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به طور مثال

B1 noun 11分で読める

به طور مثال

For example; for instance.

be tor-e mesal

At the A1 level, learners are just beginning to connect basic ideas. While 'be tor-e mesāl' might be a bit long for a total beginner, it is introduced as a fixed phrase meaning 'for example.' At this stage, you don't need to worry about the complex grammar of why it's structured this way. Just remember it as a single block of sound that you use when you want to name something specific after a general category. For example, if you say 'I like colors,' and then you want to say 'red,' you can put this phrase in the middle. It helps you expand your sentences and move away from just saying one word at a time. It is a very helpful tool for making your Persian sound more organized, even if you only know a few hundred words. Teachers often introduce this along with 'masalan' but encourage 'be tor-e mesāl' for better classroom manners.

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By the A2 level, you are expected to use basic connectors to link sentences. 'Be tor-e mesāl' becomes a key part of your 'toolkit' for describing your life, your hobbies, and your environment. You should start noticing that this phrase is made of three parts and pay attention to the 'e' sound (the Ezafe) that links 'tor' and 'mesāl.' At this level, you might use it to explain your daily routine or your preferences. For instance, 'I like to travel; for example, I went to Isfahan last year.' This shows you can provide evidence for your statements. You should also start to distinguish between using this phrase in writing and using 'masalan' in very casual speech. It's about starting to understand that different situations require different words.

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At the B1 level, this phrase is a 'must-know.' B1 is the 'Intermediate' level where you are expected to maintain a conversation and write coherent texts on familiar topics. 'Be tor-e mesāl' is essential for the 'logical coherence' part of your language assessment. You should be able to use it not just at the start of a sentence, but also as an interruption within a sentence (e.g., 'Many people, for example my friends, think...'). You are also expected to use it with correct pronunciation, ensuring the Ezafe is clear. At this stage, you are learning to provide more detailed explanations and arguments, and 'be tor-e mesāl' is the primary way to introduce the 'proof' for your arguments. You should also be able to recognize it in news articles and formal emails.

At the B2 level, you should have a high degree of control over 'be tor-e mesāl' and start comparing it with more advanced alternatives like 'az jomleh' (including) or 'be onvān-e nemune' (as a sample). You understand the subtle difference in register and tone. You use 'be tor-e mesāl' to structure complex arguments in essays or debates. You also understand its role in Persian rhetorical style—how it creates a pause and prepares the listener for a clarification. At this level, you don't make mistakes with the Ezafe or the spelling of 'mesāl.' You can also use the phrase to introduce hypothetical examples in 'if' clauses, showing a sophisticated grasp of both logic and grammar. Your use of the phrase sounds natural and well-timed.

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At the C1 level, 'be tor-e mesāl' is used with complete fluidity. You use it in highly academic or professional contexts to clarify complex theories or legal points. You might also use it ironically or for emphasis in a sophisticated conversation. You are fully aware of the historical and etymological background of the components 'tor' and 'mesāl.' You can switch between this phrase and its more literary synonyms effortlessly to avoid repetition in long texts. Your writing uses 'be tor-e mesāl' to create a clear hierarchy of ideas, moving from the general to the specific with precision. You also recognize how different writers might use this phrase to establish a specific 'voice' in their literature.

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At the C2 level, you have mastered the 'art' of exemplification in Persian. You use 'be tor-e mesāl' sparingly and perfectly, knowing exactly when a simpler 'mesl-e' or a more complex 'az qabil-e' is required. You can analyze the use of this phrase in classical and modern Persian prose, understanding how it contributes to the 'flow' (ravāni) of a text. You might even use it in creative writing to mimic a certain academic or formal persona. Your command is so high that you can use the phrase in complex, multi-clause sentences without losing the listener. You are also capable of explaining the nuances of this phrase to lower-level learners, including its phonetic properties and its role in the evolution of the Persian language.

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練習する例文メモとヒント

به طور مثال 30秒で

Used to introduce examples in a formal or semi-formal context.
Equivalent to 'for example' or 'for instance' in English.
Consists of 'be' (to), 'tor' (manner), and 'mesāl' (example).
Essential for B1 level proficiency and logical sentence structuring.

The Persian phrase به طور مثال (be tor-e mesāl) is a fundamental transitional marker used to introduce an instance or illustration that clarifies a preceding statement. At its core, it is the equivalent of the English 'for example' or 'for instance.' While Persian learners often encounter the shorter word مثلاً (masalan) very early in their studies, به طور مثال represents a step upward into the B1 (Intermediate) level of proficiency. It is slightly more formal, more structured, and frequently used in written Persian, educational contexts, and polite conversation. The phrase is constructed from three distinct components: the preposition به (be) meaning 'to' or 'in,' the noun طور (tor) meaning 'manner' or 'way,' and the noun مثال (mesāl) meaning 'example.' These are linked by the Ezafe (the short 'e' sound), creating a literal meaning of 'in the manner of an example.'

Semantic Range: This phrase is used to narrow down a general category to a specific item. For instance, if you are discussing 'fruits,' you use this phrase to specify 'apples.' It provides cognitive scaffolding for the listener, signaling that the speaker is about to provide evidence or a concrete visualization of an abstract concept.

