A2 · 초중급 챕터 40

Comparisons and Adjective Forms

13 총 규칙
133 예문
9

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of comparison to describe your world with precision and flair.

  • Identify comparative structures.
  • Distinguish irregular adjective forms.
  • Apply intensity to descriptions.
Compare, contrast, and conquer your Spanish descriptions.

배울 내용

Compare things using más...que, tan...como, mejor/peor, and master adjective agreement patterns.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: compare two people or objects using standard and irregular adjectives.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Welcome to the chapter on
Comparisons and Adjective Forms
! This section is crucial for moving beyond basic descriptions and expressing more nuanced ideas in Spanish. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to effortlessly compare people, objects, and situations, giving you a powerful tool to share your opinions and observations.
Mastering comparisons allows you to say whether something is more beautiful than, as interesting as, or even the best. We'll explore essential structures like *más... que* (more... than) and *tan...
como* (as... as), along with irregular forms such as *mejor* (better) and *peor* (worse). Understanding how adjectives change to agree with nouns in gender and number is also fundamental, ensuring your descriptions are always grammatically correct.
This chapter will equip you with the knowledge to use regular and irregular comparatives, form superlatives (like the most interesting), and add intensity using the *-ísimo* ending. You'll gain the confidence to describe your preferences, discuss qualities, and engage in more dynamic conversations, making your Spanish more expressive and natural.

How This Grammar Works

Comparing things in Spanish involves a few key patterns, always keeping adjective agreement in mind.
1. More... than (más... que) and Less... than (menos... que)
To say something is more... than or less... than, you use *más* or *menos* followed by an adjective, then *que*.
* Tu coche es más rápido que mi coche.
* Your car is faster than my car.
* Esta tarea es menos difícil que la anterior.
* This homework is less difficult than the previous one.
* Tú eres más divertido que él.
* You are funnier than him.
2. As... as (tan... como) for adjectives and adverbs
When comparing equality with adjectives or adverbs, use *tan... como*.
* Ella es tan inteligente como tú.
* She is as intelligent as you.
* Este café es tan bueno como el de ayer.
* This coffee is as good as yesterday's.
* Tú corres tan rápido como yo.
* You run as fast as I do.
3. As much/many... as (tanto/a/os/as... como) for nouns
When comparing quantities with nouns, *tanto* must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies.
* Tienes tantos libros como yo.
* You have as many books as I do.
* Ella come tanta fruta como su hermano.
* She eats as much fruit as her brother.
4. Irregular Comparatives (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)
Some adjectives have irregular comparative forms. These are essential and replace *más bueno*, *más malo*, *más viejo*, and *más joven*.
* bueno (good) becomes mejor (better)
* Este restaurante es mejor que ese.
* This restaurant is better than that one.
* malo (bad) becomes peor (worse)
* Mi dolor de cabeza es peor hoy.
* My headache is worse today.
* viejo (old/big) becomes mayor (older/bigger)
* Mi hermano es mayor que tú.
* My brother is older than you.
* joven (young/small) becomes menor (younger/smaller)
* Tengo un coche menor que el tuyo.
* I have a smaller car than yours.
5. Superlatives (el/la/los/las más... de)
To say the most... or the least... of something, you use the definite article (*el, la, los, las*) followed by *más* or *menos*, the adjective, and then *de* (meaning in or of the group).
* Ella es la estudiante más responsable de la clase.
* She is the most responsible student in the class.
* Este es el día menos ocupado de la semana.
* This is the least busy day of the week.
* Es la mejor película que he visto.
* It's the best movie I have seen. (Note: *mejor* also works as a superlative without *el/la* if it means best one)
6. Absolute Superlatives (-ísimo)
To express an extreme degree of an adjective, like very, very or extremely, you add the ending *-ísimo*, which must agree in gender and number.
* Este libro es interesantísimo.
* This book is extremely interesting.
* La comida está riquísima.
* The food is delicious (extremely tasty).
* Tus zapatos son carísimos.
* Your shoes are very expensive.
* For adjectives ending in a consonant, just add -ísimo: *fácil -> facilísimo*.
* For adjectives ending in a vowel, drop the vowel and add -ísimo: *bonito -> bonitísimo*.

