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A2 noun 9分で読める

جلد

jeld
例文
解説 جلد in your Level:
At the A1 level, you only need to know that 'jeld' means the cover of a book. It is a simple noun. You can use it in basic sentences like 'The cover is red' (Jeld ghermez ast). You might see this word in your first Persian textbook. It is important for identifying objects in a classroom. You don't need to worry about complex grammar yet. Just remember that every book has a 'jeld'. You can also use it to say 'one book' in a slightly more formal way: 'Yek jeld ketab'. At this stage, think of it as a label for the outside of a book. You will hear it when teachers ask you to open your books or look at the picture on the cover. It is a very concrete and easy-to-visualize word for beginners.
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At the A2 level, you start using 'jeld' in more practical ways. You learn that it also means 'volume'. For example, if you are reading a story in two parts, you have 'jeld-e avval' (volume 1) and 'jeld-e dovvom' (volume 2). You also learn the compound verb 'jeld kardan', which means 'to cover' a book with plastic or paper. This is very common for students in Iran. You should be able to describe a cover using simple adjectives like 'ziba' (beautiful), 'sakht' (hard), or 'narm' (soft). You will also use 'jeld' as a counter when shopping. Instead of just saying 'do ketab', you will say 'do jeld ketab' to sound more natural and correct. This level focuses on everyday transactions and school life.
At the B1 level, you should understand the distinction between different types of covers. You will learn terms like 'jeld-e shoomiz' (paperback) and 'jeld-e galingoor' (hardcover). You might use 'jeld' in discussions about your favorite books or when visiting a library. You will also encounter the word in more formal writing, such as news reports about new book releases. You should be comfortable using 'jeld' in the Ezafe construction to describe materials, like 'jeld-e charmi' (leather cover). At this stage, you also start to notice 'jeld' in administrative contexts, like the 'cover' of a file or dossier. Your vocabulary expands to include related words like 'atf' (spine) and 'posht-e jeld' (back cover).
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At the B2 level, you use 'jeld' in professional and technical contexts. If you work in marketing, design, or publishing, you will discuss 'tarrahi-ye jeld' (cover design). You understand that 'jeld' is not just a protector but a marketing tool. You can explain the historical transition from leather 'jeld' to modern materials. You might also use the word in more abstract ways, such as discussing the 'volume' of a massive legal code or a series of historical archives. You are aware of the word's Arabic roots and how it relates to the concept of 'binding'. You can participate in debates about whether 'you can judge a book by its cover' using the Persian equivalent of this concept.
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At the C1 level, you explore the literary and historical nuances of 'jeld'. You study the 'Art of the Book' (Honar-e Ketabsazi) in Persian history, where the 'jeld' was often a masterpiece of lacquer, gold, and leather. You understand how the word 'jeld' appears in classical poetry, sometimes with its original meaning of 'skin' or in metaphors about the body being a 'cover' for the soul. You can read academic papers about 'tazhib' (illumination) and 'jeld-sazi' (bookbinding) techniques from the Safavid or Timurid eras. Your usage is precise, distinguishing between 'noskheh' (manuscript copy) and 'jeld' (physical volume) in scholarly discussions.
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At the C2 level, you have a complete mastery of 'jeld' and its etymological family. You can discuss the philological relationship between 'jeld' (skin/cover) and 'tajlid' (binding). You are familiar with rare idiomatic expressions and archaic meanings (like 'jeld' meaning agile/quick). You can analyze how the concept of the 'book cover' has evolved in Persian literature and how modern authors use the 'jeld' as a meta-fictional device. You can provide expert advice on book restoration or the history of Persian printing. The word is no longer just a noun to you; it is a gateway into the deep history of Persian intellectual life and material culture.
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例文

The word جلد (pronounced 'jeld') is a fundamental Persian noun that primarily refers to the 'cover' of a book. However, its utility in the Persian language extends far beyond a simple physical barrier for pages. In a literal sense, it is the protective outer layer of a manuscript, notebook, or published work. For a beginner, understanding جلد is the first step into the world of Persian literature and academic life, as it is one of the most frequently used words in libraries, schools, and bookstores across Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan.

Physical Object
The most common usage refers to the front, back, and spine of a book. For example, 'The cover of this book is blue' translates to جلد این کتاب آبی است.
Quantifier for Books
In Persian, جلد acts as a classifier or counter for books. If you are buying five books, you would say پنج جلد کتاب (five 'covers' of book), similar to how English uses 'head' for cattle.
Volume of a Series
When a work is divided into multiple parts, each part is a جلد. 'Volume One' is جلد اول. This is crucial for encyclopedias or multi-part novels.