ورزش برای سلامتی مفید است؛ به طور مثال، شنا باعث تقویت قلب می‌شود.

Translation: Exercise is good for health; for example, swimming strengthens the heart.

In the landscape of Persian linguistics, the choice between مثلاً and به طور مثال often signals the speaker's intended register. While مثلاً can sound casual or even used as a filler word (similar to 'like' in English), به طور مثال commands more attention and suggests a logical progression of thought. It is the preferred choice for lecturers, journalists, and professionals. It is also highly versatile in its placement; it can appear at the beginning of a sentence to introduce a new thought, or in the middle of a sentence to elaborate on a specific noun. Understanding this phrase is crucial for anyone looking to pass the B1 CEFR level because it demonstrates the ability to link ideas coherently beyond simple conjunctions like 'and' or 'but.'

Register Variation: In very formal or academic writing, you might also see 'به عنوان مثال' (be onvān-e mesāl), which means 'as an example.' However, 'به طور مثال' remains the most balanced option for general intermediate to advanced communication.

ایران جاهای دیدنی زیادی دارد، به طور مثال اصفهان و شیراز.

Translation: Iran has many places to see, for example, Isfahan and Shiraz.

Furthermore, the word 'mesāl' itself has deep roots in Persian literature and philosophy. It refers to an 'ideal' or a 'representation.' By using به طور مثال, you aren't just providing a random fact; you are providing a 'mesāl'—a representative instance that stands for the whole category. This nuance helps learners appreciate the depth of Persian vocabulary, where even a simple transition phrase carries historical and philosophical weight. In modern usage, it serves as a bridge between abstract theory and concrete reality, making it indispensable for academic discussions, business presentations, and complex storytelling.

Using به طور مثال correctly involves understanding its syntactic role as an adverbial phrase. It functions as a parenthetical element, meaning it can often be removed without destroying the grammatical integrity of the sentence, though the meaning would lose its specificity. In Persian grammar, word order is relatively flexible, but به طور مثال typically follows a specific pattern to ensure clarity. Most commonly, it follows the general statement and precedes the specific example. It acts like a colon (:) in English, pointing forward to the details that follow.

Pattern 1: Sentence Initial: When starting a new sentence to provide an example for the previous one. Example: 'Many people like spicy food. For example, my brother puts pepper on everything.'

به طور مثال، شما می‌توانید از این کتاب برای یادگیری استفاده کنید.

Translation: For example, you can use this book for learning.

The second common pattern is the 'Mid-Sentence Interruption.' This occurs when the speaker wants to provide an example for a specific noun phrase within the sentence. In this case, the phrase is often set off by commas or a slight pause in speech. This is particularly effective in descriptive writing. For instance, 'Fruits, for example apples and oranges, are full of vitamins.' In Persian, this would be: 'میوه‌ها، به طور مثال سیب و پرتقال، سرشار از ویتامین هستند.' Notice how the phrase sits comfortably between the subject and the rest of the predicate.

Pattern 2: Mid-Sentence: Used to clarify a specific noun or concept mentioned immediately before. This requires careful use of the Ezafe and pauses.

تکنولوژی‌های جدید، به طور مثال هوش مصنوعی، دنیا را تغییر داده‌اند.

Translation: New technologies, for example artificial intelligence, have changed the world.

A third, more advanced usage involves using the phrase to introduce a hypothetical scenario. This is common in debates or legal contexts. Here, 'به طور مثال' isn't just pointing to a fact, but inviting the listener to imagine a situation. 'For example, if we assume that...' translates to 'به طور مثال، اگر فرض کنیم که...'. This demonstrates the phrase's utility in logical argumentation. Learners should also be aware that in spoken Persian, the 'e' in 'tor-e' might be shortened or blended, but in formal speech, it should be clearly articulated to maintain the professional tone of the phrase.

Grammatical Tip: Ensure that the noun following 'به طور مثال' matches the context of the general category mentioned before. If you mention 'cities,' the example should be a city like 'Tehran' or 'Shiraz.'

بسیاری از کشورها، به طور مثال آلمان، در صنعت پیشرفته هستند.

Translation: Many countries, for example Germany, are advanced in industry.

Mastering these patterns allows a B1 learner to transition from simple, choppy sentences to more fluid, sophisticated prose. It shows that the speaker can organize their thoughts and provide evidence for their claims, which is a key requirement for intermediate-level language certification exams like the AMFA or other Persian proficiency tests.

If you are watching the evening news on IRIB (Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting) or BBC Persian, you will hear به طور مثال frequently. It is the 'bread and butter' of journalistic reporting. Journalists use it to flesh out statistics or policy changes. For instance, a reporter might say, 'The government is implementing new environmental laws; for example, they are banning plastic bags.' In this context, the phrase provides the necessary detail to make a news story relatable to the public. It sounds authoritative and objective.

Academic Contexts: In university lectures (dars), professors use this phrase constantly. Whether they are teaching Persian literature, engineering, or sociology, 'به طور مثال' serves as the bridge between theory and practice. It is the signal for students to start taking notes on specific cases.

