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B2 noun 9分で読める

ایجاز

ijaz
例文 ایجاز 30秒で
解説 ایجاز in your Level:
At the A1 level, you do not need to use the word 'ایجاز' (Ijaz) because it is quite formal. Instead, think about the idea of 'short' or 'little'. When you want to say something is short, you use the word 'کوتاه' (Kootah). For example, 'این جمله کوتاه است' means 'This sentence is short'. The concept of 'Ijaz' is like making a sentence very short but keeping all the meaning. Imagine you are writing a text message to a friend. You don't write a long letter; you write just a few words. That is the beginning of understanding 'Ijaz'. At this stage, just remember that in Persian, you can say things in many words or few words. 'Ijaz' is the fancy word for using few words. You might see it in a title of a book, but you don't need to speak it yet. Focus on words like 'کم' (little) and 'کوتاه' (short) to express similar ideas in daily life. For example, 'کم حرف بزن' (talk little) is a simple way to ask for brevity.
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At the A2 level, you are beginning to learn more about how to describe things. You might encounter the word 'خلاصه' (Kholase), which means 'summary'. This is a cousin of 'ایجاز'. While 'Ijaz' is a very formal word, 'Kholase' is used every day. If you watch a movie and tell your friend what happened in two minutes, you are giving a 'Kholase'. The word 'ایجاز' is like a 'Kholase' but for very important and beautiful writing. You might hear a teacher say 'خلاصه بنویس' (write a summary). This is practice for 'Ijaz'. You are learning to take a long story and make it small. At this level, you should start noticing that Persian speakers value not wasting words. In your writing, if you can say 'من گرسنه هستم' (I am hungry) instead of a very long sentence, you are practicing the spirit of 'Ijaz'. You don't need to use the word in your own speaking yet, but if you see it in a reading passage, know it means 'being brief'.
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At the B1 level, you are moving into intermediate territory. You can now start to distinguish between 'shortness' (کوتاهی) and 'conciseness' (ایجاز). Conciseness is a skill. It means you are being short on purpose to be smart. In your intermediate Persian classes, you might start writing short essays. Your teacher might say, 'Try to avoid unnecessary words.' This is the essence of 'ایجاز'. You can start using the word 'اختصار' (Ekhtesar) which is more common than 'ایجاز' in semi-formal settings. For example, 'به طور مختصر' (briefly). However, you should begin to recognize 'ایجاز' in newspapers or formal letters. It is a noun. You might see it in a sentence like 'ایجاز در این نامه مهم است' (Conciseness is important in this letter). You are learning that Persian has different levels of words for the same thing. 'Kootah' is for everyone, 'Kholase' is for summaries, and 'Ijaz' is for professional and literary beauty. Start trying to identify 'Ijaz' in the poems you read.
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At the B2 level, 'ایجاز' becomes a word you should actively use in your formal writing and presentations. At this level, you are expected to understand the nuances of Persian rhetoric. You should know that 'ایجاز' is highly valued in Persian culture. When you write a formal email or a report, you should 'observe conciseness' (رعایت ایجاز). You can use the word to critique a text. For instance, you could say, 'This article is good, but it lacks conciseness' (این مقاله خوب است اما ایجاز ندارد). You should also be aware of the opposite word, 'اطناب' (Itnab), which means being too wordy. A B2 learner should be able to explain why 'ایجاز' is important in a specific context, like in a news headline or a legal document. You are now at the level where you can appreciate the 'art' of the word, not just its basic meaning. You should also be comfortable with the adjective form 'موجز' (Mowjaz).
At the C1 level, you are mastering the advanced subtleties of the Persian language. You should understand the different categories of 'ایجاز' used in classical rhetoric, such as 'ایجاز قصر' (brevity by essence) and 'ایجاز حذف' (brevity by omission). You should be able to discuss how 'ایجاز' contributes to the power of Persian poetry, such as in the works of Hafez or Saadi. At this level, you don't just use the word; you analyze it. You might write an essay about 'The Role of Conciseness in Modern Persian Journalism.' You should also be able to distinguish 'ایجاز' from 'ایجاز مخل' (disruptive conciseness). If a text is so short that it is confusing, you use this specific term to describe it. Your vocabulary should be rich enough to use 'ایجاز' alongside other literary terms like 'فصاحت' (eloquence) and 'بلاغت' (rhetoric). You are expected to use 'ایجاز' in your own academic or professional discourse to demonstrate a high level of linguistic sophistication and cultural awareness.
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At the C2 level, you have a native-like or near-native command of the word 'ایجاز'. You understand its deep historical and religious roots, particularly its connection to the concept of 'Ijaz-al-Quran' (the miraculous conciseness of the Quran), which has shaped Persian literary theory for centuries. You can engage in high-level debates about whether a specific modern poem achieves 'ایجاز' or falls into 'ابهام' (ambiguity). You use the word with absolute precision in academic research, literary criticism, or high-level diplomacy. You are aware of how 'ایجاز' interacts with Persian syntax—for example, how the omission of the subject or certain verbs can create a sense of 'Ijaz' that is stylistically pleasing. You can effortlessly switch between 'ایجاز', 'تلخیص', 'اختصار', and 'موجز' depending on the exact nuance you wish to convey. For a C2 learner, 'ایجاز' is not just a vocabulary word; it is a fundamental principle of the Persian communicative aesthetic that you embody in your own speech and writing.
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例文

