A2 · 初级 章节 41

Commands and Imperatives

7 总规则
75 例句
9 分钟
本章规则 快速练习

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of giving directions and advice in Spanish with confidence and clarity.

  • Distinguish between informal tú and formal usted commands.
  • Conjugate irregular imperative stems correctly.
  • Form negative commands using the subjunctive switch.
Command the conversation with ease!

你将学到什么

Give commands in tú, usted, and nosotros forms, including irregular and negative imperatives.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Use the eight irregular short-form commands naturally in conversation.

章节指南

Overview

Mastering commands and imperatives in Spanish is a crucial step for A2 learners. This chapter will equip you with the essential tools to tell people what to do, make polite requests, and even suggest activities for a group. Whether you're asking a friend to come here (ven aquí), instructing someone politely to speak slowly (hable despacio), or suggesting "let's eat" (comamos), these forms are indispensable for everyday communication and interacting effectively in Spanish-speaking environments.
You will learn how to form commands for informal situations using the «tú» form, including both
Giving Friendly Orders: Affirmative Tú Commands
and "Don't Do It! (Negative Tú Commands)." We'll specifically cover
Spanish Irregular Commands: The 8 Short Forms (Tú)
like haz (do) and ve (go). Furthermore, you'll gain proficiency in
Polite Spanish Commands (Usted/Ustedes)
for more formal interactions and learn how to propose actions for a group using the nosotros command.
By the end of this chapter, you'll be confident in giving instructions, expressing wishes, and engaging in more natural conversations, making your Spanish sound much more authentic and fluid. These grammatical structures are fundamental building blocks for moving towards more complex sentence constructions and richer communication.

How This Grammar Works

Commands, or imperatives, are used to give orders, make requests, or offer suggestions. In Spanish, these forms vary depending on who you're addressing (tú, usted, ustedes) and whether the command is affirmative (do something) or negative (don't do something).
Let's start with the informal 'tú' forms,
Telling Friends What to Do.
Affirmative Tú Commands (Do it!)
For most regular verbs, the affirmative 'tú' command is the same as the él/ella form of the present indicative.
* -AR verbs: *hablar* (to speak) -> *habla* (Speak!)
* *Habla más fuerte.* (Speak louder.)
* -ER verbs: *comer* (to eat) -> *come* (Eat!)
* *Come la fruta.* (Eat the fruit.)
* -IR verbs: *escribir* (to write) -> *escribe* (Write!)
* *Escribe tu nombre aquí.* (Write your name here.)
There are
The 8 Short Forms (Tú)
or
Irregular Eight: Quick Commands
which are highly common and must be memorized:
  1. 1Ven (venir - to come): *Ven aquí.* (Come here.)
  2. 2Di (decir - to say/tell): *Di la verdad.* (Tell the truth.)
  3. 3Sal (salir - to leave): *Sal de la casa.* (Leave the house.)
  4. 4Haz (hacer - to do/make): *Haz la tarea.* (Do the homework.)
  5. 5Ten (tener - to have): *Ten cuidado.* (Be careful.)
  6. 6Ve (ir - to go): *Ve al parque.* (Go to the park.)
  7. 7Pon (poner - to put): *Pon la mesa.* (Set the table.)
  8. 8Sé (ser - to be): *Sé amable.* (Be kind.)
Negative Tú Commands (Don't Do It!)
Negative 'tú' commands follow a different pattern. You take the yo form of the present tense, drop the '-o', and add the opposite vowel ending: '-es' for -AR verbs, and '-as' for -ER/-IR verbs.
* -AR verbs: *hablar* (yo hablo) -> *No hables.* (Don't speak.)
* *No hables tan rápido.* (Don't speak so fast.)
* -ER verbs: *comer* (yo como) -> *No comas.* (Don't eat.)
* *No comas esto.* (Don't eat this.)
* -IR verbs: *escribir* (yo escribo) -> *No escribas.* (Don't write.)
* *No escribas en la pared.* (Don't write on the wall.)
Irregular verbs often have irregular 'yo' forms, which then carry into the negative 'tú' commands:
* *Tener* (yo tengo) -> *No tengas.* (Don't have/Don't be.)
* *No tengas miedo.* (Don't be afraid.)
* *Venir* (yo vengo) -> *No vengas.* (Don't come.)
* *No vengas tarde.* (Don't come late.)
* *Ser* (yo soy) -> *No seas.* (Don't be.)
* *No seas tonto.* (Don't be silly.)
* *Ir* (yo voy) is a special case: *No vayas.* (Don't go.)
* *Saber* (yo sé) -> *No sepas.* (Don't know.)
* *Estar* (yo estoy) -> *No estés.* (Don't be.)
Polite Spanish Commands (Usted/Ustedes)
These commands are used for formal situations or when addressing multiple people. They follow the same opposite vowel rule as negative 'tú' commands but use the endings -e/-en for usted/ustedes respectively for -AR verbs, and -a/-an for -ER/-IR verbs.
* Usted (singular formal):
* *Hablar:* ¡Hable! (Speak!) - *Hable con el doctor.* (Speak with the doctor.)
* *Comer:* ¡Coma! (Eat!) - *Coma toda su comida.* (Eat all your food.)
* *Escribir:* ¡Escriba! (Write!) - *Escriba su nombre completo.* (Write your full name.)
* Ustedes (plural formal/informal in Latin America):
* *Hablar:* ¡Hablen! (Speak!) - *Hablen más despacio, por favor.* (Speak slower, please.)
* *Comer:* ¡Coman! (Eat!) - *Coman en la cocina.* (Eat in the kitchen.)
* *Escribir:* ¡Escriban! (Write!) - *Escriban las respuestas.* (Write the answers.)
Negative formal commands simply add no before the command form:
* *No hable.* (Don't speak.)
* *No coman.* (Don't eat.)
Nosotros Commands (Let's do it!)
These commands are used to suggest an action for a group, meaning "Let's...
. They generally use the same
opposite vowel" pattern, ending in -emos for -AR verbs and -amos for -ER/-IR verbs.
* *Hablar:* ¡Hablemos! (Let's speak!) - *Hablemos de tus planes.* (Let's talk about your plans.)
* *Comer:* ¡Comamos! (Let's eat!) - *Comamos juntos esta noche.* (Let's eat together tonight.)
* *Escribir:* ¡Escribamos! (Let's write!) - *Escribamos una carta.* (Let's write a letter.)
The verb *ir* (to go) has a special affirmative nosotros command: ¡Vamos! (Let's go!) But for negative, it's ¡No vayamos! (Let's not go!).