در ادبیات فارسی، به طور مثال در اشعار حافظ، عشق جایگاه ویژه‌ای دارد.

Translation: In Persian literature, for example in the poems of Hafez, love has a special place.

Another common place to encounter this phrase is in formal business meetings or 'jalaseh.' When a manager is outlining a new strategy, they will use به طور مثال to illustrate how that strategy will work in real-world scenarios. It helps in persuasion. If you are negotiating a contract in Iran or with Persian-speaking partners, using this phrase instead of the more casual مثلاً will instantly elevate your professional standing. It shows you have a command of 'Ketābi' (book-ish or formal) Persian, which is highly respected in business circles.

Legal and Administrative: In official documents, contracts, and laws, this phrase is used to define the scope of a rule. It clarifies what is included under a certain regulation.

قوانین راهنمایی و رانندگی، به طور مثال بستن کمربند ایمنی، الزامی است.

Translation: Traffic laws, for example wearing a seatbelt, are mandatory.

Finally, you will find this phrase in documentaries and educational YouTube channels. It is a staple of 'explanatory' Persian. If you are learning Persian through media, pay attention to how the speaker's tone changes when they say this phrase—it usually becomes more deliberate and instructional. By mimicking this usage, you can sound more like a native speaker who is well-educated and articulate.

One of the most frequent mistakes learners make with به طور مثال is confusing it with its more casual cousin, مثلاً (masalan). While they are synonymous, using به طور مثال in a very informal setting—like chatting with a close friend about what to eat for lunch—can sound slightly stiff or 'over-corrected.' Conversely, using مثلاً in a formal essay or a professional speech can make the content seem less rigorous. The key is to match the phrase to the environment.

The Ezafe Error: A common grammatical slip is forgetting the Ezafe (the linking 'e' sound) between 'tor' and 'mesāl.' Some learners say 'be tor mesāl' instead of 'be tor-e mesāl.' Without that tiny 'e' sound, the phrase becomes ungrammatical and sounds broken to a native ear.

غلط: او میوه‌ها را دوست دارد، به طور مثال سیب.
درست: او میوه‌ها را دوست دارد، به طور مثال سیب.

Correction: Ensure the 'e' sound is audible in speech and understood in writing.

Another mistake involves the placement of the phrase. In English, we can say 'I like cities like London, for example.' In Persian, putting به طور مثال at the very end of a sentence after the example is quite rare and often sounds like an afterthought or a mistake. It should almost always come *before* the example. For instance, 'من شهرها را دوست دارم، به طور مثال لندن' is correct, whereas 'من شهرها را دوست دارم، لندن به طور مثال' is awkward and should be avoided.

Spelling Confusion: Learners sometimes confuse the 's' sound in 'mesāl.' It is spelled with the letter 'Se' (ث), not 'Sin' (س) or 'Sad' (ص). Writing 'مثال' correctly is a hallmark of a student who has studied their vocabulary lists carefully.

غلط: به طور مسال (Wrong 's')
درست: به طور مثال (Correct 's')

Lastly, some learners try to pluralize 'mesāl' into 'amsāl' when using this phrase, thinking that if they have multiple examples, the word should be plural. However, به طور مثال is a fixed idiomatic phrase. Even if you are listing ten different examples, the phrase remains singular: به طور مثال. Pluralizing it to 'be tor-e amsāl' is incorrect in this context and would confuse a native speaker.

Persian is a language rich with synonyms, and 'for example' is no exception. Depending on the level of formality and the specific nuance you want to convey, you might choose a different phrase. The most common alternative is مثلاً (masalan). This is an Arabic-derived adverb (using the 'tanvin' ending). It is incredibly common in spoken Persian and acts as a direct synonym. However, as mentioned before, it is less formal than به طور مثال and is often used as a filler word in casual speech.

Alternative 1: برای مثال (barāye mesāl): This is almost identical in meaning and formality to 'به طور مثال.' The choice between 'به طور' (in the manner of) and 'برای' (for) is largely stylistic. You can use them interchangeably in most B1/B2 level writing.

او به ورزش علاقه دارد؛ برای مثال هر روز می‌دود.

Translation: He is interested in sports; for example, he runs every day.

For a more literary or academic tone, you might use به عنوان نمونه (be onvān-e nemune), which literally means 'as a sample' or 'as an example.' The word nemune implies a specimen or a physical sample, making it perfect for scientific or technical contexts. Another sophisticated option is از جمله (az jomleh), which means 'including' or 'among which.' This is used when the example is part of a larger group that you've just mentioned. For example: 'Many fruits, az jomleh apples, are sweet.'

Alternative 2: از قبیل (az qabil): This means 'such as.' It is very common in formal lists. It feels more 'classical' and is often found in older literature or very formal modern prose.

Alternative 3: مانند (mānand) / مثل (mesl-e): These mean 'like.' They are used for direct comparisons rather than introducing a separate clause of explanation. 'Fruits like apples' = 'میوه‌هایی مثل سیب'.

او زبان‌های زیادی می‌داند، از جمله فارسی و آلمانی.

