
* *Ir* (yo voy) is a special case: *No vayas.* (Don't go.)
* *Saber* (yo sé) -> *No sepas.* (Don't know.)
* *Estar* (yo estoy) -> *No estés.* (Don't be.)
Polite Spanish Commands (Usted/Ustedes)
These commands are used for formal situations or when addressing multiple people. They follow the same opposite vowel rule as negative 'tú' commands but use the endings -e/-en for usted/ustedes respectively for -AR verbs, and -a/-an for -ER/-IR verbs.
* Usted (singular formal):
* *Hablar:* ¡Hable! (Speak!) - *Hable con el doctor.* (Speak with the doctor.)
* *Comer:* ¡Coma! (Eat!) - *Coma toda su comida.* (Eat all your food.)
* *Escribir:* ¡Escriba! (Write!) - *Escriba su nombre completo.* (Write your full name.)
* Ustedes (plural formal/informal in Latin America):
* *Hablar:* ¡Hablen! (Speak!) - *Hablen más despacio, por favor.* (Speak slower, please.)
* *Comer:* ¡Coman! (Eat!) - *Coman en la cocina.* (Eat in the kitchen.)
* *Escribir:* ¡Escriban! (Write!) - *Escriban las respuestas.* (Write the answers.)
Negative formal commands simply add no before the command form:
* *No hable.* (Don't speak.)
* *No coman.* (Don't eat.)
Nosotros Commands (Let's do it!)
These commands are used to suggest an action for a group, meaning "Let's...
. They generally use the same
opposite vowel" pattern, ending in -emos for -AR verbs and -amos for -ER/-IR verbs.
* *Hablar:* ¡Hablemos! (Let's speak!) - *Hablemos de tus planes.* (Let's talk about your plans.)
* *Comer:* ¡Comamos! (Let's eat!) - *Comamos juntos esta noche.* (Let's eat together tonight.)
* *Escribir:* ¡Escribamos! (Let's write!) - *Escribamos una carta.* (Let's write a letter.)
The verb *ir* (to go) has a special affirmative nosotros command: ¡Vamos! (Let's go!) But for negative, it's ¡No vayamos! (Let's not go!).

Common Mistakes

✗ No comes esto.
✓ No comas esto.
Why: Negative 'tú' commands require the 'opposite vowel' ending (-es for -AR verbs, -as for -ER/-IR).
✗ Venga aquí.
✓ Ven aquí.
Why: The irregular affirmative 'tú' command for *venir* is 'ven', not the formal 'venga'.
✗ Haz cuidado.
✓ Ten cuidado.
Why: The correct phrase for be careful uses the verb *tener* (to have) in the command form *ten*.
✗ Habla más lento, por favor. (when addressing a stranger)
✓ Hable más lento, por favor.
Why: Using 'tú' forms with strangers can be considered rude; 'usted' is the polite form.
✗ No vas al supermercado.
✓ No vayas al supermercado.
Why: The negative 'tú' command for *ir* is highly irregular (*no vayas*), not *no vas* (which is indicative).

Real Conversations

Dialogue 1 (Informal - Friends)

A

A

¿Qué hacemos esta tarde?
B

B

¡Vamos al cine! Hay una película nueva.
A

A

Buena idea. Pero no llegues tarde, por favor. Empieza a las siete.

*Translation:*

A

A

What are we doing this afternoon?
B

B

Let's go to the cinema! There's a new movie.
A

A

Good idea. But don't be late, please. It starts at seven.

Dialogue 2 (Formal - Customer Service)

A

A

Disculpe, ¿puede ayudarme? No encuentro la salida.
B

B

Sí, señor. Vaya por ese pasillo y luego gire a la derecha.
A

A

Muchas gracias.

*Translation:*

A

A

Excuse me, can you help me? I can't find the exit.
B

B

Yes, sir. Go down that aisle and then turn right.
A

A

Thank you very much.

Dialogue 3 (Informal - Parent to Child)

A

A

¡Hijo, haz tu tarea antes de jugar!
B

B

¡Pero, papá!
A

A

No me respondas así. Y no comas dulces antes de la cena.

*Translation:*

A

A

Son, do your homework before playing!
B

B

But, Dad!
A

A

Don't answer me like that. And don't eat sweets before dinner.

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I know when to use 'tú' commands versus 'usted' commands?

Use 'tú' commands with friends, family members, children, and people your own age or younger with whom you have an informal relationship. Use 'usted' commands with strangers, elders, people in positions of authority, or in formal settings like business interactions, to show respect. When in doubt, it's safer to use 'usted' to avoid being perceived as impolite.

Q

Are there any other irregular commands besides the Irregular Eight for 'tú' forms?

Yes, many verbs that are irregular in their 'yo' form of the present tense (like *tener* -> *tengo*, *venir* -> *vengo*, *poner* -> *pongo*) will also have irregular negative 'tú', 'usted', 'ustedes', and 'nosotros' commands because these forms are derived from the 'yo' form. The Irregular Eight specifically refers to the affirmative 'tú' commands that don't follow the 'él/ella' present indicative pattern.