ایجاز 30秒で

  • ایجاز به معنای بیان مطالب گسترده در قالب کلمات اندک و کوتاه است، بدون اینکه به مفهوم اصلی لطمه‌ای وارد شود.
  • این واژه در ادبیات فارسی جایگاه ویژه‌ای دارد و نویسندگان بزرگ مانند سعدی از آن برای افزایش تاثیر کلام استفاده می‌کنند.
  • تفاوت اصلی ایجاز با خلاصه در این است که ایجاز یک هنر و ویژگی سبکی است، در حالی که خلاصه یک عمل مکانیکی است.
  • استفاده درست از ایجاز در محیط‌های رسمی و آکادمیک نشانه تسلط نویسنده بر زبان و احترام به وقت مخاطب محسوب می‌شود.

The Persian word ایجاز (pronounced as I-jaz) is a sophisticated noun that represents one of the most revered aesthetic qualities in Persian literature and formal communication: conciseness. At its core, it refers to the art of conveying a profound or complex message using the fewest words possible without compromising the clarity or the integrity of the meaning. In a culture that deeply values poetry and the mastery of language, ایجاز is not merely about being brief; it is about being efficiently profound. It is the opposite of verbosity or wordiness, which in Persian is often referred to as اطناب (itnab).

Literary Context
In the realm of classical Persian poetry, particularly in the works of masters like Saadi Shirazi, ایجاز is considered a hallmark of eloquence. It allows the reader to engage with the text, filling in the unspoken gaps with their own intellect and emotion. It is the surgical precision of language.
Modern Academic Usage
In contemporary Iranian academic circles, professors often demand ایجاز in thesis writing and research papers. It signifies a clear mind that has distilled information down to its essential components, avoiding the fluff that often characterizes amateur writing.
Social and Professional Etiquette
When a speaker is praised for their ایجاز, it is a high compliment. It suggests that the speaker respects the listener's time and possesses the cognitive discipline to get straight to the point while maintaining a formal and respectful tone.

سعدی در گلستان، استاد بی‌چون و چرای ایجاز در نثر فارسی است.

Translation: Saadi, in the Golestan, is the undisputed master of conciseness in Persian prose.

Understanding ایجاز requires recognizing two distinct types: ایجاز مقبول (acceptable conciseness) and ایجاز مخل (disruptive conciseness). The former is the goal of every great writer, where the brevity enhances the beauty. The latter occurs when a sentence is so short that it becomes ambiguous or fails to convey the necessary information. Therefore, the word carries a weight of balance; it is the middle ground between saying too much and saying too little.

نویسنده با رعایت ایجاز، توانست تمام مفاهیم را در یک صفحه بیان کند.

Translation: By observing conciseness, the writer was able to express all concepts in a single page.

In the digital age, ایجاز has found a new relevance. Whether it is writing a professional email to a manager in Tehran or crafting a caption for social media, the ability to use ایجاز effectively marks you as a sophisticated user of the Persian language. It shows you have moved beyond the basic repetitive structures of a beginner and have mastered the art of semantic density.

در گزارش‌های اداری، ایجاز بر زیاده‌گویی ترجیح داده می‌شود.

Translation: In administrative reports, conciseness is preferred over verbosity.