Translation: He knows many languages, including Persian and German.

Choosing the right synonym involves assessing your audience. If you are writing a PhD thesis, use 'به عنوان نمونه' or 'از جمله.' If you are telling a story to a child, use 'مثلاً' or 'مثلِ.' If you are in a professional environment or a B1 language class, 'به طور مثال' is your safest and most effective bet. It demonstrates that you have moved beyond basic vocabulary and are capable of nuance and precision in your Persian communication.

How Formal Is It?

フォーマル

"به طور مثال، سیاست‌های پولی جدید بر تورم تأثیرگذار است."

ニュートラル

"من ورزش می‌کنم، به طور مثال پیاده‌روی."

カジュアル

"مثلاً فکر کن بارون بیاد. (Note: masalan is preferred here)"

Child friendly

"حیوانات جنگل زیاد هستند، به طور مثال شیر و ببر."

スラング

"مثلاً که چی؟ (Note: used rhetorically, not as 'for example')"

豆知識

The word 'mesāl' (mithāl) in Islamic philosophy refers to the 'World of Images' (Alam al-Mithal), a realm between the physical and the purely spiritual. So, when you give an 'example,' you are technically bringing an idea into a more 'image-like' form.

発音ガイド

UK /be tɔːr-e meˈsɒːl/

US /beɪ tɔːr-eɪ meɪˈsɑːl/

The primary stress is on the final syllable of the phrase: me-SĀL.

韻が合う語

نهال (nahāl - sapling) کمال (kamāl - perfection) جمال (jamāl - beauty) شمال (shomāl - north) خیال (khiyāl - imagination) سوال (so'āl - question) محال (mahāl - impossible) غزال (ghazāl - gazelle)

よくある間違い

Pronouncing 'mesāl' with a 's' sound instead of 'th' (though in modern Persian, 'th' is pronounced as 's').
Omitting the Ezafe between 'tor' and 'mesāl'.
Pronouncing 'tor' like 'tour' (English) instead of a pure 'o' sound.
Putting stress on 'be' or 'tor' instead of 'mesāl'.
Mumbling the 'be' so it sounds like 'ba'.

難易度

読解 2/5

Easy to recognize in text due to its distinct three-word structure.

ライティング 3/5

Requires remembering the correct spelling of 'mesāl' and the Ezafe.

スピーキング 3/5

Needs to be used in the right register to sound natural.

リスニング 2/5

Clear and distinct pronunciation in formal media.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

به (be) طور (tor) مثال (mesāl) مثلاً (masalan) مثل (mesl)

次に学ぶ

از جمله (az jomleh) به عنوان نمونه (be onvān-e nemune) عبارتند از (ebāratand az) به عبارت دیگر (be ebārat-e digar)

上級

تمثیل (tamsil) استعاره (este'āre) کنایه (kenāye) ایجاز (ijāz) اطناب (etnāb)

知っておくべき文法

The Ezafe Construction

طورِ مثال (tor-e mesāl) uses the Ezafe to connect manner and example.

Adverbial Phrases with 'be'

به طور کلی (generally), به طور مستقیم (directly).

Tanvin Adverbs

مثلاً (masalan) is an alternative using the Arabic tanvin.

Parenthetical Clauses

Using commas to set off 'be tor-e mesāl' in the middle of a sentence.

Prepositional Phrases

'be' acts as a preposition introducing the manner.

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レベル別の例文

من میوه دوست دارم، به طور مثال سیب.

I like fruit, for example apples.

Simple usage after a comma.

او ورزش می‌کند، به طور مثال فوتبال.

He does sports, for example soccer.

Connecting a category to a specific item.

ما رنگ‌ها را می‌شناسیم، به طور مثال قرمز.

We know colors, for example red.

Used to list one item.

در خانه حیوان داریم، به طور مثال گربه.

We have animals at home, for example a cat.

Introducing a specific noun.

او غذا می‌پزد، به طور مثال برنج.

She cooks food, for example rice.

Clarifying a general verb phrase.

من کتاب می‌خوانم، به طور مثال رمان.

I read books, for example novels.

Specific genre as an example.

تهران جاهای دیدنی دارد، به طور مثال بازار.

Tehran has places to see, for example the bazaar.

Location-based example.

او زبان بلد است، به طور مثال انگلیسی.

He knows languages, for example English.

Skill-based example.

بسیاری از مردم به سفر علاقه دارند؛ به طور مثال، برادرم به شمال رفت.

Many people like traveling; for example, my brother went to the north.

Starting a new clause after a semicolon.

در این رستوران غذاهای متنوعی هست، به طور مثال کباب و جوجه.

In this restaurant, there are various foods, for example kebab and chicken.

Listing multiple examples.

او به موسیقی گوش می‌دهد، به طور مثال موسیقی سنتی.

He listens to music, for example traditional music.

Specifying a genre.

من در اوقات فراغت کار می‌کنم، به طور مثال نقاشی.

I work in my free time, for example painting.

Clarifying a vague time period activity.

فصل‌ها زیبا هستند، به طور مثال پاییز با برگ‌های رنگی.

The seasons are beautiful, for example autumn with colorful leaves.