Q

What about commands with 'nosotros' (let's...)?

'Nosotros' commands are used to suggest an action for a group including yourself, meaning "Let's [do something]". For most verbs, you take the 'yo' form of the present tense, drop the '-o', and add '-emos' for -AR verbs or '-amos' for -ER/-IR verbs. For example, *hablar* becomes *¡Hablemos!* (Let's talk!), and *comer* becomes *¡Comamos!* (Let's eat!). The main exception is *ir* (to go), which is *¡Vamos!* for affirmative, but *¡No vayamos!* for negative.

Q

How do I make any command negative?

To make a command negative, you almost always place no directly before the command form of the verb. For 'tú' commands, you'll use the opposite vowel rule (e.g., *habla* becomes *no hables*). For 'usted', 'ustedes', and 'nosotros' commands, the negative simply adds no before the standard command form (e.g., *hable* becomes *no hable*).

Cultural Context

The choice between informal 'tú' commands and formal 'usted' commands is deeply rooted in Spanish-speaking cultures and directly reflects social dynamics and respect. Misusing these forms can lead to misunderstandings or, worse, unintended offense. In many Spanish-speaking countries, using 'tú' with someone you don't know well, or with an elder, can be seen as presumptuous or rude, while using 'usted' with a close friend might create an awkward distance.
Therefore, understanding
Polite Spanish Commands (Usted/Ustedes)
versus
Spanish Informal Commands: Telling Friends What to Do (Tú Commands)
isn't just a grammatical exercise; it's a lesson in cultural etiquette. It’s a key indicator of your awareness of social hierarchies and relationships. When traveling or interacting with Spanish speakers, observing how locals address each other can provide valuable clues about the appropriate level of formality, helping you navigate conversations respectfully and effectively.

주요 예문 (8)

1

Haz clic en el enlace de mi perfil.

내 프로필 링크를 클릭해.

스페인어 불규칙 명령형: 8가지 짧은 형태 (Tú)
2

Ven a ver este video de YouTube.

이 유튜브 영상 보러 와.

스페인어 불규칙 명령형: 8가지 짧은 형태 (Tú)
3

No me dejes en visto, por favor.

제발 나를 읽씹하지 마.

스페인어 부정 명령 (Tú): '하지 마'라고 말하는 법
4

No comas eso, se cayó al suelo.

그거 먹지 마, 바닥에 떨어졌어.

스페인어 부정 명령 (Tú): '하지 마'라고 말하는 법
5

¡Habla más despacio! No entiendo nada.

좀 더 천천히 말해! 하나도 못 알아듣겠어.

친근한 명령 내리기: 긍정 Tú 명령문
6

¡Come tu comida antes de que se enfríe!

음식 식기 전에 빨리 먹어!

친근한 명령 내리기: 긍정 Tú 명령문
7

Hable más despacio, por favor.

좀 더 천천히 말씀해 주세요.

정중한 스페인어 명령문 (Usted/Ustedes)
8

Díganme qué piensan en los comentarios.

댓글에 무슨 생각을 하는지 말해주세요.

정중한 스페인어 명령문 (Usted/Ustedes)

팁과 요령 (4)

🎯

'빈 디젤' 기억법

빨리 말해보세요: 'Vin Diesel has ten weapons'. 'Ven-Di-Sal-Haz-Ten-Ve-Pon-Sé'와 비슷하게 들리죠? 스페인어 학습자들이 많이 쓰는 재밌는 방법이에요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 불규칙 명령형: 8가지 짧은 형태 (Tú)
🎯

'yo' 형태 확인하기

동사 변형이 헷갈릴 때는 항상 'yo' 형태로 시작해보세요. 어간 변화 동사에서도 실수할 일이 줄어들 거예요. 예를 들어, 'yo tengo'는 'No tengas'가 돼요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 부정 명령 (Tú): '하지 마'라고 말하는 법
🎯

가장 쉬운 방법!

«그(él)가 ~한다», «그녀(ella)가 ~한다»고 말할 때 쓰는 동사 형태를 그대로 쓰면 돼요. ¡Habla!처럼요!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 친근한 명령 내리기: 긍정 Tú 명령문
🎯

모음 '반대로' 바꾸기 팁

동사가 -AR로 끝나면 명령형 모음은 'e'로, -ER/-IR로 끝나면 'a'로 바꿔요. 마치 자리를 바꾸는 것과 같아요! Hable (hablar), Coma (comer).
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 정중한 스페인어 명령문 (Usted/Ustedes)

핵심 어휘 (5)

Venir to come Decir to say Hacer to do/make Poner to put Salir to leave

Real-World Preview

coffee

At the Café

Review Summary

  • Ven, Di, Sal, Haz, Ten, Ve, Pon, Sé

자주 하는 실수

Negative commands require the subjunctive form, not the indicative.