Common Mistakes

✗ Tu coche es más bueno que el mío.
✓ Tu coche es mejor que el mío.
Why: Bueno (good) has an irregular comparative form, mejor (better).
✗ Ella es tan bonita que su hermana.
✓ Ella es tan bonita como su hermana.
Why: For comparisons of equality (as... as), the correct structure is tan... como, not tan... que.
✗ Esta es la más grande casa del barrio.
✓ Esta es la casa más grande del barrio.
Why: The definite article (la) comes before the noun when forming a superlative with a noun. It should be
el/la + noun + más + adjective
.
✗ Tengo muchos dinero como tú.
✓ Tengo tanto dinero como tú.
Why: Tanto agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies. Dinero is masculine singular, so tanto is correct. Muchos means many, not as much.
✗ El examen fue dificilísimo.
✓ El examen fue dificilísimo.
Why: Ensure agreement with the noun, but here dificilísimo is correct as it ends in an o for a masculine singular noun (examen). If it was
La tarea fue difícilísima,
it would agree with tarea. This is less of a mistake and more of an agreement reminder. Let's use a different example for a clearer mistake.
✗ Es la mujer más alta de todas.
✓ Es la mujer más alta de todas. (This is correct already, not a mistake example).
Let's try again for a clearer common mistake.
✗ Mis amigos son más alto que yo.
✓ Mis amigos son más altos que yo.
Why: The adjective altos must agree in number (plural) with the noun amigos (plural).

Real Conversations

A

A

¡Hola, Marta! ¿Cómo estás?
B

B

¡Hola, Carlos! Estoy bien, gracias. ¿Y tú?
A

A

Bien, pensando en el viaje. Creo que España es más interesante que Portugal para las vacaciones.
B

B

Mmm, no estoy segura. Yo creo que Portugal es tan bonito como España, y quizás menos caro.
A

A

Tienes razón, los precios pueden ser peores en España.

English:

A

A

Hi, Marta! How are you?
B

B

Hi, Carlos! I'm good, thank you. And you?
A

A

Good, thinking about the trip. I think Spain is more interesting than Portugal for vacation.
B

B

Hmm, I'm not sure. I think Portugal is as beautiful as Spain, and perhaps less expensive.
A

A

You're right, the prices can be worse in Spain.
A

A

Mira este café. Es el mejor de la ciudad, te lo aseguro.
B

B

¿Ah sí? Mi café favorito es el de la cafetería de la esquina. Es riquísimo.
A

A

Este es mucho más fuerte y la calidad es mayor. ¡Tienes que probarlo!

English:

A

A

Look at this coffee. It's the best in the city, I assure you.
B

B

Oh really? My favorite coffee is from the corner cafe. It's delicious (extremely tasty).
A

A

This one is much stronger and the quality is greater (better). You have to try it!

Quick FAQ

Q

When do I use tan versus tanto?

You use tan with adjectives and adverbs to mean as... as (e.g., *tan rápido como* – as fast as). You use

tanto/a/os/as
with nouns to mean
as much/many... as
and it must agree in gender and number with the noun (e.g., *tantos libros como* – as many books as).

Q

Can I use más bueno or más malo?

It's generally incorrect for comparisons. Always use the irregular forms mejor (better) instead of más bueno and peor (worse) instead of más malo. While más bueno can sometimes be used in very informal contexts or refer to moral character, mejor is the standard comparative.

Q

How do I know if an adjective ends in -ísimo or -ísima?

The ending must agree with the noun's gender and number. If the adjective modifies a feminine singular noun, it will be -ísima (e.g., *una casa grandísima*). If it modifies a masculine plural noun, it will be -ísimos (e.g., *unos chicos guapísimos*). If the original adjective ends in a vowel (like *bonito*), you drop the vowel before adding the ending (*bonitísimo*). If it ends in a consonant (*fácil*), you just add the ending (*facilísimo*).

Q

What's the difference between mayor and más grande?

Both can mean bigger or larger. Mayor is often used for age (older) or for a more abstract sense of greater or more important (e.g., *un problema mayor* – a bigger problem). Más grande is typically used for physical size (bigger or taller). For people, mayor usually refers to age (older), while más grande isn't used for age.