این کتاب جلد زیبایی دارد که توسط یک هنرمند معروف طراحی شده است.

Translation: This book has a beautiful cover that was designed by a famous artist.

Historically, the word is rooted in the Arabic word for 'skin' or 'hide.' This is because, for centuries, book covers were exclusively made from animal leather. While modern Persian uses the word پوست (poost) for biological skin, جلد has retained its specialized meaning in the context of binding and covering. When you visit the famous bookshops on Enghelab Street in Tehran, you will hear publishers discussing 'Jeld-e Sakht' (Hardcover) versus 'Jeld-e Narm' (Paperback/Softcover). The aesthetic of the جلد is considered a vital part of the Persian 'Honar-e Ketab' (Art of the Book), which includes calligraphy and miniature painting.

من به دنبال جلد دوم این مجموعه می‌گردم.

Translation: I am looking for the second volume of this series.

کتاب‌های با جلد چرمی معمولاً گران‌تر هستند.

Translation: Books with leather covers are usually more expensive.

In a metaphorical sense, though less common than literal usage, جلد can appear in idiomatic expressions related to changing one's appearance or 'getting into someone's skin' (meaning to influence or possess someone, often used with 'raftan' - to go). However, as an A2 learner, your focus should remain on its primary role in the world of literature and publishing. Whether you are browsing a digital library or a physical one, identifying the جلد is your entry point to the content within.

لطفاً سه جلد از این دفتر را برای من بیاورید.

Translation: Please bring me three copies (covers) of this notebook.
Artistic Context
In traditional Persian arts, 'Suhhafi' (bookbinding) involves creating intricate جلد designs using gold leaf and embossing.

روی جلد کتاب نام نویسنده نوشته شده است.

Translation: The author's name is written on the cover of the book.

Using جلد correctly requires an understanding of its three main grammatical roles: as a simple noun, as a classifier, and as a specific designator for volumes. Because Persian grammar uses the Ezafe construction (a short 'e' sound connecting words), you will frequently hear جلدِ (jeld-e) followed by the name of the book or the material it is made of.

Describing the Material
To describe what a cover is made of, use the pattern: [Noun] + [Ezafe] + [Material]. For example, جلدِ مقوایی (cardboard cover) or جلدِ پلاستیکی (plastic cover).

ما باید برای کتاب‌های درسی‌مان جلد بگیریم.

Translation: We must get covers (protectors) for our school books.

When using جلد as a classifier for numbers, it follows the number directly and precedes the noun. This is a very common pattern in formal and transactional Persian. For instance, if you are at a printing house, you might say: ما به هزار جلد از این کتاب نیاز داریم (We need one thousand copies of this book). Here, جلد functions exactly like 'copies' in English, but it specifically emphasizes the physical bound unit.

این دایره‌المعارف ده جلد است.

Translation: This encyclopedia is ten volumes (long).

Another important usage is in the context of 'protecting' books. In Iran, students often 'wrap' their books in clear plastic to keep them clean. The act of putting a cover on a book is called جلد کردن (jeld kardan). This compound verb is essential for school-related conversations. You might tell your child: کتاب‌هایت را جلد کردی؟ (Did you cover your books?).

طراح گرافیک در حال کار روی جلد رمان جدید است.

Translation: The graphic designer is working on the cover of the new novel.

In more advanced or literary sentences, جلد can be used to describe the external appearance of something. However, for everyday communication, stick to the physical book. If you are discussing a series like Harry Potter, you would refer to the third book as جلد سوم. Note the use of ordinal numbers (first, second, third) with جلد.

Ordinal Use
جلد اول (1st), جلد دوم (2nd), جلد سوم (3rd), جلد آخر (Last volume).

او تمام ده جلد کتاب تاریخ را خوانده است.

Translation: He has read all ten volumes of the history book.

آیا این کتاب جلد سخت هم دارد؟

Translation: Does this book also have a hardcover version?

The word جلد is ubiquitous in several specific environments in Persian-speaking societies. If you step into a 'Ketab-foroushi' (bookstore) in Tehran, Kabul, or Dushanbe, this word will be part of the background noise. Customers ask about the quality of the binding, booksellers count the inventory by 'jeld', and students look for specific volumes of their textbooks.

In Schools and Universities
Teachers often remind students to protect their books. You might hear: 'Please put a plastic cover on your books so they don't get damaged.' In Persian: لطفاً کتاب‌هایتان را جلد کنید.
In Publishing Houses (Nasher)
Publishers discuss the 'Tirazh' (circulation) in terms of 'jeld'. 'We printed 2000 copies' is ما دو هزار جلد چاپ کردیم.