Wrong: No haces eso.
정답: No hagas eso.

Always use the imperative conjugation, not the infinitive.

Wrong: Venir aquí.
정답: Ven aquí.

Ensure the command form matches the person (tú vs usted).

Wrong: Hable tú.
정답: Habla tú.

이 챕터의 규칙 (7)

Next Steps

You are doing amazing! Commands are a huge milestone in your Spanish journey.

Write a 5-step recipe for your favorite dish.

빠른 연습 (10)

문법적으로 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

친구가 비싼 차를 사려고 해요. 경고해주세요.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ¡No lo compres!
부정 명령문에서는 대명사('lo')가 동사 앞에 와야 하고, 'comprar'는 'compres'로 바뀌어요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 부정 명령 (Tú): '하지 마'라고 말하는 법

'cantar' 동사의 올바른 tú 긍정 명령형으로 빈칸을 채우세요.

¡___ esa canción, me encanta!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Canta
'cantar' 동사의 tú 긍정 명령형을 만들려면, 현재 시제 3인칭 단수 형태인 'él canta'를 사용해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 친근한 명령 내리기: 긍정 Tú 명령문

'venir' 동사의 명령형에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

Viene aquí ahora mismo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ven aquí ahora mismo.
'Viene'는 현재형이고, 'Ven'은 불규칙 명령형 'tú' 형태예요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 불규칙 8인방: 짧은 명령형 (haz, di, ven)

어떤 문장이 올바른가요?

문법적으로 올바른 명령형을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sé tú mismo.
'ser'에서 온 명령형 'sé'는 대명사 'se'와 구별하기 위해 악센트가 필요해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 불규칙 8인방: 짧은 명령형 (haz, di, ven)

'그것을 하지 마'를 올바르게 말하는 문장을 고르세요.

문법적으로 올바른 문장을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: No lo hagas.
Hacer는 불규칙한 yo 형태 'hago'를 가지고 있어요. 부정 명령문은 접속법 'hagas'를 사용해요. 'lo'와 같은 대명사는 부정 명령문에서 동사 앞에 와야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 하지 마! (tú 부정 명령문)

파티에 오라고 하는 이 명령문에서 틀린 부분을 찾으세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

Viene a mi fiesta esta noche.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ven a mi fiesta esta noche.
'Viene'는 현재 시제예요. 'venir'의 불규칙 명령형은 단순히 'ven'이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 불규칙 명령형: 8가지 짧은 형태 (Tú)

'hacer'의 올바른 명령형을 사용하는 문장을 고르세요.

Choose the correct informal command:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Haz la tarea.
'hacer'는 긍정 'tú' 명령형에서 불규칙 동사예요. 올바른 형태는 'haz'입니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 비격식 명령문: 친구에게 지시하기 (Tú 명령문)

친구에게 뭔가를 '쓰라'(escribir)고 명령하는 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

Select the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ¡Escribe tu nombre!
'Escribe'는 'escribir' 동사의 올바른 비격식 tú 명령형이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 친근한 명령 내리기: 긍정 Tú 명령문

빈칸에 올바른 부정 명령문 형태를 채워 넣으세요.

¡No ___ (comer) más dulces!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: comas
'-ER' 동사 'comer'의 부정 명령문은 '-as' 어미를 사용해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 부정 명령 (Tú): '하지 마'라고 말하는 법

명령형에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

¡Comes la manzana!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ¡Come la manzana!
tú 긍정 명령형에는 's'가 붙지 않아요. 'comer'의 올바른 형태는 'come'예요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 친근한 명령 내리기: 긍정 Tú 명령문

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

둘 다 've'를 사용해요. 보통 '가다'의 've' 뒤에는 'a'가 오고 (Ve a casa), '보다'의 've' 뒤에는 목적어가 와요 (Ve la tele).
아니요. 'no haz'라고 말할 수 없어요. 반드시 접속법 형태인 'no hagas'를 사용해야 해요. 이 8가지 형태는 긍정 명령에만 쓰여요.
접속법은 아직 '현실이 아닌' 일, 예를 들어 소원, 의심, 명령 등을 다룰 때 써요. 아직 일어나지 않은 행동을 멈추라고 할 때 스페인어는 이 접속법을 사용한답니다. 예를 들어, 'No comas eso'는 '그것을 먹지 마'라는 명령이죠.
'No'와 동사 사이에 재귀 대명사('te')를 넣어주세요. 예를 들어, 'lavarse'는 'No te laves'가 돼요.
보통은 안 돼요. 선생님이 직접 'tú'를 써달라고 하지 않는 한, 'usted' 명령형(존칭)을 쓰는 게 좋아요. 교실에서 비격식적인 표현을 쓰면 무례하게 들릴 수 있어요.
동사 뒤에 'te'를 붙이면 돼요: ¡Levántate!. 이때 원래 동사의 강세를 유지하기 위해 보통 악센트 기호(~)를 붙여야 해요.