Adding descriptive detail to the example.

ما در مدرسه درس‌های زیادی داریم، به طور مثال ریاضی.

We have many lessons at school, for example math.

Academic context.

او دوستان زیادی دارد، به طور مثال علی و مریم.

She has many friends, for example Ali and Maryam.

Naming specific people.

ایران شهرهای بزرگی دارد، به طور مثال اصفهان.

Iran has big cities, for example Isfahan.

Geographical example.

تکنولوژی زندگی را آسان کرده است؛ به طور مثال، خرید آنلاین در وقت صرفه‌جویی می‌کند.

Technology has made life easy; for example, online shopping saves time.

Explaining a logical benefit.

برخی از گیاهان دارویی هستند، به طور مثال بابونه برای آرامش مفید است.

Some plants are medicinal; for example, chamomile is useful for relaxation.

Providing a functional example.

یادگیری زبان جدید چالش‌برانگیز است، به طور مثال یادگیری گرامر زمان می‌برد.

Learning a new language is challenging, for example learning grammar takes time.

Abstract concept clarification.

ورزش‌های گروهی، به طور مثال والیبال، روحیه همکاری را تقویت می‌کنند.

Team sports, for example volleyball, strengthen the spirit of cooperation.

Mid-sentence parenthetical usage.

در این موزه اشیای تاریخی وجود دارد، به طور مثال سکه‌های قدیمی.

In this museum, there are historical objects, for example old coins.

Museum/Formal context.

بسیاری از نویسندگان، به طور مثال صادق هدایت، سبک خاصی دارند.

Many writers, for example Sadegh Hedayat, have a specific style.

Literary reference.

آلودگی هوا دلایل مختلفی دارد، به طور مثال دود ماشین‌ها.

Air pollution has various causes, for example car smoke.

Cause and effect explanation.

او به هنرهای دستی علاقه دارد، به طور مثال قالی‌بافی.

She is interested in handicrafts, for example carpet weaving.

Cultural activity example.

تغییرات اقلیمی پیامدهای جدی دارد؛ به طور مثال، ذوب شدن یخ‌های قطبی سطح دریا را بالا می‌برد.

Climate change has serious consequences; for example, the melting of polar ice raises sea levels.

Scientific argumentation.

ساختار اقتصادی برخی کشورها، به طور مثال نروژ، بر پایه منابع طبیعی است.

The economic structure of some countries, for example Norway, is based on natural resources.

Economic/Formal discussion.

در روانشناسی، به طور مثال در نظریات فروید، ناخودآگاه اهمیت زیادی دارد.

In psychology, for example in Freud's theories, the unconscious is very important.

Academic citation style.

بحران‌های اجتماعی می‌توانند منجر به مهاجرت شوند، به طور مثال جنگ‌های داخلی.

Social crises can lead to migration, for example civil wars.

Sociological context.

هنر مدرن تعاریف متعددی دارد، به طور مثال انتزاع‌گرایی یکی از شاخه‌های آن است.

Modern art has multiple definitions, for example abstractionism is one of its branches.

Artistic theory.

سیستم‌های آموزشی باید منعطف باشند؛ به طور مثال، باید به تفاوت‌های فردی دانش‌آموزان توجه کنند.

Educational systems must be flexible; for example, they must pay attention to students' individual differences.

Policy discussion.

زبان‌های هندواروپایی شباهت‌های ساختاری دارند، به طور مثال در ریشه افعال.

Indo-European languages have structural similarities, for example in verb roots.

Linguistic analysis.

مدیریت زمان مهارت مهمی است، به طور مثال اولویت‌بندی کارها به کارایی کمک می‌کند.

Time management is an important skill, for example prioritizing tasks helps efficiency.

Professional development.

تحولات سیاسی قرن بیستم، به طور مثال فروپاشی اتحاد جماهیر شوروی، نقشه جهان را تغییر داد.

The political transformations of the 20th century, for example the collapse of the Soviet Union, changed the world map.

High-level historical analysis.

فلسفه اگزیستانسیالیسم به آزادی فردی تاکید دارد؛ به طور مثال، سارتر معتقد بود انسان محکوم به آزادی است.

Existentialist philosophy emphasizes individual freedom; for example, Sartre believed man is condemned to be free.

Philosophical citation.

پیشرفت‌های بیوتکنولوژی، به طور مثال مهندسی ژنتیک، سوالات اخلاقی پیچیده‌ای را برانگیخته است.

Advances in biotechnology, for example genetic engineering, have raised complex ethical questions.

Scientific/Ethical debate.

در معماری سنتی ایران، به طور مثال در طراحی بادگیرها، تطابق با اقلیم مشهود است.

In traditional Iranian architecture, for example in the design of windcatchers, adaptation to the climate is evident.

Technical architectural description.

نوسانات بازار بورس تحت تاثیر عوامل روانی است، به طور مثال هراس جمعی می‌تواند منجر به سقوط قیمت‌ها شود.

Stock market fluctuations are influenced by psychological factors, for example mass panic can lead to a price crash.

Financial analysis.