Common Mistakes

✗ No comes esto.
✓ No comas esto.
Why: Negative 'tú' commands require the 'opposite vowel' ending (-es for -AR verbs, -as for -ER/-IR).
✗ Venga aquí.
✓ Ven aquí.
Why: The irregular affirmative 'tú' command for *venir* is 'ven', not the formal 'venga'.
✗ Haz cuidado.
✓ Ten cuidado.
Why: The correct phrase for be careful uses the verb *tener* (to have) in the command form *ten*.
✗ Habla más lento, por favor. (when addressing a stranger)
✓ Hable más lento, por favor.
Why: Using 'tú' forms with strangers can be considered rude; 'usted' is the polite form.
✗ No vas al supermercado.
✓ No vayas al supermercado.
Why: The negative 'tú' command for *ir* is highly irregular (*no vayas*), not *no vas* (which is indicative).

Real Conversations

Dialogue 1 (Informal - Friends)

A

A

¿Qué hacemos esta tarde?
B

B

¡Vamos al cine! Hay una película nueva.
A

A

Buena idea. Pero no llegues tarde, por favor. Empieza a las siete.

*Translation:*

A

A

What are we doing this afternoon?
B

B

Let's go to the cinema! There's a new movie.
A

A

Good idea. But don't be late, please. It starts at seven.

Dialogue 2 (Formal - Customer Service)

A

A

Disculpe, ¿puede ayudarme? No encuentro la salida.
B

B

Sí, señor. Vaya por ese pasillo y luego gire a la derecha.
A

A

Muchas gracias.

*Translation:*

A

A

Excuse me, can you help me? I can't find the exit.
B

B

Yes, sir. Go down that aisle and then turn right.
A

A

Thank you very much.

Dialogue 3 (Informal - Parent to Child)

A

A

¡Hijo, haz tu tarea antes de jugar!
B

B

¡Pero, papá!
A

A

No me respondas así. Y no comas dulces antes de la cena.

*Translation:*

A

A

Son, do your homework before playing!
B

B

But, Dad!
A

A

Don't answer me like that. And don't eat sweets before dinner.

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I know when to use 'tú' commands versus 'usted' commands?

Use 'tú' commands with friends, family members, children, and people your own age or younger with whom you have an informal relationship. Use 'usted' commands with strangers, elders, people in positions of authority, or in formal settings like business interactions, to show respect. When in doubt, it's safer to use 'usted' to avoid being perceived as impolite.

Q

Are there any other irregular commands besides the Irregular Eight for 'tú' forms?

Yes, many verbs that are irregular in their 'yo' form of the present tense (like *tener* -> *tengo*, *venir* -> *vengo*, *poner* -> *pongo*) will also have irregular negative 'tú', 'usted', 'ustedes', and 'nosotros' commands because these forms are derived from the 'yo' form. The Irregular Eight specifically refers to the affirmative 'tú' commands that don't follow the 'él/ella' present indicative pattern.