من فقط جلد اول شاهنامه را در کتابخانه پیدا کردم.

Translation: I only found the first volume of the Shahnameh in the library.

In the digital age, you also hear جلد in the context of e-books. Online platforms like 'Fidibo' or 'Taaghche' show a thumbnail of the 'Jeld-e Ketab' (book cover) to attract readers. Even though there is no physical paper, the term 'jeld' is still used for the digital cover art. Furthermore, in news broadcasts, when a new multi-volume law or historical record is released, the announcer will mention the number of 'jeld' it contains.

این مجموعه شامل پنج جلد است که هر کدام به یک موضوع می‌پردازند.

Translation: This set consists of five volumes, each of which deals with a single subject.

You might also encounter the word in administrative or legal settings. Sometimes, a thick file of documents is referred to as a جلد. For example, 'The second volume of the case file' would be جلد دوم پرونده. This shows that the word is tied to the concept of 'binding' or 'containing' information within a physical boundary. Interestingly, in very formal or archaic speech, جلد can also mean 'agile' or 'quick' (derived from a different root), but this is almost never heard in modern spoken Persian and you can safely ignore it for now.

کتاب را با جلد اصلی‌اش به من برگردان.

Translation: Return the book to me with its original cover.
News & Media
Reporters often say: 'The third volume of the memoirs of the former president was published today.'

رنگ جلد مجله هر ماه تغییر می‌کند.

Translation: The color of the magazine cover changes every month.

While جلد is a relatively straightforward word, English speakers and Persian learners often stumble on a few specific areas. The most common mistake involves confusing جلد (book cover/volume) with پوست (skin). In English, we might say 'the skin of an onion' or 'the skin of a person,' but we never say 'the skin of a book.' In Persian, while جلد originally meant skin in Arabic, using it for human skin in modern Persian is a major error.

Mistake: Skin vs. Cover
Never say جلد من سوخته است to mean 'My skin is burnt.' Use پوست (poost) for biological skin.
Mistake: Misusing as a Classifier
Learners often forget to use جلد when counting books. Saying سه کتاب is grammatically acceptable in casual speech, but سه جلد کتاب is the standard and more professional way.

اشتباه: من دو عدد کتاب خریدم. (Incorrect in formal Persian)

Correct: من دو جلد کتاب خریدم. (Correct: I bought two volumes/copies of the book.)

Another error occurs with the word پوشش (pooshesh). While پوشش means 'covering' or 'coverage' in a general sense (like insurance coverage or a protective coating on a car), it is not used for book covers. If you tell a librarian you want a new پوشش for your book, they will understand you, but they will immediately correct you to جلد.

او به اشتباه فکر کرد جلد به معنای تمام صفحات کتاب است.

Translation: He mistakenly thought 'jeld' meant all the pages of the book (rather than just the cover/unit).

Lastly, be careful with the word صفحه (safheh). Beginners sometimes confuse 'page' with 'volume/cover'. If you want to say 'This book has 200 pages,' you use صفحه. If you want to say 'This series has 3 volumes,' you use جلد. Mixing these up can lead to significant confusion when buying books or completing school assignments.

نباید جلد را با محتوای داخلی کتاب اشتباه گرفت.

Translation: One should not confuse the cover with the internal content of the book.
Common Confusion
جلد (Cover/Volume) vs. قاب (Frame/Case). Use 'ghaab' for a slipcase that holds multiple volumes.

To truly master Persian, you need to know the synonyms and related words that surround جلد. Depending on the context—whether you are talking about the physical material, the act of binding, or the metaphorical concept of a 'shell'—different words might be more appropriate.

پوست (Poost)
The biological word for 'skin' or 'peel'. While جلد is for books, poost is for humans, animals, and fruits.
رویه (Rooyeh)
Refers to the 'surface' or the 'upper part' of something. Sometimes used for the outer fabric of a cushion or the top layer of a shoe.
صحافی (Sahhafi)
The art and industry of bookbinding. While جلد is the object, sahhafi is the process.

این کتاب نیاز به صحافی مجدد دارد چون جلدش کنده شده است.

Translation: This book needs rebinding because its cover has come off.

In the context of 'volumes', you might occasionally hear the word دفتر (daftar). While دفتر usually means 'notebook' or 'office', in older legal or poetic contexts, it can mean a 'book' or 'volume' of a larger work (e.g., the six 'daftars' of Rumi's Masnavi). However, for modern books, جلد is the standard term. Another related word is نسخه (noskheh), which means 'copy' or 'version'. You use noskheh when talking about a specific edition or a manuscript copy, whereas جلد is used for counting physical units.