To use this word correctly, remember that it is a noun. You can "observe" it (رعایت کردن ایجاز), you can "strive for" it (تلاش برای ایجاز), or you can describe a text as having it. It is rarely used in very casual, slang-heavy conversations between teenagers, but it is ubiquitous in any setting involving literature, law, journalism, or higher education.

Using ایجاز effectively in a sentence requires an understanding of its grammatical role as a noun. It often appears as the object of verbs like 'to observe' (رعایت کردن) or as part of an ezafe construction where it describes a quality of speech or writing. Because it is a B2-level word, the sentences it appears in are typically formal or semi-formal.

As a Subject
When ایجاز is the subject, it often dictates the tone of the sentence. For example: "Conciseness is the soul of wit." In Persian, you might say, "ایجاز، جوهر اصلی بلاغت است" (Conciseness is the primary essence of eloquence).
With the Verb 'To Observe' (رعایت کردن)
This is the most common collocation. "لطفاً در نوشتن صورت‌جلسه، ایجاز را رعایت کنید" (Please observe conciseness while writing the minutes of the meeting). This implies a professional directive to avoid unnecessary details.
In Rhetorical Analysis
Literary critics use the word to describe a poet's style. "ایجاز در اشعار خیام به اوج خود می‌رسد" (Conciseness reaches its peak in Khayyam's poems). This refers to how Khayyam packs immense philosophical meaning into just four lines (a Rubai).

به دلیل ضیق وقت، سخنران با ایجاز تمام به سوالات پاسخ داد.

Translation: Due to lack of time, the speaker answered the questions with total conciseness.

When you want to contrast ایجاز with its opposite, you use اطناب. A balanced sentence might be: "نویسنده باید میان ایجاز و اطناب تعادل برقرار کند" (The writer must establish a balance between conciseness and verbosity). This shows a high level of linguistic awareness.

ایجاز مخل باعث سردرگمی خواننده می‌شود.

Translation: Disruptive conciseness (being too brief) causes confusion for the reader.

In academic contexts, you might see it paired with adjectives like شگفت‌انگیز (wonderful/amazing). "ایجاز شگفت‌انگیز این متن، نشان‌دهنده تسلط نویسنده است" (The wonderful conciseness of this text indicates the author's mastery). Here, the word helps in providing a critique or evaluation of a piece of work.

او همیشه در نامه‌هایش ایجاز را بر تفصیل ترجیح می‌دهد.

Translation: He always prefers conciseness over detail in his letters.

Finally, consider using the word when discussing legal or technical documents. In these fields, ایجاز prevents misinterpretation by stripping away ambiguous adjectives. "در متون حقوقی، ایجاز برای جلوگیری از ابهام ضروری است" (In legal texts, conciseness is necessary to prevent ambiguity). This usage highlights the practical, non-literary importance of the word.

While you might not hear ایجاز while buying bread at a local bakery in Tehran, it is a staple in specific intellectual and professional environments. Understanding where this word lives will help you recognize the "register" or the social level of the conversation you are entering.

The University Classroom
If you are attending a lecture on Persian Literature (Adabiyat), you will hear ایجاز constantly. Professors use it to describe the style of the 'Khorasani' or 'Iraqi' schools of poetry. They might say, "The poet used ایجاز قصر to convey a world of meaning in a single hemistich."
News and Media Analysis
On programs like 'Radio Farhang' or during televised literary debates, critics often praise a journalist's or an author's ایجاز. In this context, it suggests a modern, fast-paced, and effective way of communicating news to a busy audience.
Religious and Philosophical Discourses
In the study of the Quran (which heavily influences Persian), the term اعجاز و ایجاز (miraculousness and conciseness) is a common pairing. Scholars argue that the divine nature of the text is proven by its ability to say so much in so little space.

سردبیر از خبرنگاران خواست که در نوشتن تیترها، ایجاز را رعایت کنند.

Translation: The editor-in-chief asked the journalists to observe conciseness in writing headlines.

In professional workshops or "Writing Skills" seminars in Iran, ایجاز is taught as a key skill. You might hear a facilitator say, "To make your emails more effective, focus on ایجاز." This reflects a shift in modern Iranian business culture toward efficiency and away from the traditional, long-winded 'Taarof'-heavy correspondence of the past.