زبان به عنوان یک موجود زنده در حال تغییر است، به طور مثال ورود واژگان بیگانه به ساختار آن.

Language as a living entity is changing, for example the entry of foreign words into its structure.

Advanced linguistic theory.

عدالت اجتماعی مستلزم توزیع عادلانه منابع است، به طور مثال دسترسی همگانی به آموزش و بهداشت.

Social justice requires the fair distribution of resources, for example universal access to education and health.

Political theory.

ادبیات پسااستعماری به بازخوانی تاریخ می‌پردازد، به طور مثال در آثار ادوارد سعید.

Post-colonial literature deals with the rereading of history, for example in the works of Edward Said.

Literary criticism.

پیچیدگی‌های ساختارشناختی مغز، به طور مثال در فرآیند شکل‌گیری حافظه بلندمدت، هنوز کاملاً شناخته شده نیست.

The cognitive structural complexities of the brain, for example in the process of long-term memory formation, are not yet fully understood.

Neuroscientific discourse.

پارادایم‌های حاکم بر علوم انسانی، به طور مثال پسا‌ساختارگرایی، مبانی معرفت‌شناختی سنتی را به چالش کشیده‌اند.

The paradigms governing the humanities, for example post-structuralism, have challenged traditional epistemological foundations.

Epistemological analysis.

تأثیر متقابل فرهنگ و زبان در ترجمه متون کلاسیک، به طور مثال در ترجمه شاهنامه به زبان‌های اروپایی، چالش‌برانگیز است.

The mutual influence of culture and language in the translation of classical texts, for example in the translation of the Shahnameh into European languages, is challenging.

Translation studies.

پویایی قدرت در جوامع مدرن، به طور مثال از دیدگاه میشل فوکو، در لایه‌های پنهان نهادها نهفته است.

The dynamics of power in modern societies, for example from Michel Foucault's perspective, lies in the hidden layers of institutions.

Sociopolitical philosophy.

توسعه پایدار نیازمند بازنگری در الگوهای مصرف است؛ به طور مثال، کاهش ردپای کربن باید در اولویت قرار گیرد.

Sustainable development requires a review of consumption patterns; for example, reducing the carbon footprint must be prioritized.

Environmental policy.

تجلی عرفان در هنر اسلامی، به طور مثال در هندسه نقوش اسلیمی، نمادی از وحدت در کثرت است.

The manifestation of mysticism in Islamic art, for example in the geometry of Arabesque patterns, is a symbol of unity in multiplicity.

Art history and mysticism.

تغییر در ساختار خانواده در جوامع در حال گذار، به طور مثال افزایش سن ازدواج، پیامدهای دموگرافیک گسترده‌ای دارد.

The change in family structure in transitioning societies, for example the increase in marriage age, has wide demographic consequences.

Demographic analysis.

رویکردهای هرمنوتیکی در تفسیر متون دینی، به طور مثال در آرای مجتهدان معاصر، باب‌های جدیدی را گشوده است.

Hermeneutic approaches in the interpretation of religious texts, for example in the views of contemporary mujtahids, have opened new doors.

Theological hermeneutics.

よく使う組み合わせ

به طور مثال ذکر کردن

فقط به طور مثال

به طور مثال آوردن

به طور مثال در مورد...

به طور مثال فرض کنید

به طور مثال می‌توان گفت

به طور مثال اشاره کردن

به طور مثال نشان دادن

به طور مثال بررسی کردن

به طور مثال انتخاب کردن

よく使うフレーズ

به طور مثال بگوییم

به طور مثال اگر

به طور مثال در اینجا

به طور مثال همین حالا

به طور مثال برای شما

به طور مثال در گذشته

به طور مثال در ایران

به طور مثال یک بار

به طور مثال در کتاب

به طور مثال برای همه

よく混同される語

به طور مثال vs مثلاً (masalan)

Masalan is more casual and often used as a filler. Be tor-e mesāl is more structural and formal.

به طور مثال vs مثلِ (mesl-e)

Mesl-e means 'like' and is used for direct comparison, whereas be tor-e mesāl introduces an instance of a category.

به طور مثال vs به طور کلی (be tor-e kolli)

This means 'in general,' which is the opposite function of giving a specific example.

慣用句と表現

"مشت نمونه خروار"

A handful is a sample of a donkey-load; meaning a small example represents the whole.

این رفتار او مشت نمونه خروار است.

Idiomatic

"مثال زدنی"

Exemplary or worth mentioning as an example.

صبر او در کل شهر مثال زدنی است.

Formal

"ضرب‌المثل"

A proverb (literally 'striking an example').

این یک ضرب‌المثل قدیمی است.

General

"مثلِ روز روشن"

Clear as day (an example of extreme clarity).

دروغ او مثل روز روشن است.

Informal

"مثلِ ریگ"

Like pebbles (meaning in great abundance).

او مثل ریگ پول خرج می‌کند.

Informal

"مثلِ برق"

Like lightning (meaning very fast).

او مثل برق رفت.

Informal

"مثلِ آب خوردن"

Like drinking water (meaning very easy).

این امتحان مثل آب خوردن بود.