Cultural Context

In Spanish-speaking cultures, using comparisons is a fundamental part of everyday communication. Whether you're discussing the quality of food in different restaurants, comparing cities for your next vacation, or simply describing people you know, these grammatical structures allow for rich and expressive dialogue. People often use comparisons to express opinions, share preferences, and even engage in friendly banter, like arguing good-naturedly about which football team is the best or which country has the most beautiful beaches.
Mastering comparatives and superlatives will not only improve your grammar but also help you sound more like a native speaker, as these forms are naturally woven into casual and formal conversations alike. From complimenting someone by saying *¡Estás guapísimo/a hoy!* (You look extremely handsome/beautiful today!) to debating *¿Cuál es el mejor café?* (Which is the best coffee?), these structures are your key to deeper engagement and more authentic interactions.

주요 예문 (8)

1

Este móvil es más rápido que el mío.

이 휴대폰이 제 것보다 더 빨라요.

스페인어 비교급: ~보다 더 ~한 (más... que)
2

La pizza de esta pizzería es mejor que la de ayer.

이 피자집 피자가 어제 것보다 더 맛있어요.

스페인어 비교급: ~보다 더 ~한 (más... que)
3

Este café es tan fuerte como el de ayer.

이 커피는 어제 것만큼 진해요.

스페인어 동등 비교: ~만큼 ~한 (Tan... como)
4

Tu perro es tan juguetón como el mío.

네 강아지는 내 강아지만큼 장난기가 많아.

스페인어 동등 비교: ~만큼 ~한 (Tan... como)
5

Este móvil es mejor que el mío.

이 휴대폰이 내 것보다 더 좋아요.

스페인어 불규칙 비교급: 더 좋은, 더 나쁜, 더 나이 많은, 더 어린 (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)
6

Tu perro es peor que el mío; muerde todo.

네 강아지가 내 강아지보다 더 나빠요; 다 물어뜯어요.

스페인어 불규칙 비교급: 더 좋은, 더 나쁜, 더 나이 많은, 더 어린 (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)
7

Es la película más aburrida de Netflix.

넷플릭스에서 제일 지루한 영화예요.

스페인어 최상급: 최고 중의 최고 (el más... de)
8

Este es el vídeo más viral de TikTok hoy.

이게 오늘 틱톡에서 가장 바이럴된 영상이에요.

스페인어 최상급: 최고 중의 최고 (el más... de)

팁과 요령 (4)

⚠️

'Más Mejor'는 절대 금지!

이미 '더 좋은'이라는 뜻인 mejor 앞에 más를 또 쓰면 안 돼요. 마치 '더 더 좋은'이라고 말하는 것과 같거든요:
Este libro es mejor.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 비교 표현: 더, 덜, 그리고 만큼 (Comparaciones)
⚠️

'más mejor' 함정!

'mejor', 'peor', 'mayor', 'menor' 같은 단어 앞에는 'más'를 붙이지 마세요. 이미 '더'라는 의미가 포함되어 있거든요. más mejor라고 하면 어색하게 들려요!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 비교급: ~보다 더 ~한 (más... que)
💡

'Tan'은 바위처럼 단단해요

'tan'은 절대 변하지 않는다는 걸 기억하세요. 한 명의 남자아이를 말하든, 다섯 명의 여자아이를 말하든 'tan'은 항상 tan이에요. 형용사만 끝을 바꿔주면 돼요!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 동등 비교: ~만큼 ~한 (Tan... como)
⚠️

'Más' 함정

이 네 단어(mejor, peor, mayor, menor)는 이미 '더'라는 의미를 가지고 있어서, 앞에 'más'나 'menos'를 붙이면 안 돼요.
Este coche es mejor.
(O),
Este coche es más mejor.
(X)
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 불규칙 비교급: 더 좋은, 더 나쁜, 더 나이 많은, 더 어린 (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

핵심 어휘 (5)

mejor better peor worse mayor older menor younger tanto so much

Real-World Preview

coffee

Ordering at a Restaurant

Review Summary

  • más/menos + adjetivo + que

자주 하는 실수

Never use 'más' with 'mejor' because 'mejor' is already the comparative form.

Wrong: Es más mejor.
정답: Es mejor.

Equality uses 'como', not 'que'.

Wrong: Él es tan alto que yo.
정답: Él es tan alto como yo.

Comparisons use 'que', not 'de'.

Wrong: La casa es más grande de la mía.
정답: La casa es más grande que la mía.

이 챕터의 규칙 (13)

Next Steps

You have mastered the art of comparison! Keep practicing, and you will sound native in no time.