ما فقط یک نسخه از این کتاب با این جلد خاص داریم.

Translation: We only have one copy of this book with this specific cover.

When discussing the 'back' of a book cover, the term is پشت جلد (posht-e jeld). The 'spine' of the book is called عطف کتاب (atf-e ketab). Knowing these technical terms will make you sound like a native speaker when discussing books. If you are looking for a 'hardback', ask for جلد گالینگور (jeld-e galingoor) or جلد سخت. For a 'paperback', ask for جلد شومیز (jeld-e shoomiz).

قیمت کتاب با جلد شومیز ارزان‌تر از جلد گالینگور است.

Translation: The price of a book with a paperback cover is cheaper than a hardcover.
Summary of Alternatives
1. شومیز (Paperback), 2. گالینگور (Hardcover), 3. پوست (Skin - Biological), 4. پوشش (General cover).
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レベル別の例文

1

این جلد قرمز است.

This cover is red.

Simple Subject + Adjective + Verb 'to be'.

2

جلد کتاب کجاست؟

Where is the book cover?

Question word 'kojast' used with a noun.

3

من یک جلد کتاب دارم.

I have one book (volume).

Using 'jeld' as a classifier for the number 'yek'.

4

جلد این دفتر زیباست.

The cover of this notebook is beautiful.

Ezafe construction connecting 'jeld' and 'daftar'.

5

نام من روی جلد است.

My name is on the cover.

Preposition 'rooy-e' (on) followed by 'jeld'.

6

این کتاب جلد ندارد.

This book doesn't have a cover.

Negative verb 'nadarad'.

7

جلد آبی را دوست دارم.

I like the blue cover.

Direct object with 'ra'.

8

عکس روی جلد بزرگ است.

The photo on the cover is big.

Compound subject using Ezafe.

1

من باید کتابم را جلد کنم.

I must cover my book.

Compound verb 'jeld kardan'.

2

جلد دوم این داستان کجاست؟

Where is the second volume of this story?

Ordinal number 'dovvom' modifying 'jeld'.

3

او سه جلد کتاب از کتابخانه گرفت.

He took three books from the library.

Using 'jeld' as a counter for 'se' (three).

4

جلد این کتاب خیلی سخت است.

The cover of this book is very hard.

Adjective 'sakht' describing the physical property.

5

لطفاً روی جلد را خط نکش.

Please don't draw on the cover.

Imperative negative 'khat nakesh'.

6

این مجموعه پنج جلد دارد.

This set has five volumes.

Number + Jeld (singular) + Noun.

7

من جلد اول را تمام کردم.

I finished the first volume.

Ordinal 'avval' with 'jeld'.

8

جلد کتاب پاره شده است.

The book cover is torn.

Passive construction 'pareh shodeh ast'.

1

کتاب‌های با جلد شومیز ارزان‌تر هستند.

Books with paperback covers are cheaper.

Technical term 'jeld-e shoomiz'.

2

طراحی جلد این رمان بسیار جذاب است.

The cover design of this novel is very attractive.

Compound noun 'tarrahi-ye jeld'.

3

پشت جلد کتاب خلاصه‌ای از داستان نوشته شده است.

A summary of the story is written on the back cover of the book.

Compound prepositional phrase 'posht-e jeld-e ketab'.

4

آیا جلد گالینگور این کتاب را دارید؟

Do you have the hardcover version of this book?

Technical term 'jeld-e galingoor'.

5

این دایره‌المعارف در ده جلد چاپ شده است.

This encyclopedia has been printed in ten volumes.

Prepositional phrase 'dar dah jeld'.

6

جلد پلاستیکی مانع کثیف شدن کتاب می‌شود.

A plastic cover prevents the book from getting dirty.

Subject 'jeld-e pelastiki' with a causative verb.

7

نویسنده در جلد سوم به موضوعات جدیدی می‌پردازد.

The author addresses new topics in the third volume.

Prepositional phrase indicating location in a series.

8

من به دنبال جلدی هستم که ضد آب باشد.

I am looking for a cover that is waterproof.

Relative clause 'ke zedd-e ab bashad'.

1

ناشر تصمیم گرفت جلد کتاب را برای چاپ دوم تغییر دهد.

The publisher decided to change the book cover for the second printing.

Infinitive 'taghyir dadan' as the object of 'tasmim gereft'.

2

رنگ‌های تند روی جلد توجه مشتریان را جلب می‌کند.

Bold colors on the cover attract customers' attention.

Plural subject 'rang-ha-ye tond'.

3

این نسخه خطی دارای جلدی چرمی با نقوش اسلیمی است.

This manuscript has a leather cover with Arabesque patterns.