Informal

"مثلِ ماهی از دست لیز خوردن"

To slip away like a fish (an example of being elusive).

فرصت مثل ماهی از دستم لیز خورد.

Idiomatic

"مثلِ آینه"

Like a mirror (meaning perfectly clear or honest).

قلب او مثل آینه است.

Poetic

"مثلِ کوه پشت کسی بودن"

To be behind someone like a mountain (an example of strong support).

پدرم مثل کوه پشتم است.

Idiomatic

間違えやすい

به طور مثال vs تمثیل

Both relate to examples.

Mesāl is a simple example; Tamsil is a more complex allegory or parable used in literature.

این داستان یک تمثیل اخلاقی است.

به طور مثال vs نمونه

Both mean 'example' or 'sample'.

Nemune often refers to a physical specimen or a sample of a product, while mesāl is more abstract.

این یک نمونه از پارچه است.

به طور مثال vs شبیه

Both involve similarity.

Shabih means 'similar to' (adjective), while be tor-e mesāl is an adverbial phrase introducing an example.

او شبیه برادرش است.

به طور مثال vs مانند

Both can introduce examples.

Mānand is a preposition meaning 'like,' while be tor-e mesāl is an adverbial phrase. Mānand is used within a phrase, be tor-e mesāl often links clauses.

شهرهایی مانند یزد گرم هستند.

به طور مثال vs نظیر

Both mean 'like' or 'instance'.

Nazir is very formal and often means 'unparalleled' (bi-nazir) or 'the likes of'.

او در هنرش بی‌نظیر است.

文型パターン

[Subject] [Verb], به طور مثال [Noun].

من چای می‌خورم، به طور مثال چای سبز.

[Sentence]. به طور مثال، [Sentence].

هوا سرد است. به طور مثال، امروز برف آمد.

[Noun]، به طور مثال [Noun]، [Verb].

میوه‌ها، به طور مثال سیب، شیرین هستند.

[Abstract Concept]؛ به طور مثال، [Specific Case].

اقتصاد ضعیف است؛ به طور مثال، قیمت‌ها بالا رفته است.

به طور مثال می‌توان به [Noun] اشاره کرد.

به طور مثال می‌توان به تمدن هخامنشی اشاره کرد.

از میان [Category]، به طور مثال [Specifics] را برمی‌گزینیم.

از میان رنگ‌ها، به طور مثال آبی را برمی‌گزینیم.

تجلی [Concept] را می‌توان به طور مثال در [Work/Object] دید.

تجلی عرفان را می‌توان به طور مثال در اشعار عطار دید.

با نگاهی به [Context]، به طور مثال [Instance]، درمی‌یابیم که...

با نگاهی به تاریخ، به طور مثال جنگ جهانی، درمی‌یابیم که...

語族

名詞

動詞

形容詞

使い方

frequency

Very high in written and formal spoken Persian.

よくある間違い

به طور مسال → به طور مثال
Using the wrong 's' (Sin instead of Se). This is a common spelling error for learners.
به طورِ مثلاً → به طور مثال
Mixing the adverb 'masalan' with the phrase 'be tor-e mesāl'. You must use the noun 'mesāl' here.
به طور مثال، سیب مثل... → به طور مثال، سیب...
Redundancy. Don't use 'mesl' (like) immediately after 'be tor-e mesāl' (for example).
به طور مثالِ... → به طور مثال، ...
Adding an Ezafe after 'mesāl' when it's not needed. The phrase should end, then the example follows.
به طور مثال در آخر جمله → به طور مثال در اول یا وسط جمله
Placing the phrase at the very end of the sentence like in some English constructions.

ヒント

The Linking Ezafe

Always remember the short 'e' sound between 'tor' and 'mesāl'. Without it, the phrase is incomplete and sounds like 'manner example' instead of 'in the manner of an example'.

Punctuation

In written Persian, use a comma before 'به طور مثال' if it's in the middle of a sentence, and a comma after it if it's at the beginning of a clause.

Formal Situations

Use 'به طور مثال' in job interviews, university presentations, and formal emails to sound more professional and educated than using 'مثلاً'.

Synonym Variety

To avoid repeating 'به طور مثال' in a long essay, try using 'از جمله' or 'برای مثال' to keep your writing engaging and varied.

Stress the End

The stress of the entire phrase should fall on the 'āl' part of 'mesāl'. This gives the phrase its proper rhythmic flow in Persian speech.

Broad Application

This phrase isn't just for nouns. You can use it to introduce whole sentences or hypothetical situations. Don't be afraid to use it for complex ideas.

Radio and News

Listen to Persian news reports; you will hear this phrase used to introduce statistics. It's a great way to hear its natural pacing and intonation.

The 'Tor' Connection

Remember 'Tor' as 'manner'. Many Persian adverbs start with 'be tor-e' (e.g., 'be tor-e koli' - in a general manner). This makes the pattern easier to learn.

Three Dots

The letter 'Se' (ث) in 'Mesāl' has three dots. Think of those three dots as representing the many examples you are about to give.