Write 5 sentences comparing your favorite actors

빠른 연습 (10)

문법적으로 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

Comparing two smart female friends:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ellas son tan inteligentes como nosotros.
형용사 'inteligentes'는 'ellas'에 맞춰 복수형이어야 하고, 형용사에는 'tan'을 사용해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 동등 비교: ~만큼 ~한 (Tan... como)

학생 수를 올바르게 비교한 문장을 고르세요.

올바른 문장을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Hay menos de veinte estudiantes.
'veinte'와 같은 숫자 앞에는 'que' 대신 'de'를 사용해야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 보다 덜한 (Menos... que): 비교하기

이 비교문에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

Este libro es tan interesante que el otro.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Este libro es tan interesante como el otro.
동등 비교에서는 'tan'이 'que'가 아닌 'como'와 짝을 이루어야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 동등 비교: ~만큼 ~한 (Tan... como)

문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

Mi hermana es más mayor que yo.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mi hermana es mayor que yo.
'mayor'는 이미 '더 나이 많은'이라는 뜻이므로, 'más'를 함께 사용하지 않아요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 비교급: ~보다 더 ~한 (más... que)

올바른 문장을 고르세요.

Choose the grammatically correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Es el libro más interesante de la biblioteca.
스페인어 최상급에서는 그룹을 정의할 때 'en'이 아닌 전치사 'de'를 사용합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 최상급: 최고 중의 최고 (el más... de)

문법적으로 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

Choose the right way to talk about age:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mi hermano es mayor que yo.
'mayor'는 나이를 나타내는 불규칙 비교급이에요. 'más mayor'는 중복되고 틀린 표현이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 불규칙 비교급: 더 좋은, 더 나쁜, 더 나이 많은, 더 어린 (mejor, peor, mayor, menor)

'자동차가 기차보다 덜 빠르다'고 말하려면 빈칸을 채우세요.

El coche es ___ rápido que el tren.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: menos
'덜 ~하다'를 나타내기 위해 'menos'를 사용해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 보다 덜한 (Menos... que): 비교하기

빈칸에 알맞은 요일 표현을 채워 넣으세요.

___ sábado tengo una fiesta.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: El
스페인어에서는 요일 앞에 'on'을 의미하는 'en' 대신 정관사 'el'을 사용해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 시간 표현: 언제 & 얼마나 오래 (hace, ya, todavía)

이 문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

No voy al cine nunca.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Nunca voy al cine.
'No voy nunca'도 맞지만, 'nunca'를 문장 앞에 두면 'no'를 쓸 필요가 없어져요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 시간 표현: 언제 & 얼마나 오래 (hace, ya, todavía)

문법적으로 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

Choose the correct way to say 'The pizza is better than the salad':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: La pizza es mejor que la ensalada.
'Bueno'는 비교급에서 불규칙적으로 'mejor'가 돼요. 'más buena'나 'más mejor'는 절대 쓰지 않아요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 스페인어 비교급: ~보다 더 ~한 (más... que)

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

부정문에서 '오직 ~뿐이다'라는 뜻일 때만 써요. 예를 들어
No tengo más que cinco euros
는 '5유로밖에 없다'는 뜻이죠.
'오죽하면 그렇겠어'라는 뜻의 관용구예요. 일반적인 비교 규칙과는 다르니 통째로 외우는 게 좋아요.
네, 그럼요! 누가 어떤 행동을 더 많이 하는지 비교할 때는 동사 뒤에 'más que'를 붙여요. 예를 들어,
Él come más que yo.
(그는 저보다 더 많이 먹어요.)
'mejor'가 '좋은'의 올바른 비교급 형태예요. 'más bueno'는 보통 틀린 표현으로 여겨지지만, 아주 어린 아이들이나 특정 감정적인 맥락에서 가끔 쓰이기도 해요. 'mejor'를 쓰는 게 좋아요.
네, 하지만 'as... as'가 아니라 'so'라는 의미가 돼요. 예를 들어, '¡Es tan bonito!'는 '정말 예쁘다!'라는 뜻이에요. 비교를 하려면 'como'가 꼭 필요해요.
형용사는 항상 먼저 언급하는 사람이나 사물에 맞춰져요. 'Ana is as tall as Juan'이라고 말할 때는 Ana가 주어이므로 'alta'를 사용해요.