در این پادکست، مفاهیم پیچیده فلسفی با ایجاز بیان شده‌اند.

Translation: In this podcast, complex philosophical concepts are expressed with conciseness.

Finally, you will encounter this word in the prefaces of books. Authors often apologize for the length of their work or, conversely, boast about the ایجاز they employed to save the reader's time. It is a word that signals intellectual maturity and respect for the medium of language itself.

Learning a B2-level word like ایجاز comes with the risk of using it in the wrong context or confusing it with similar-sounding words. Here are the most common pitfalls for English speakers learning Persian.

Confusing 'Ijaz' with 'Ejaz'
This is the most frequent error. ایجاز (Ijaz) means conciseness. اعجاز (Ejaz) means miracle. While they share the same Arabic root letters in a different pattern, their meanings are distinct. However, because they are often used together in religious contexts (the miracle of the Quran's conciseness), learners often swap them. Remember: Ijaz = Brevity; Ejaz = Miracle.
Overusing it in Casual Conversation
If you are telling a friend to "keep it short" while they are telling a story about their weekend, do not use ایجاز. It will sound incredibly stiff and pretentious. Instead, use "خلاصه بگو" (Say it in summary) or "کوتاهش کن" (Shorten it). Keep ایجاز for writing, speeches, or formal discussions.
Misunderstanding 'Ijaz-e Mokhel'
Some learners think ایجاز is always a positive thing. However, in Persian rhetoric, ایجاز مخل (disruptive brevity) is a negative trait. It refers to being so brief that you fail to communicate. Don't assume that calling something "concise" is always a compliment if the context suggests a lack of information.

اشتباه: این معجزه دارای ایجاز است. (وقتی منظور اعجاز است)

Correct: This miracle has conciseness. (The mistake is confusing 'miracle' with 'conciseness' phonetically).

Another mistake is treating it as an adjective. You cannot say "این متن ایجاز است" (This text is conciseness). You must say "این متن دارای ایجاز است" (This text has conciseness) or use the adjective form موجز (mowjaz), which means concise. For example: "این یک متن موجز است" (This is a concise text).

اشتباه در ثبت: او با اختصار حرف زد. (در حالی که منظور ایجاز ادبی بود)

Note: While 'ekhtesar' is similar, 'ijaz' implies a higher artistic or intellectual quality.

Finally, avoid using ایجاز for physical objects. You cannot describe a "concise" pencil or a "concise" road. It is strictly for abstract communication: speech, writing, thoughts, and signs. Using it for physical length is a direct translation error from English "short" or "brief" which can sometimes apply to objects in poetic English but never in Persian.

Persian is a language rich in synonyms, but each carries a specific nuance. To master ایجاز, you must know how it differs from its close relatives like اختصار, خلاصه, and کوتاهی.

ایجاز (Ijaz) vs. اختصار (Ekhtesar)
ایجاز is often used for rhetorical beauty and efficiency of meaning. اختصار is more about the mechanical act of shortening something or using abbreviations. You use اختصار for acronyms (like UN for United Nations), but you use ایجاز for a poem that captures the meaning of life in two lines.
ایجاز (Ijaz) vs. خلاصه (Kholase)
خلاصه means 'summary' or 'abstract'. It refers to a shortened version of a longer text. ایجاز is a quality of the writing itself. A summary might lack ایجاز if it is still wordy for its size. ایجاز is the internal density of the prose.
ایجاز (Ijaz) vs. کوتاهی (Kootahi)
کوتاهی simply means 'shortness'. It is a neutral, common word. It can be used for physical height or time. ایجاز is an intellectual and literary term. You would never say a person's height has ایجاز.

تفاوت ایجاز و اختصار در ظرافت‌های ادبی نهفته است.

Translation: The difference between conciseness and abbreviation lies in literary subtleties.

In some contexts, you might use تلخیص (talkhis), which means 'summarization' or 'condensation'. This is a verb-based noun. While ایجاز is a state or quality, تلخیص is the process of making something concise. If a professor asks you to condense a chapter, they are asking for تلخیص, but they hope the result has ایجاز.

او داستان را با ایجاز تمام تعریف کرد.

Translation: He narrated the story with complete conciseness.

Finally, the adjective form موجز is a vital alternative. Instead of saying "The speech had conciseness," you can say "The speech was concise" (سخنرانی موجز بود). This is often more natural in descriptive sentences. Mastering these variations allows you to navigate the spectrum of Persian formality with ease.