Q

What about commands with 'nosotros' (let's...)?

'Nosotros' commands are used to suggest an action for a group including yourself, meaning "Let's [do something]". For most verbs, you take the 'yo' form of the present tense, drop the '-o', and add '-emos' for -AR verbs or '-amos' for -ER/-IR verbs. For example, *hablar* becomes *¡Hablemos!* (Let's talk!), and *comer* becomes *¡Comamos!* (Let's eat!). The main exception is *ir* (to go), which is *¡Vamos!* for affirmative, but *¡No vayamos!* for negative.

Q

How do I make any command negative?

To make a command negative, you almost always place no directly before the command form of the verb. For 'tú' commands, you'll use the opposite vowel rule (e.g., *habla* becomes *no hables*). For 'usted', 'ustedes', and 'nosotros' commands, the negative simply adds no before the standard command form (e.g., *hable* becomes *no hable*).

Cultural Context

The choice between informal 'tú' commands and formal 'usted' commands is deeply rooted in Spanish-speaking cultures and directly reflects social dynamics and respect. Misusing these forms can lead to misunderstandings or, worse, unintended offense. In many Spanish-speaking countries, using 'tú' with someone you don't know well, or with an elder, can be seen as presumptuous or rude, while using 'usted' with a close friend might create an awkward distance.
Therefore, understanding
Polite Spanish Commands (Usted/Ustedes)
versus
Spanish Informal Commands: Telling Friends What to Do (Tú Commands)
isn't just a grammatical exercise; it's a lesson in cultural etiquette. It’s a key indicator of your awareness of social hierarchies and relationships. When traveling or interacting with Spanish speakers, observing how locals address each other can provide valuable clues about the appropriate level of formality, helping you navigate conversations respectfully and effectively.

关键例句 (8)

1

Haz clic en el enlace de mi perfil.

点击我个人主页的链接。

西班牙语不规则命令式：8个简短形式 (Tú)
2

Ven a ver este video de YouTube.

快来看这个 YouTube 视频。

西班牙语不规则命令式：8个简短形式 (Tú)
3

No me dejes en visto, por favor.

请不要已读不回我。

西班牙语否定命令 (Tú)：如何地道地说“别做”
4

No comas eso, se cayó al suelo.

别吃那个，它掉在地上了。

西班牙语否定命令 (Tú)：如何地道地说“别做”
5

¡Habla más despacio! No entiendo nada.

Speak more slowly! I don't understand anything.

给朋友下命令：肯定式 Tú 命令句
6

¡Come tu comida antes de que se enfríe!

Eat your food before it gets cold!

给朋友下命令：肯定式 Tú 命令句
7

Hable más despacio, por favor.

请说慢一点。

西班牙语礼貌命令句 (Usted/Ustedes)
8

Díganme qué piensan en los comentarios.

在评论区告诉我你们的想法。

西班牙语礼貌命令句 (Usted/Ustedes)

技巧与窍门 (4)

🎯

Vin Diesel 记忆法

试着快读“Vin Diesel has ten weapons”，听起来就像 Ven-Di-Sal-Haz-Ten-Ve-Pon-Sé！这是全球西语学习者的经典秘诀。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 西班牙语不规则命令式：8个简短形式 (Tú)
🎯

从 'Yo' 出发

总是先想动词的 'yo' 形式，这能帮你避开词根变化的坑。比如 Yo tengo 变成 No tengas.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 西班牙语否定命令 (Tú)：如何地道地说“别做”
💡

Drop the S

Always remember to drop the 's' from the 'tú' present tense form.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 给朋友下命令：肯定式 Tú 命令句
🎯

元音大交换技巧

如果是 -AR 结尾的动词，命令式就换成 'e'；如果是 -ER/-IR，就换成 'a'。它们就像互换了座位！比如 Coma su cena.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 西班牙语礼貌命令句 (Usted/Ustedes)

核心词汇 (5)

Venir to come Decir to say Hacer to do/make Poner to put Salir to leave

Real-World Preview

coffee

At the Café

Review Summary

  • Ven, Di, Sal, Haz, Ten, Ve, Pon, Sé

常见错误

Negative commands require the subjunctive form, not the indicative.

Wrong: No haces eso.
正确: No hagas eso.

Always use the imperative conjugation, not the infinitive.

Wrong: Venir aquí.
正确: Ven aquí.

Ensure the command form matches the person (tú vs usted).

Wrong: Hable tú.
正确: Habla tú.