Descriptive phrase 'naghoosh-e eslimi'.

4

تعداد جلد‌های این مجموعه برای کتابخانه من زیاد است.

The number of volumes in this set is too many for my library.

Plural 'jeld-ha' used because it refers to the units themselves, not a count.

5

او در حال صحافی و جلد کردن کتاب‌های قدیمی است.

He is binding and covering old books.

Gerund/Progressive sense using 'dar hal-e'.

6

عنوان کتاب باید با فونت درشت روی جلد درج شود.

The book title must be printed in a large font on the cover.

Passive modal 'bayad... darj shavad'.

7

جلد کتاب به مرور زمان و در اثر نور خورشید رنگ‌پریده شده است.

The book cover has faded over time due to sunlight.

Compound adjective 'rang-parideh'.

8

هر جلد از این مجله به یک کشور خاص اختصاص دارد.

Each volume/issue of this magazine is dedicated to a specific country.

Distributive 'har jeld'.

1

هنر جلدسازی در دوره صفویه به اوج شکوفایی خود رسید.

The art of bookbinding reached its peak during the Safavid era.

Abstract noun 'jeld-sazi'.

2

منتقد معتقد است که جلد کتاب هیچ تناسبی با محتوای آن ندارد.

The critic believes the book cover has no relevance to its content.

Negative noun 'hich tanasobi'.

3

تذهیب‌های روی جلد نشان‌دهنده دقت و ظرافت هنرمند است.

The illuminations on the cover demonstrate the artist's precision and delicacy.

Plural noun 'tazhib-ha'.

4

این اثر در قالب بیست جلد به بررسی تاریخ معاصر می‌پردازد.

This work examines contemporary history in the form of twenty volumes.

Prepositional phrase 'dar ghalab-e'.

5

جلد سوخت یکی از تکنیک‌های دشوار و نفیس در صحافی سنتی است.

'Jeld-e Soukht' (burnt/embossed leather) is one of the difficult and exquisite techniques in traditional binding.

Technical art term 'jeld-e soukht'.

6

بسیاری از نسخه‌های خطی به دلیل نداشتن جلد مناسب آسیب دیده‌اند.

Many manuscripts have been damaged due to the lack of a proper cover.

Gerund phrase 'be dalil-e nadashtan-e'.

7

او تمام عمر خود را صرف گردآوری جلدهای کمیاب دیوان حافظ کرد.

He spent his whole life collecting rare covers/editions of the Divan of Hafez.

Complex verb 'sarf-e gerd-avari kardan'.

8

در این پژوهش، ساختار مادی جلدها از منظر باستان‌شناسی بررسی می‌شود.

In this research, the material structure of the covers is examined from an archaeological perspective.

Formal academic passive.

1

استحاله مفهوم جلد از یک لایه حفاظتی به یک رسانه بصری، موضوع اصلی این کتاب است.

The transformation of the concept of 'jeld' from a protective layer to a visual medium is the main theme of this book.

Philosophical/Academic vocabulary 'estehaleh'.

2

در متون کهن، گاهی 'جلد' به معنای پیکر و کالبد مادی انسان به کار رفته است.

In ancient texts, 'jeld' has sometimes been used to mean the human body and material frame.

Archaic semantic analysis.

3

ظرافت‌های به کار رفته در جلد لاکی این نسخه، بی‌نظیر است.

The subtleties used in the lacquer cover of this manuscript are unparalleled.

Specific art term 'jeld-e laki'.

4

ویژگی‌های ارگونومیک جلد در تسهیل مطالعه نقش بسزایی دارد.

The ergonomic features of the cover play a significant role in facilitating reading.

Technical vocabulary 'ergonomik'.

5

تطبیق نقش‌مایه‌های روی جلد با مضامین درونی کتاب، نشان از هوشمندی طراح دارد.

Matching the motifs on the cover with the internal themes of the book shows the designer's intelligence.

Verbal noun 'tatbiq'.

6

در بازار کتاب‌های عتیقه، اصالت جلد یکی از عوامل تعیین‌کننده قیمت است.

In the antique book market, the authenticity of the cover is one of the determining factors of price.

Complex noun phrase 'avamel-e tayin-konandeh'.

7

فرایند تجلید شامل مراحل متعددی از جمله عطف‌سازی و جلدگذاری است.

The binding process involves several stages, including spine construction and covering.

Technical root 'tajlid'.

8

بررسی تطبیقی جلدهای ضربی و سوخت در مکتب هرات، یافته‌های جدیدی به همراه داشت.

A comparative study of stamped and burnt covers in the Herat school brought new findings.

Specialized art history terminology.

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