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レベル別の例文

1

این داستان خیلی کوتاه است.

This story is very short.

A1 level uses 'kootah' instead of 'ijaz'.

2

او کم حرف می‌زند.

He speaks little.

Focuses on the concept of brevity.

3

نامه باید کوتاه باشد.

The letter must be short.

Using 'kootah' for requirements.

4

من یک خلاصه نوشتم.

I wrote a summary.

Introducing 'kholase' as a precursor to 'ijaz'.

5

لطفاً زود بگو.

Please say it quickly/briefly.

Using 'zood' to imply brevity in time.

6

این جمله خوب است.

This sentence is good.

Simplicity is the first step to 'ijaz'.

7

کتاب کوچک است.

The book is small.

Using 'koochak' for physical size.

8

حرف نزن.

Don't talk.

The extreme form of brevity.

1

او همیشه خلاصه حرف می‌زند.

He always speaks in summary.

Using 'kholase' as an adverbial phrase.

2

این خبر خیلی مختصر بود.

This news was very brief.

'Mokhtasar' is a common A2/B1 synonym.

3

من فقط نکته‌های مهم را گفتم.

I only said the important points.

The concept of distilling information.

4

او نویسنده خوبی است چون کم‌گو است.

He is a good writer because he is concise (speaks little).

'Kam-goo' is a compound adjective.

5

لطفاً توضیحات را کوتاه کنید.

Please shorten the explanations.

Verb 'kootah kardan'.

6

در این کتاب، ایجاز رعایت شده است.

In this book, conciseness has been observed.

First introduction to 'ijaz' in a passive structure.

7

من ایجاز را دوست دارم.

I like conciseness.

Simple subject-object-verb with 'ijaz'.

8

او به اختصار توضیح داد.

He explained briefly.

'Be ekhtesar' is a very common phrase.

1

ایجاز یکی از ویژگی‌های شعر فارسی است.

Conciseness is one of the features of Persian poetry.

'Ijaz' as a subject in a descriptive sentence.

2

برای نوشتن یک مقاله خوب، باید ایجاز داشته باشید.

To write a good article, you must have conciseness.

Using 'dashtan' (to have) with 'ijaz'.

3

سخنران با ایجاز به موضوع اصلی پرداخت.

The speaker addressed the main topic with conciseness.

'Ba ijaz' used as an adverbial phrase.

4

این متن به دلیل ایجاز، کمی دشوار است.

This text is a bit difficult due to conciseness.

Using 'be dalil-e' (due to) with 'ijaz'.

5

او سعی کرد با ایجاز تمام، پیامش را برساند.

He tried to convey his message with total conciseness.

'Ijaz-e tamam' means 'complete conciseness'.

6

ایجاز در پیامک‌های اداری ضروری است.

Conciseness is necessary in administrative text messages.

Applying 'ijaz' to modern technology.

7

رعایت ایجاز باعث زیبایی کلام می‌شود.

Observing conciseness causes the beauty of speech.

'Ba'es-e' (causes) structure.

8

او در بیان مطالب، ایجاز را ترجیح می‌دهد.

He prefers conciseness in expressing matters.

'Tarjih dadan' (to prefer) with 'ijaz'.

1

نویسنده در این فصل، ایجاز را بر اطناب ترجیح داده است.

The author has preferred conciseness over verbosity in this chapter.

Contrast between 'ijaz' and 'itnab'.

2

ایجاز مخل می‌تواند معنای جمله را تغییر دهد.

Disruptive conciseness can change the meaning of the sentence.

Introduction of the technical term 'Ijaz-e Mokhel'.

3

در گزارش‌های علمی، ایجاز و دقت حرف اول را می‌زنند.

In scientific reports, conciseness and precision are paramount.

Idiom 'harf-e avval ra zadan' (to be most important).

4

او با رعایت ایجاز، توانست در وقت صرفه‌جویی کند.

By observing conciseness, he was able to save time.

Gerund-like structure 'ba رعایت'.

5

اشعار سعدی نمونه بارز ایجاز در زبان فارسی است.

Saadi's poems are a clear example of conciseness in the Persian language.

'Nemune-ye barez' (clear example) construction.