本章规则 (7)

1

西班牙语不规则命令式：8个简短形式 (Tú)

A2
掌握这 8 个不规则动词的短形式，你就能自信地用西班牙语给朋友下达非正式指令，记住这些“魔法单词”：Ven, Di, Sal, Haz, Ten, Ve, Pon, «Sé»。
Haz clic en el enlace de mi perfil.
10 例句
2

西班牙语否定命令 (Tú)：如何地道地说“别做”

A2
想告诉朋友“别做某事”？只需反转结尾元音：AR 变 E，ER/IR 变 A，并在前面加 No。
No me dejes en visto, por favor.
10 例句
3

给朋友下命令：肯定式 Tú 命令句

A2
To give a regular affirmative command to a friend, just use the 'él/ella' present tense form.
¡Habla más despacio! No entiendo nada.
11 例句
4

西班牙语礼貌命令句 (Usted/Ustedes)

A2
礼貌命令式就是把结尾元音“反着来”：-ar 变 e，-er/-ir 变 a，用来优雅地给建议或下指令。
Hable más despacio, por favor.
10 例句
5

八个不规则动词：快速命令 (haz, di, ven)

A2
掌握这 8 个超短的变体，像 haz、di 和 ven，让你在非正式场合下达指令更地道。
¡`Di` patata para la foto!
12 例句
6

别这样做！（tú 的否定命令式）

A2
想对朋友说‘别做某事’，就用 no 加上 yo 词干的 «相反结尾»。
¡No hables tan fuerte, el bebé duerme!
10 例句
7

西班牙语非正式命令句：告诉朋友该做什么 (Tú 命令句)

A2
肯定命令式就像是把陈述句里的 s 丢掉，用 él/ella 的形式来给朋友下指令，记住 haz, pon, di 等几个调皮的小例外就好。
¡Habla más despacio, por favor!
12 例句

Next Steps

You are doing amazing! Commands are a huge milestone in your Spanish journey.

Write a 5-step recipe for your favorite dish.

Continue to: Prepositions, Connectors, and Key Phrases

快速练习 (10)

哪句话是‘别做这件事’的正确表达？

选择语法正确的句子：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: No lo hagas.
Hacer 的 yo 形式是 'hago'，否定命令式用 'hagas'。代词 'lo' 必须放在动词前。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 别这样做！（tú 的否定命令式）

哪个句子在语法上是正确的？

你的朋友想买一辆昂贵的车，请警告他。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ¡No lo compres!
在否定命令中，代词 ('lo') 必须放在动词之前，且 'comprar' 要变为 'compres'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 西班牙语否定命令 (Tú)：如何地道地说“别做”

Select the correct form.

¡___ (ir) a casa!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ve
Ve is the irregular form.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 给朋友下命令：肯定式 Tú 命令句

找出并纠正句子中的错误。

Find and fix the mistake:

¡No come mi sándwich!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ¡No comas mi sándwich!
不能在 'no' 后面直接用肯定命令式 'come'，必须使用虚拟式形式 'comas'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 别这样做！（tú 的否定命令式）

在空格处填入 'comer' 的正确礼貌命令式。

Señor, ___ {el|m} pescado, está muy rico.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: coma
对于 -er 结尾动词的 'usted' 命令式，我们使用 -a 结尾。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 西班牙语礼貌命令句 (Usted/Ustedes)

哪句话是告诉朋友“表现好点”的正确表达？

选择正确的句子：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Sé bueno.
命令式 'Sé' (成为) 必须带重音，以区别于代词 'se'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 西班牙语不规则命令式：8个简短形式 (Tú)

Choose the correct irregular command.

¡___ la tarea!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Haz
Haz is the irregular form.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 给朋友下命令：肯定式 Tú 命令句

Add the pronoun.

¡Dime la verdad! -> ¡Di___!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: la
Dila.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 给朋友下命令：肯定式 Tú 命令句

Fix the mistake.

Find and fix the mistake:

¡Comes la manzana!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ¡Come la manzana!
Drop the 's'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 给朋友下命令：肯定式 Tú 命令句

在空格处填入正确的否定命令式形式。

¡No ___ (comer) más dulces!

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: comas
对于像 'comer' 这样的 -ER 动词，否定命令式使用 -as 结尾。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 西班牙语否定命令 (Tú)：如何地道地说“别做”

Score: /10

常见问题 (6)

它们都使用 ve。通常通过上下文区分：ve 表示“去”时常接 a（如 Ve a casa），而表示“看”时直接接物体（如 Ve la tele）。
不行。你不能说 no haz。必须使用虚拟式形式 no hagas。这 8 个形式只适用于肯定指令。
虚拟式通常处理尚未成为现实的事情，比如愿望或命令。因为你正在阻止一个还没完成的动作，所以西语使用这种语气。例如：No hables.
把自复代词 te 放在 No 和动词之间。比如 lavarse 变成 No te laves。
It's an irregular verb. You just have to memorize it.
No, use 'usted' commands instead.
上一章
Comparisons and Adjective Forms
下一章
Prepositions, Connectors, and Key Phrases
返回学习路线