Signpost

Treat this phrase as a mental signpost. When you see it in a text, slow down; the information following it is usually there to help you understand the main point.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Think of 'Be Tor' as 'By the door' and 'Mesāl' as 'Missile'. Imagine 'By the door, a missile' is an example of a strange sight. Be-tor-e-mesāl!

視覚的連想

Imagine a big wooden signpost with the words 'Example Ahead' pointing to a basket of apples. The signpost is 'Be Tor-e Mesāl'.

Word Web

Example Illustration Instance Sample Clarification Logical Link Formal Speech Writing Transition

チャレンジ

Try to write three sentences about your favorite city, using 'be tor-e mesāl' to describe three specific things you like about it.

語源

The phrase is a combination of the Persian preposition 'be' and the Arabic-derived nouns 'tor' (from tawr) and 'mesāl' (from mithāl). It follows the Persian grammatical structure of an adverbial phrase using an Ezafe.

元の意味： In the manner of a likeness or in the way of an example.

Indo-European (Persian) with Semitic (Arabic) loanwords.

文化的な背景

No cultural sensitivities; it is a neutral, functional linguistic term.

It is exactly equivalent to 'for example' and should be used in the same contexts where 'e.g.' would be appropriate in writing.

Used frequently in the 'Golestan' of Saadi in various forms to introduce moral tales. Common in modern Persian news broadcasts like 'Bist o Si'. Found in the prefaces of almost every Persian academic textbook.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

Classroom

استاد، می‌توانید به طور مثال توضیح دهید؟
به طور مثال در صفحه ده...
یک مثال دیگر بزنید.
به طور مثال این تمرین.

Business Meeting

به طور مثال، هزینه‌ها کاهش می‌یابد.
در این قرارداد، به طور مثال...
به طور مثال در بازار ایران...
یک مورد را به طور مثال بررسی کنیم.

Writing an Essay

به طور مثال، شواهد نشان می‌دهد...
از این میان، به طور مثال...
به طور مثال می‌توان گفت...
در ادامه، به طور مثال...

Giving Directions

به طور مثال از این خیابان بروید.
ساختمان‌های بلند، به طور مثال بانک...
به طور مثال بعد از میدان...
یک نشانی، به طور مثال ایستگاه مترو.

Talking about Hobbies

من فیلم می‌بینم، به طور مثال درام.
به طور مثال هفته‌ای یک بار...
کتاب‌های تاریخی، به طور مثال درباره ایران...
به طور مثال موسیقی پاپ.

会話のきっかけ

"می‌توانید به طور مثال بگویید چه غذاهایی را دوست دارید؟ (Can you say for example what foods you like?)"

"به طور مثال، اگر شما رئیس‌جمهور بودید، چه می‌کردید؟ (For example, if you were president, what would you do?)"

"در مورد فرهنگ ایران، به طور مثال چه چیزی برای شما جالب است؟ (Regarding Iranian culture, for example what is interesting to you?)"

"به طور مثال، بهترین خاطره شما از سفر چیست؟ (For example, what is your best travel memory?)"

"شما چه ورزش‌هایی انجام می‌دهید؟ به طور مثال شنا؟ (What sports do you do? For example swimming?)"

日記のテーマ

درباره اهداف خود بنویسید و به طور مثال بگویید چگونه به آن‌ها می‌رسید. (Write about your goals and say for example how you will reach them.)

یک روز ایده‌آل را توصیف کنید، به طور مثال صبح چه کار می‌کنید؟ (Describe an ideal day, for example what do you do in the morning?)

درباره مشکلات محیط زیست بنویسید، به طور مثال آلودگی هوا. (Write about environmental problems, for example air pollution.)

چرا یادگیری زبان مهم است؟ به طور مثال برای شغل یا سفر. (Why is language learning important? For example for work or travel.)

به طور مثال، سه کتابی که زندگی شما را تغییر دادند معرفی کنید. (For example, introduce three books that changed your life.)

よくある質問

10 問

It is very uncommon. In Persian, this phrase almost always precedes the example it introduces. Placing it at the end sounds like a translated English sentence and is not natural.

They are virtually identical in meaning and formality. 'Be tor-e' emphasizes the 'manner' of the example, while 'barāye' emphasizes the 'purpose.' You can use either in B1 level writing.

It is spelled with the letter 'Se' (ث) — مثال. Do not use 'Sin' or 'Sad.' Using the correct 's' sound in writing is important for formal Persian.

No, the phrase is fixed as 'be tor-e mesāl' regardless of how many examples follow. The singular form is used as a standard adverbial marker.

It might sound a bit too formal for a quick text to a friend. In that case, 'masalan' (مثلاً) is much more common and natural.

No, it can be used with any tense. It simply introduces a noun or a clause that serves as an example.

The Ezafe is the short 'e' sound that links 'tor' and 'mesāl' (tor-e). It is essential for the grammatical correctness of the phrase.

While the word 'mesāl' is common in poetry, the full phrase 'be tor-e mesāl' is more characteristic of prose and analytical writing.

Yes, 'masal' (a related word) or 'zarbolmasal' means proverb. 'Mesāl' specifically means 'example.'

Yes, it is understood and used across all Persian dialects, though local variations in formality may exist.

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