6

ایجاز نباید به قیمت از دست رفتن وضوح باشد.

Conciseness should not be at the cost of losing clarity.

'Be gheymat-e' (at the cost of) structure.

7

او به ایجاز گرایش دارد و از زیاده‌گویی بیزار است.

He has a tendency toward conciseness and loathes verbosity.

'Gerayesh dashtan' (to have a tendency).

8

ایجاز شگفت‌انگیز این متن، خواننده را به فکر وامی‌دارد.

The wonderful conciseness of this text compels the reader to think.

'Va-dashtan' (to compel/make someone do something).

1

ایجاز قصر، هنری است که در آن معنای وسیع در واژگان اندک گنجانده می‌شود.

Brevity of essence is an art in which vast meaning is contained in few words.

Technical rhetorical term 'Ijaz-e Ghasr'.

2

منتقد ادبی، ایجاز حذف را در این غزل ستوده است.

The literary critic has praised the brevity by omission in this sonnet.

Technical term 'Ijaz-e Hazf'.

3

بلاغت بدون رعایت ایجاز، ناقص و بی‌پایه است.

Eloquence without observing conciseness is incomplete and baseless.

Using 'belaghat' (eloquence) as a context.

4

در متون حقوقی، ایجاز برای جلوگیری از تفاسیر متعدد الزامی است.

In legal texts, conciseness is mandatory to prevent multiple interpretations.

Formal word 'elzami' (mandatory).

5

او در سخنرانی‌اش میان ایجاز مقبول و اطناب ممل تعادل برقرار کرد.

In his speech, he established a balance between acceptable conciseness and boring verbosity.

Advanced contrast with 'Itnab-e Momall'.

6

ایجاز نه تنها یک سبک نگارشی، بلکه یک فضیلت اخلاقی در کلام است.

Conciseness is not only a writing style but also a moral virtue in speech.

'Na tanha... balke' (not only... but also) structure.

7

تسلط بر ایجاز، مستلزم درک عمیق از ساختار زبان است.

Mastery of conciseness requires a deep understanding of language structure.

'Mostalzem-e' (requires/entails).

8

ایجاز در کلمات قصار، بیشترین تاثیر را بر مخاطب می‌گذارد.

Conciseness in aphorisms has the greatest impact on the audience.

'Kalemat-e ghasar' (aphorisms/short wise sayings).

1

نظریه‌پردازان کلاسیک، ایجاز را غایت قصوای فصاحت می‌دانند.

Classical theorists consider conciseness to be the ultimate goal of eloquence.

Very formal phrase 'ghayat-e ghosva' (ultimate goal).

2

در این رساله، به بررسی تطبیقی ایجاز در سبک خراسانی و عراقی پرداخته شده است.

In this treatise, a comparative study of conciseness in Khorasani and Iraqi styles has been undertaken.

Academic passive 'pardakhte shode ast'.

3

ایجاز اعجازگونه وحی، مبنای بسیاری از پژوهش‌های زبان‌شناختی قرار گرفته است.

The miracle-like conciseness of revelation has been the basis of many linguistic researches.

Adjective 'ejaz-goone' (miracle-like).

4

او با بهره‌گیری از ایجاز، لایه‌های پنهان معنا را در متن متجلی ساخت.

By utilizing conciseness, he manifested the hidden layers of meaning in the text.

'Bahre-giri' (utilizing) and 'motajalli sakhtan' (to manifest).

5

ایجاز مخل، آفتی است که دامن‌گیر بسیاری از نویسندگان تازه‌کار می‌شود.

Disruptive conciseness is a blight that affects many novice writers.

Metaphorical use of 'afat' (blight) and 'damangir' (affecting).

6

در دیالوگ‌های این نمایشنامه، ایجاز به خدمت درام درآمده است.

In the dialogues of this play, conciseness has been put to the service of the drama.

'Be khedmat-e ... dar-amadan' (to be put to the service of).

7

ایجاز در فلسفه ویتگنشتاین، بازتابی از محدودیت‌های زبان است.

Conciseness in Wittgenstein's philosophy is a reflection of the limits of language.

Philosophical context.

8

او معتقد است که ایجاز، والاترین شکل احترام به وقت مخاطب است.

He believes that conciseness is the highest form of respect for the audience's time.

Superlative 'valatarin' (highest/most sublime).

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